Development and validation of a scale to measure social isolation in adolescents.

There is a lack of questionnaires specifically designed to assess social isolation in adolescents. We developed and validated a self-report measure of social isolation in adolescents, the Social Isolation Questionnaire (QIS). A literature review on social isolation and mental health in adolescents indicated 20 questions to form QIS. Two cross-sectional surveys with 48 and 1135 adolescents, respectively, evaluated the reproducibility and validity of QIS. The Bland-Altman plot did not indicate a systematic difference between measurements 15 days apart. Bartlett's sphericity test verified a correlation between the questions and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test showed good adequacy (.896) to the factor analysis. Exploratory factor analysis suggested the exclusion of three questions (loading factors <0.3), and eigenvalues (4.9-0.8) indicated that the questionnaire should be composed of three factors (dimensions). The Cronbach's alpha indicated high internal consistency of the 17 questions (0.850 overall; Dimensions: 0.815 'feeling of loneliness'; 0.760 'friendship'; and, 0.680 'Family support'). The QIS score ranged from 0 to 131 (maximum social isolation score). The correlation between QIS and depressive symptoms (r = .543) indicated the construct validity of QIS. We evaluated QIS in the Portuguese version, thus translation and cultural adaptation are necessary to evaluate the questionnaire in other settings. We constructed and validated the QIS questionnaire, a self-administered questionnaire to assess social isolation in adolescents, composed of three dimensions; feelings of loneliness, friendship and family support. The QIS questionnaire seems a very promising tool to support practitioners and researchers in assessing social isolation among adolescents.

Universal school-based intervention targeting depressive symptoms in adolescents: A cluster randomized trial.

We investigated the effects of three different interventions on depressive symptoms in adolescents. As a secondary aim, we explored the mediating role of social isolation, anxiety, sleep quality, and cognitive function of the intervention effect on depressive symptoms. We conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial, in which schools were randomly assigned to 1. Doubling physical education (PE) classes (3:20 h of PE/week); 2. Workshop with the PE teachers; 3. Workshop with the PE teachers + Doubling PE classes; and 4. Control group (1:40 h of PE/week). In total, 1279 adolescents were included, 56.4% females. Doubling PE classes and the workshop with the PE teachers + Doubling PE classes groups did not affect depressive symptoms (-0.947, 95% CI -3.176 to 1.281; and, 0.726, 95% CI -1.558 to 3.009, respectively). The workshop with the PE teachers decreased adolescents' depressive symptoms (-2.495, 95% CI -4.668 to -0.323), social isolation (-4.759, 95% CI -9.025 to -0.493), and poor sleep quality (-0.560, 95% CI -1.108 to -0.012) compared with the control group. Social isolation mediated 32% of the workshop effect on depressive symptoms. The workshop with the PE teachers and the workshop with the PE teachers + Doubling PE classes groups lowered in 93% and in 54% the risk of the adolescents in developing high depressive symptomatology compared with the control group, respectively. A workshop updating PE teachers on pedagogical and health-related topics decreased depressive symptoms in adolescents. Moreover, improvements in the adolescents' social isolation mediated the effect of PE teachers' workshop intervention on the depressive symptoms in adolescents.

Violence and psychosocial stress: A 10-year time trend analysis.

AIM: The aim of this study was to analyze the temporal trend of psychosocial stress and its association between exposure to violence in adolescents. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of temporal trends based on three school-based and statewide surveys with regular intervals of five years. The target population consisted of high school students from public schools. A total of 4,207 adolescents were evaluated in 2006, 6,264 in 2011, and 6,002 in 2016. The psychosocial stress indicator was the dependent study variable and was analyzed according to questions: a) Feeling of loneliness; b) Feeling of sadness; c) Difficulty sleeping due to worry; d) Number of close friends; e) Suicide ideation. Exposure variables were exposure to physical violence, involvement in fights and bullying. Logistic and linear regressions were used to verify the temporal trend of psychosocial stress, and to analyze the association between exposure of violence and psychosocial stress. RESULTS: Regardless of gender, the psychosocial stress score increasing trend between 2006 and 2016. The girls showed a variation in the feeling of loneliness from 18.7% to 22.8%, and suicide ideation increased from 10.4% to 14.2% between 2006 and 2016. All types of violence were associated with greater psychosocial stress for both boys and girls. CONCLUSION: Adolescents had a higher prevalence of feelings of loneliness, difficulty sleeping due to worry and suicide ideation during the period from 2006 to 2016, regardless of gender. Exposure to violence is associated with psychosocial stress in both genders, however, the strongest associations occurred in girls.

