Pain assessment in intensive care units of a low-middle income country: impact of the basic educational course.

BACKGROUND: Patients admitted to ICU usually have moderate-to-severe pain at rest and during care-related activities. The "Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT)" is a reliable and validated objective assessment tool for those patients who cannot self-report pain in ICU. The objectives of the educational course were to assess the baseline knowledge, and practice of pain assessment in critically ill patients and reassess the same in all participants of the course by comparing the results of pre and post-test. METHODS: The educational course of six hours of contact time on the use of CPOT for pain assessment in ICU patients was designed and conducted by the authors after approval from the Ethics Review Committee, Aga Khan University. This educational course was delivered at five different tertiary care hospitals in the Sindh province of Pakistan. A pre-test consisting of 25 true/false multiple-choice questions was conducted at the beginning of the course to assess the baseline knowledge, and practice of participants regarding pain assessment in critically ill patients and the same test was taken at the end of the course. RESULTS: A total of 205 critical care physicians and nursing staff attended the courses. Both pre-test and post-test were completed by 149 (72.6%) participants, of which 53 (35.6%) were female and 96 (64.4%) were male. The mean pre-test score of participants was 57.83 ± 11.86 and the mean post-test score of participants was 67.43 ± 12.96 and this was statistically significant (p = < 0.01). In univariate analysis, the effect of training was significantly higher in the female gender (p = 0.0005) and in those participants, who belong to the metropolitan city (p = 0.010). In multivariate analysis, participants from non-metropolitan cities showed less improvement in post-test scores compared to those who come from the metropolitan city (p = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: The participating physicians and nurses showed a positive impact on the knowledge and clinical skills regarding pain assessment in CIPs. The participants from hospitals in metropolitan cities showed a significant improvement over those who were from non-metropolitan cities.

Frequency Of Inappropriate Endotracheal Tube Cuff Pressure And Its Variability In Patients Undergoing Prolonged Surgery: A Prospective Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Endotracheal tube (ETT) is inserted into the trachea to maintain airway patency. Maintaining adequate ETT cuff pressure is important to ensure a proper seal to lower the risk of aspiration and tracheal trauma. This study was designed to assess the frequency of inappropriate ETT cuff pressure at the time of intubation and variation in ETT pressure at the end of a prolonged surgery. METHODS: This study was conducted in the Department of Anaesthesiology, Aga Khan University from October 2019 to March 2020. All adult patients of both genders, undergoing prolonged surgery under general anaesthesia were included. Patients were intubated with an appropriate size ETT, and the cuff was inflated with air. ETT cuff pressure was measured after intubation and, at the end of prolonged surgery to assess any variation. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients were included, of which 37 (63.8%) were female. The mean age was 47.36 years. The frequency of inappropriate ETT cuff pressure at the time of intubation was found in thirty-five (60.3%) patients, which was corrected to 25 cm H2O before the start of surgery. At the end of the surgery, forty-one (70.7%) patients showed an increase in ETT cuff pressures with the majority (33%) having a variation of 51-70 (81-100 cm H2O). CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of inappropriate ETT cuff pressure at the time of intubation was found in thirty-five (60.3%) patients. In six (10.3%) patients, ETT cuff pressure was below 20 cm H2O while in twenty-nine (50%) patients, ETT cuff pressure was above 30 cm H2O. In forty-one (70.7%) patients ETT cuff pressure was abnormally high that is >30 cm H2O at the end of prolonged surgical procedures.

Enhancing Patient Safety through Education in a Low-to-Middle-Income Country: Training in the Correct Application of Cricoid Pressure.

Background: Cricoid pressure (CP) is applied to occlude the esophagus during endotracheal intubation in patients at an increased risk of aspiration of gastric contents. Evidence shows marked deficiencies in knowledge and skills for CP application among personnel responsible for this task. This study evaluated the effectiveness of CP training in improving knowledge and skills regarding CP application among anesthesiology technicians and critical care nurses and assessed the retention of skills after 2 months. Methods: Five workshops were conducted on effective application of CP. Indications, relevant anatomy, physiology, and correct technique were taught using interactive sessions and videos and hands-on practice on a weighing scale, 50-mL syringe, and trainer model. Pre- and postworkshop tests were conducted for knowledge and skill. An assessment was repeated after 2 months to assess skill retention. Results: Five workshops were conducted for 102 participants. Statistically significant improvements were seen in mean scores for knowledge in postworkshop assessments (12.32 ± 2.12 versus 7.12 ± 2.32; P < .01). Similarly, posttraining mean scores for skill assessment were significantly higher than pretraining scores (6.31 ± 0.96 versus 2.72 ± 2.00; P < .0005), indicating an overall 131% improvement. Seventy-four participants appeared for assessment of the retention of skills. A 20% decrement was observed compared with posttraining scores (5.15 ± 1.71 versus 6.45 ± 0.86; P < .0005). Conclusions: A significant improvement was observed in both knowledge and skills immediately following training. However, this does not ensure long-term retention of clinical skills, as a 20% decrement was observed 2 months after the workshops. Formal training and regular practice are recommended to enable clinicians to perform CP effectively.

