[Variants in the organization of the cervical portion of the human thoracic duct in prenatal ontogeny]. / Varianty organizatsii sheinoi chasti grudnogo protoka cheloveka v prenatal'nom periode ontogeneza.

Using macro- and microscopic methods stages of formation, forms of spatial and temporal organization and definitive variants of cervical part of human thoracic duct were studied in 49 5-8 wks old embryos, 120 8.5-36 wks old embryo and 10 human newborns. Variability of structure of thoracic duct cervical part is a reflection of parameters characterizing magistralization of jugular prevertebral lymphatic plexus: its depth (maximum, medium, minimum), topographic variant (medial, lateral, combined) and length (small, moderate, significant). With the aspect genetic 3 types of its organization were distinguished: jugular (51%), subjugular (11.3%) and combined (37.7%). In prematurely born children and newborns jugular type of the duct cervical part is the most favourable for the drainage.

[Differences in the structure of the posterior parietal (lumbar) lymphatic bed of the peritoneal cavity in human fetuses and newborns]. / Razlichiia v stroenii zadnego parietal'nogo (poiasnichnogo) limfaticheskogo rusla briushnoi polosti u plodov i novorozhdennykh cheloveka.

The study was performed in 150 corpses of human 8.5-36 wks old fetuses and 10 newborns using the complex of macro-microscopic methods. Primary lymphatic structures of lumbar region (sacs and canals) are transformed into lymphatic plexuses (9.5-10.5 wks) with the following formation of anlages of lumbar lymph nodes inside the invaginations. Variants of lumbar tracts and trunks structure arise during magistralization of lymphatic plexuses (14.5-19.5 wks) and reflect its depth and topographic variant. In intensive, medium and weak magistralization monomagistral, intermediate and plexiform forms develop. Topographic variant of magistralization provides the appearance of right-sided (20%), left-sided (20%) and relatively even bilateral (60% cases) organization of lumbar lymphatic bed on the whole.

[Ultrasonic diagnosis of nodal lesions of the axillary-jugular lymphatic plexus and their evolution]. / Ul'trazvukovaia diagnostika porazhenii limfaticheskikh uzlov iaremno-podmyshechnogo limfokollektora s uchëtom ego geneza.

Axillary lymph nodes of three levels may be adequately differentiated on the basis of the TNM classification by application of layer-by-layer tomographic examination of axillary fossa and thoracic and clavicular-thoracic triangles in the axillary cavity. Echographs show musculus thoracis minor as a distinct point of reference. Topographic features of deep lateral cervical lymph nodes may be used in anatomical identification of internal jugular nodes, transverse cervical artery, accessory nerve and suprajugular lymph nodes. In cases of multiple involvement of lymph nodes, their shape (chain or cluster) may be identified. It can be shown Whether lymph flows are in series, collateral centripetal, collateral centrifugal (recirculatory) or run parallel in metastatic areas. Varying patterns of lymph flow through collateral pathways formed in the axillary-jugular lymph plexus are responsible for the variety of patterns of lesion clusters in the lymph nodes system.

[Variants in the definitive organization of the human thoracic duct from the positions of its preceding origin]. / Varianty definitivnoi organizatsii grudnogo protoka cheloveka s pozitsii predshestvuiushchego geneza.

The study was performed in 120 corpses of 8.5-36 weeks human fetuses using macro-microscopic methods complex. Thoracic duct definitive organization variants as monotrunk, transitional forms and plexus reflect strong, middle and slight magistralization extent of antevertebral and adjacent plexuses. Peculiarities of the duct regions positions are defined by topographical variants of adaptive reorganizations--left-side, right-side and bilateral ones.

[Variants in the definitive organization of the lumbar lymph-conducting pathways in the applied aspect]. / Varianty definitivnoi organizatsii poiasnichnykh limfoprovodiashchikh putei v prikladnom aspekte.

Topographic-anatomical investigations gave grounds for the description of 4 stages of the development of the posterior parietal bed of the abdominal cavity. On the basis of the embryo-anatomical systematization three morpho-topographic types of the lumbo-lymphatic pathways were established: right-sided (20%), left-sided (20%) and uniform (60%) types, each of them playing a certain part in metastasizing. Embryo-anatomical grounds are given for operative accesses to the superficial group of the right and left lumbar lymphatic pathways.

[Use of automated information systems Oncoregistry and Specialist-Oncologist in establishing cancer registry of the Leningrad region]. / Primenenie avtomatizirovannykh informatsionnykh sistem "Onkoregistr" i "Spetsialist-onkolog" dlia sozdaniia kantser-registra Leningradskoi oblasti.

The paper describes the basic features and structure of a cancer register (CR) of the Informational Analytical Service System which can perform a package of interrelated functions to record and analyze an oncological condition, the status of anticancer struggle and the achieved level of specialized care for those who have fallen ill. CR is a fully independent structure of medical application wherein informational provision occupies the dominant position. The basic function of CR is also given in the paper. In Saint Petersburg and in the Leningrad Region there are all necessary conditions for successful CR operation. The basic software support of CR represents the automatic informational systems (AIS): Oncoregister AIS and Specialist-Oncologist AIS. The block diagram of these AISs and their informational communication are presented in this paper.

[Development of the omental bursa and the organs forming it during human embryogenesis]. / Razvitie sal'nikovoi sumki i formiruiushchikh ee organov v émbriogeneze cheloveka.

The development of the omental bursa and its forming organs has been studied in 53 embryos, 2.8--30 mm parietococcygeal length. As the data obtained demonstrate, isolation of the omental bursa anlage from the right pleuroperitoneal canal of the coelomic cavity results from the appearance of an additional right pulmonary mesentery and a fold of the inferior vena cava. The pulmonary-esophageal part of the anlage is the first to form, and then the gastrohepatic one. The latter gives origin to the omental bursa proper and the antrum. Both parts of the anlage participate in the formation of the superior omental recess. During the human embryogenesis the anterior intestinal derivates undergo spiralization which is realized by two phases--the first, at the level of the inferior third of the stomach and the forming superior horizontal part of the duodenum, and the second--at the level of the superior third of the developing stomach and the esophageal peritoneal part. The spiralization is ensured by a predominant growth of the presumptive greater curvature of the stomach and by the presence of fixative zones in the area of the transversal septa and the future superior horizontal part of the duodenum. Early stages in the stomach development, dynamics of specific interrelations between the organ's margins of the ventral and dorsal mesenterii in embryos at different ages, reflect the phases of spiralization and witness against mechanical furn over of the stomach around the vertical and sagittal axes.