Sociodemographic inequalities in leisure-time physical activity and active commuting to school in Brazilian adolescents: National School Health Survey (PeNSE 2009, 2012, and 2015). / Desigualdades sociodemográficas na prática de atividade física de lazer e deslocamento ativo para a escola em adolescentes: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE 2009, 2012 e 2015).

The objective of this study was to identify inequalities in leisure-time physical activity and active commuting to school in Brazilian adolescents, as well as trends according to gender, type of school, maternal schooling, and geographic region, from 2009 to 2015. This was a descriptive study based on data from the Brazilian National School Health Survey (PeNSE) in 2009, 2012, and 2015. Students were defined as active in their leisure time when they practiced at least 60 minutes of physical activity a day on five or more of the seven days prior to the interview. Active commuting to school was defined as walking or biking to school on the week prior to the interview. The outcomes were stratified by gender, type of school, maternal schooling, and geographic region. Inequalities were assessed by differences and ratios between the estimates, as well as summary inequality indices. The 2009, 2012, and 2015 surveys included 61,301, 61,145, and 51,192 schoolchildren, respectively. Prevalence of leisure-time physical activity was 13.8% in 2009, 15.9% in 2012, and 14.7% in 2015; the rates for active commuting to school were 70.6%, 61.7%, and 66.7%, respectively. Boys showed 10 percentage points higher prevalence of leisure-time physical activity and 5 points higher active commuting to school than girls. Children of mothers with more schooling showed a mean of 10 percentage points higher prevalence of leisure-time physical activity than children of mothers with the lowest schooling and some 30 percentage points lower in relation to active commuting to school. The observed inequalities remained constant over the course of the period. The study identified socioeconomic and gender inequalities that remained constant throughout the period and which were specific to each domain of physical activity.

Desigualdades sociodemográficas na prática de atividade física de lazer e deslocamento ativo para a escola em adolescentes: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE 2009, 2012 e 2015) / Desigualdades sociodemográficas en la práctica de actividad física durante el tiempo libre y desplazamiento activo hacia la escuela en adolescentes: Encuesta Nacional de Salud del Escolar (PeNSE 2009, 2012 e 2015) / Sociodemographic inequalities in leisure-time physical activity and active commuting to school in Brazilian adolescents: National School Health Survey (PeNSE 2009, 2012, and 2015)

O objetivo foi identificar desigualdades na prática de atividade física de lazer e deslocamento ativo para escola em adolescentes brasileiros, bem como suas tendências de acordo com o sexo, tipo de escola, escolaridade materna e regiões geográficas de 2009 a 2015. Estudo descritivo baseado em dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) de 2009, 2012 e 2015. Foram considerados ativos no lazer aqueles que acumularam, no mínimo, 60 minutos por dia, em cinco ou mais dias da semana anteriores à entrevista. Para deslocamento ativo para escola, foi avaliado o transporte a pé ou de bicicleta para a escola na semana anterior à entrevista. Os desfechos foram estratificados pelo sexo, tipo de escola, escolaridade materna e regiões geográficas. As desigualdades foram avaliadas por meio de diferenças e razões entre as estimativas, bem como por índices sumários de desigualdade. Foram incluídos na PeNSE 2009, 2012 e 2015, 61.301, 61.145 e 51.192 escolares, respectivamente. A prevalência de atividade física de lazer foi 13,8% em 2009, 15,9% em 2012 e 14,7% em 2015; já para o deslocamento ativo para escola, foi 70,6%, 61,7%, 66,7%, respectivamente. Meninos apresentaram uma prevalência de 10 pontos percentuais (p.p.) maior de atividade física de lazer e cerca de 5p.p. no deslocamento ativo para escola do que as meninas. Escolares filhos de mães com maior escolaridade apresentaram, em média, uma prevalência de atividade física de lazer 10p.p. maior do que seu grupo extremo de comparação e cerca de 30p.p. menor com relação ao deslocamento ativo para escola. As desigualdades observadas permaneceram constantes ao longo do período avaliado. Foram identificadas desigualdades socioeconômicas e entre os sexos, que se mantiveram constantes ao longo do período analisado e que foram específicas para cada domínio de atividade física.