Association Between Low Back Pain and Body Mass Index in Pakistani Population: Analysis of the Software Bank Data.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a growing public health concern and is one of the leading causes of human suffering and disability worldwide. The number of overweight and obese people is dramatically increasing, and local data showed that low back pain (LBP) is more common in people with obesity, prolonged sitting jobs, psychological disorders, and lack of exercise. METHODS: This study was conducted in a cohort of 300 adult patients of either gender who visited a pain management clinic with LBP. Patient data were retrieved from the hospital software program and recorded in a pre-designed proforma. The data included the patient's age, gender, weight, height, BMI, comorbidities, site of pain, duration of pain, distribution of pain, severity of pain, history of spinal trauma, previous spinal surgery, and working diagnosis. RESULTS: Out of 300 patients with LBP, 185 (61.7 %) were female and 115 (38.3%) were male, of these, 224 (74.6%) were overweight or obese. One hundred and three (34.3%) had axial back pain and 197 (65.7%) patients had lumbar radicular pain. Linear regression analysis showed that 17% variability in pain scores in both genders can be explained by the increase in BMI. There is a statistically significant relationship, i.e. P=0.0005, exists between pain score and BMI. CONCLUSION: This study showed the strong association between obesity and LBP in the Pakistani population. Approximately, 75% were overweight or obese in our LBP population-based cohort and this association was stronger among women than men.

Breaking the pain cycle successfully in a child with severe pain due to recurrent pancreatitis: A case report.

Abdominal pain, due to pancreatic diseases like idiopathic recurrent pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis, is difficult to manage with medications alone in some patients. The Coeliac plexus innervates abdominal organs including the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, etc. We are presenting a case of the successful pain man-agement of a 13-year-old boy with recurrent pancreatitis, by the application of coeliac plexus block. The patient was admitted to the hospital with severe abdominal pain in August 2019. Multimodal analgesia was provided to manage his pain, but he continued to have moderate to severe pain in the abdomen. So, he was scheduled for coeliac plexus block under fluoroscopy in the operating room. Block Procedure was performed with standard monitoring and under conscious sedation bilaterally, via paramedian technique at the level of L1 using 22G Chiba needle. The injection Ropivicaine 0.25% with dexamethasone was injected on each side. After the procedure, his pain was significantly reduced and he was discharged on oral medications after two days.

Persistent post-surgical pain following breast cancer surgery: An observational study in a tertiary care hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of persistent pain in patients after breast cancer surgery, and to assess the distribution and characteristics of pain in such patients. METHODS: The prospective observational single cohort study was conducted at the Department of Anaesthesiology and in the Breast Clinic of the Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from August 2016 to January 2017, and comprised adult female patients with biopsy-proven carcinoma of breast who were scheduled for elective definitive breast cancer surgery. The patients were followed up for up to three months post-surgery and those with persistent pain were followed up for six months post-operation. Data was analysed using SPSS 19. RESULTS: Of the 120 patients, 26(21.7%) developed persistent post-surgical pain for up to three months, while in 17(14.2%) patients, the pain continued for up to six months after the operation. Among those with persistent post-surgical pain, 11(42.3%) had burning pain, 10(38.5%) had throbbing pain, 3(11.5%) had numbness and 2(7.7%)had mixed character of pain. Also, 11(42.3%)patients developed pain at more than one site including axilla, chest wall, upper arm and surgical scar area, and the site of pain in majority patients 15(57.7%) was axilla. CONCLUSION: The incidence of persistent pain following breast cancer surgery was found to be 21.7%.

Post-operative pain management modalities employed in clinical trials for adult patients in LMIC; a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Unrelieved postoperative pain afflicts millions each year in low and middle income countries (LMIC). Despite substantial advances in the study of pain, this area remains neglected. Current systematic review was designed to ascertain the types of clinical trials conducted in LMIC on postoperative pain management modalities over the last decade. METHODS: A comprehensive search was performed in June 2019 on PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL Plus, and Web of Science databases to identify relevant trials on the management of postoperative pain in LMIC. Out of 1450 RCTs, 108 studies were reviewed for quality evidence using structured form of critical appraisal skill program. Total of 51 clinical trials were included after applying inclusion/exclusion criteria. RESULTS: Results are charted according to the type of surgery. Eleven trials on laparoscopic cholecystectomy used multimodal analgesia including some form of regional analgesia. Different analgesic modalities were studied in 4 trials on thoracotomy, but none used multimodal approach. In 11 trials on laparotomy, multimodal analgesia was employed along with the studied modalities. In 2 trials on hysterectomy, preemptive pregabalin or gabapentin were used for reduction in rescue analgesia. In 13 trials on breast surgical procedures and 10 on orthopaedic surgery, multimodal analgesia was used with some form of regional analgesia. CONCLUSION: We found that over the past 10 years, clinical trials for postoperative pain modalities have evolved in LMIC according to the current postoperative pain management guidelines i.e. multi-modal approach with some form of regional analgesia. The current review shows that clinical trials were conducted using multimodal analgesia including but not limited to some form of regional analgesia for postoperative pain in LMIC however this research snapshot (of only three countries) may not exactly reflect the clinical practices in all 47 countries. Post Operative Pain Management Modalities Employed in Clinical Trials for Adult Patients in LMIC; A Systematic Review.

