Recommendations for active correction of hypernatremia in volume-resuscitated shock or sepsis patients should be taken with a grain of salt: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare-acquired hypernatremia (serum sodium >145 mEq/dL) is common among critically ill and other hospitalized patients and is usually treated with hypotonic fluid and/or diuretics to correct a "free water deficit." However, many hypernatremic patients are eu- or hypervolemic, and an evolving body of literature emphasizes the importance of rapidly returning critically ill patients to a neutral fluid balance after resuscitation. OBJECTIVE: We searched for any randomized- or observational-controlled studies evaluating the impact of active interventions intended to correct hypernatremia to eunatremia on any outcome in volume-resuscitated patients with shock and/or sepsis. DATA SOURCES: We performed a systematic literature search with studies identified by searching MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, ClinicalTrials.gov, Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office, DARE (Database of Reviews of Effects), and CINAHL and scanning reference lists of relevant articles with abstracts published in English. DATA SYNTHESIS: We found no randomized- or observational-controlled trials measuring the impact of active correction of hypernatremia on any outcome in resuscitated patients. CONCLUSION: Recommendations for active correction of hypernatremia in resuscitated patients with sepsis or shock are unsupported by clinical research acceptable by modern evidence standards.

Intraosseous access in the obese patient: assessing the need for extended needle length.

BACKGROUND: Intraosseous (IO) access can be complicated by obesity. Successful placement of a 25 mm IO needle is unlikely when soft tissue depth exceeds 20 mm. OBJECTIVES: The authors examined the relationship between body mass index (BMI), the ability to palpate the tibial tuberosity (TT), and soft tissue depth at recommended IO insertion sites. METHODS: Obese emergency department patients were assessed for a palpable TT and received ultrasound measurement of the soft tissue depth at recommended IO insertion sites. Linear and logistic regression were used to determine cut-off BMI values predicting soft tissue depth >20 mm. RESULTS: Seventy-five patients were enrolled with a mean BMI of 47.2. The mean soft tissue depth at the proximal humerus, proximal tibial, and distal tibial were 29.6 [95% CI 27.5-31.7] mm, 11.0 [8.9-13.0] mm, and 10.7 [9.4-12.1] mm, respectively. In 5 patients without a palpable TT the soft tissue depth exceeded 20 mm at all three anatomic sites. A BMI ≥43 and BMI ≥60 predicted a soft tissue depth >20 mm at the proximal tibia and distal tibia, respectively, while no reliable BMI cut-off was identified at the proximal humerus. CONCLUSIONS: In obese adults with a palpable TT or BMI ≤43 a 25 mm IO needle is likely adequate at the proximal and distal tibial insertion sites. Empiric use of an extended 45 mm IO needle is advisable at the proximal humeral insertion site in obese patients.

Training dedicated emergency physicians in surgical critical care: knowledge acquisition and workforce collaboration for the care of critically ill trauma/surgical patients.

BACKGROUND: The Leapfrog Group initiative has led to an increasing public demand for dedicated intensivists providing critical care services. The Acute Care Surgery training initiative promotes an expansion of trauma/surgical care and operative domain, redirecting some of our focus from critical care. Will we be able to train and enforce enough intensivists to care for critically ill surgical patients? METHODS: We have been training emergency physicians (EPs) alongside surgeons in our country's largest Trauma/Surgical Critical Care Fellowship Program annually for more than a decade. We reviewed our Society of Critical Care Medicine Multidisciplinary Critical Care Knowledge Assessment Program (MCCKAP, critical care in-training examination) scores from 2006 to 2009 (4 years). The MCCKAP, administered during the ninth month of a Critical Care Fellowship, is the only known standardized objective examination available in this country to compare critical care knowledge acquisition across different specialties. Subsequent workforce outcome for these Emergency Medicine Critical Care Fellowship graduates was analyzed. RESULTS: Over the 4-year period, we trained 42 Fellows in our Program who qualified for this study (30 surgeons and 12 EPs). Surgeons and EP performance scores on the MCCKAP examination were not different. The mean National Board Equivalent score was 419 ± 61 (mean ± standard deviation) for surgeons and 489 ± 87 for EPs. The highest score was achieved by an EP. The lowest score was not achieved by an EP. Ten of 12 (83%) EP Critical Care Fellowship graduates are practicing inpatient critical care in intensive care units with attending physician level responsibilities. CONCLUSIONS: EPs training in a Surgical Critical Care Fellowship can acquire critical care knowledge equivalent to that of surgeons. EPs trained in a Surgical Critical Care paradigm can potentially expand the intensive care unit workforce for Surgical Critical Care patients.