El objetivo fue identificar desigualdades en la práctica de actividad física durante el tiempo libre y desplazamiento activo hacia la escuela en adolescentes brasileños, así como sus tendencias de acuerdo con sexo, tipo de escuela, escolaridad materna y regiones geográficas desde 2009 hasta 2015. Estudio descriptivo, basado en datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud del Escolar (PeNSE) de 2009, 2012 y 2015. Se consideraron activos durante el tiempo libre aquellos que acumularon, por lo menos, 60 minutos al día de actividad física durante cinco o más días a la semana anteriores a la entrevista. Para el desplazamiento activo hacia la escuela, se evaluó el transporte a pie o en bicicleta hacia la escuela durante la semana anterior a la entrevista. Los resultados se estratificaron por sexo, tipo de escuela, escolaridad materna y regiones geográficas. Las desigualdades se evaluaron mediante diferencias y razones entre las estimativas, así como por el sumario de los indices de desigualdad. Se incluyeron en el PeNSE 2009, 2012 y 2015, 61.301, 61.145 y 51.192 escolares, respectivamente. La prevalencia de actividad física durante el tiempo libre fue de un 13,8% en 2009, 15,9% en 2012 y 14,7% en 2015; ya para el desplazamiento activo hacia la escuela, fue 70,6%, 61,7%, 66,7%, respectivamente. Los niños presentaron una prevalencia de 10 puntos porcentuales (p.p.) mayor de actividad física durante el tiempo libre y cerca de 5p.p. en el desplazamiento activo hacia la escuela que las niñas. Los escolares -hijos de madres con mayor escolaridad- presentaron una prevalencia media de actividad física durante el tiempo libre 10p.p. mayor que su grupo extremo de comparación, y cerca de 30p.p. menor, con relación al desplazamiento activo hacia la escuela. Las desigualdades observadas permanecieron constantes a lo largo del período evaluado. Se identificaron desigualdades socioeconómicas y entre sexos, que se mantuvieron constantes a lo largo del período analizado, y que fueron específicas para cada dominio de actividad física.

The objective of this study was to identify inequalities in leisure-time physical activity and active commuting to school in Brazilian adolescents, as well as trends according to gender, type of school, maternal schooling, and geographic region, from 2009 to 2015. This was a descriptive study based on data from the Brazilian National School Health Survey (PeNSE) in 2009, 2012, and 2015. Students were defined as active in their leisure time when they practiced at least 60 minutes of physical activity a day on five or more of the seven days prior to the interview. Active commuting to school was defined as walking or biking to school on the week prior to the interview. The outcomes were stratified by gender, type of school, maternal schooling, and geographic region. Inequalities were assessed by differences and ratios between the estimates, as well as summary inequality indices. The 2009, 2012, and 2015 surveys included 61,301, 61,145, and 51,192 schoolchildren, respectively. Prevalence of leisure-time physical activity was 13.8% in 2009, 15.9% in 2012, and 14.7% in 2015; the rates for active commuting to school were 70.6%, 61.7%, and 66.7%, respectively. Boys showed 10 percentage points higher prevalence of leisure-time physical activity and 5 points higher active commuting to school than girls. Children of mothers with more schooling showed a mean of 10 percentage points higher prevalence of leisure-time physical activity than children of mothers with the lowest schooling and some 30 percentage points lower in relation to active commuting to school. The observed inequalities remained constant over the course of the period. The study identified socioeconomic and gender inequalities that remained constant throughout the period and which were specific to each domain of physical activity.