Airway management and postoperative length of hospital stay in patients undergoing head and neck cancer surgery.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: General anesthesia and airway management of patients for head and neck cancer surgery is a challenge for the anesthesiologist. Appropriate assessment and planning are essential for successful airway management. Our objectives were to review airway management strategies in patients undergoing head and neck cancer surgery in our tertiary care institution and also to observe the effect of airway management techniques on postoperative length of hospital stay (PLOS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective medical record review of 400 patients who underwent major head and neck cancer surgery in our institution was conducted. A special form was used, and records were searched for airway and anesthetic management in the operating room and recovery room, and for PLOS. RESULTS: 289 (72.25%) of the patients were male, and 111 (27.75%) female. 49.8% of patients had Mallampati score of 3 and 4. Airway was managed with tracheostomy in 81 (20.25%) patients; nasal intubation was performed in 177 (44.25%) and oral intubation in 142 (35.5%) patients. Postoperative emergency tracheostomy was not done in any of the patients. CONCLUSION: Median postoperative hospital stay was significantly longer (P = 0.0005) in patients who had a tracheostomy performed compared with those where the airway was managed without it.

Efficacy of pre-incisional peritonsillar infiltration of ketamine for post-tonsillectomy analgesia in children.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of pre-incisional peritonsillar infiltration of two doses of ketamine on postoperative analgesia compared with peritonsillar normal saline in children undergoing tonsillectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Double blind, randomized controlled trial. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Anaesthesiology, Surgical Intensive Care and Pain Management, Civil Hospital, Karachi, Dow University of Health Sciences, from August 2008 to January 2009. METHODOLOGY: Seventy-five ASA physical status one patients, aged 5 - 12 years scheduled for tonsillectomy were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into three groups of 25 each. Group-A received normal saline, Group-B, ketamine 0.5 mg/kg while group-C ketamine 1 mg/kg respectively. All medications were 2 ml and were applied 1 ml per tonsil; 3 minutes before tonsillectomy incision. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with standard technique. All patients were monitored throughout surgery. The Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS) and Wilson sedation scale were used to evaluate pain levels and sedation respectively after operation. RESULTS: Mean duration of analgesia was significantly higher in group-C (17.28 ± 5.33 hours) as compared to group-B (11.36 ± 4.15 hours) and A (3.2 ± 0.71 hours) as well as group-B was also significantly higher than group-A (p < 0.05). Group-A had significantly higher pain scores than group-B and group-C. Both B and C groups had comparable pain scores, which were statistically significant at 6 and 8 hours. CONCLUSION: Single 0.5 or 1 mg/kg injection of ketamine given before surgical incision by peritonsillar infiltration provides efficient pain relief during postoperative period without significant side-effects in children undergoing tonsillectomy.

New single use supraglottic airway device with non-inflatable cuff and gastric tube channel.

OBJECTIVE: To assess ventilatory characteristics and airway complications associated with the use of I-gel in patients undergoing gynaecological surgeries. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Anaesthesiology, Surgical Intensive Care Unit and Pain Management, Civil Hospital, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, from July 2008 to June 2009. METHODOLOGY: One hundred adult female patients aged 15 - 75 years, ASA-I and II scheduled for elective gynaecologic surgical procedures under general anaesthesia with controlled ventilation were included in this study. After insertion of device, ease of insertion, time of insertion, peak airway pressure, leak pressure were noted. After proper placement of device, gastric tube was also passed in every patient. Pharyngolaryngeal morbidities (sore throat, dysphagia, dysphonia, neck pain and coughing at 1 hour and 24 hours postoperatively) were also noted. RESULTS: I-gel was inserted in the first attempt in 92% patients while second attempt was required in 8% of patients. Average time of insertion was 9.68 ± 2.69 seconds. Average leak pressure of 22.48 ± 2.07 cm H2O. After removal of I-gel no blood staining was found on any device. Coughing was noted in 6% patients after removal of device and mild sore throat was noted in only one patient after 24 hours of surgery. CONCLUSION: I-gel is a simple and easy to use supraglottic airway device. Its insertion do not require laryngoscopy and airway can be maintained in very short time in adult female patients.