Cegos e Aprendizagem de Genética em Sala de Aula: Percepções de Professores e Alunos / Blind Students and the Learning of Genetics in Classroom: Teacher's and Student's Perceptions

RESUMO: percepções de professores e alunos de turmas mistas sobre o processo de ensino-aprendizagem de genética foram investigadas. As concepções dos professores foram obtidas a partir de questionários mistos e a dos alunos a partir de questionários baseados na escala de Likert. A análise dos resultados seguiu uma abordagem diferencial (sem grupo de comparação). Os dados foram categorizados seguindo os princípios da análise de conteúdo, seguido de um tratamento quali-quantitativo. Os resultados evidenciaram a forte influência de referências visuais nas percepções de professores e alunos videntes sobre as dificuldades enfrentadas na aprendizagem de genética. Embora alunos videntes e professores reconheçam que as imagens utilizadas nas aulas de genética sejam recursos facilitadores da aprendizagem de conceitos abstratos, continuam apresentando dificuldades a despeito do uso de estratégias visuais. Por outro lado, os alunos cegos sinalizaram os prejuízos decorrentes do uso acrítico desses recursos, posto que, dificultam a apreensão dos conceitos. Assim, parece que o primado da visão cega a todos, impedindo a percepção de que para além do ver está o ato construtivo do conhecer e que, pessoas desprovidas dessa cegueira, o caso dos cegos, podem indicar caminhos diferentes daqueles pré-estabelecidos para a apreensão de conceitos não visuais.

ABSTRACT: The perceptions of teachers and students (in classrooms with young people with and without blindness) about the teaching and learning of genetics were investigated through a semi-structured questionnaire for teachers and a Likert scale questionnaire for students. Data analysis followed a differential approach, without a comparison group. Data were categorized according to content analysis, followed by a qualitative and quantitative treatment. Results evidenced a strong influence of visual reference both for teachers' and typical students' perceptions about the difficulties in learning genetics. Although typical students and teachers recognize that images used in genetics classes are facilitating tools of abstract concepts, they still present difficulties despite the use of visual strategies. On the other hand, blind students pointed to the damages caused by the acritical use of these resources, as they hindered the learning of concepts. Thus, it seems that the primacy of visual reference blinds us all, blocking the perception that beyond seeing is the constructive act of knowing, and that people who cannot see may indicate different paths from the ones pre-established for learning non-visual concepts.

Associação entre prática de atividades físicas, participação nas aulas de Educação Física e isolamento social em adolescentes / Association between physical activity, participation in Physical Education classes, and social isolation in adolescents

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a associação entre a prática de atividades físicas, a participação nas aulas de educação física e indicadores de isolamento social em adolescentes. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico transversal, baseado na análise secundária de dados, a partir de uma amostra representativa de estudantes (14-19 anos) do ensino médio da rede pública estadual (n = 4.207). Os dados foram coletados por meio do questionário Global School-based Student Health Survey. As variáveis independentes foram o nível de atividade física e a participação nas aulas de educação física, enquanto as variáveis dependentes foram dois indicadores de isolamento social (sentimento de solidão e ter poucos amigos). Na análise estatística, recorreu-se a procedimentos descritivos e inferenciais. Resultados A maioria dos sujeitos foi classificada como insuficientemente ativa (65,1%) e relatou não participar das aulas de educação física (64,9%). Aproximadamente 15,8% referiram sentimento de solidão e 19,5% reportaram ter até um amigo. Na análise bivariada, verificou-se uma proporção significativamente inferior de isolamento social entre os adolescentes que participavam das aulas de educação física. Na regressão logística binária, após ajustamento de variáveis, verificou-se que a participação nas aulas de educação física foi identificada como fator de proteção em relação ao indicador de isolamento social "ter poucos amigos", mas somente entre as moças. Conclusões A participação nas aulas de educação física está associada à menor isolamento social em adolescentes do sexo feminino.

Abstract Objective To analyze the association between physical activity, participation in Physical Education classes, and indicators of social isolation among adolescents. Methods This was an epidemiological study based on secondary analysis of data from a representative sample of students (14-19 years) from public high schools (n = 4,207). Data were collected through the questionnaire Global School-based Student Health Survey. The independent variables were the level of physical activity and enrollment in Physical Education classes, while the dependent variables were two indicators of social isolation (feeling of loneliness and having few friends). Descriptive and inferential procedures were used in the statistical analysis. Results Most of the adolescents were classified as insufficiently active (65.1%) and reported not attending Physical Education classes (64.9%). Approximately two in each ten participants reported feeling of loneliness (15.8%) and, in addition, about one in each five adolescents reported have only one friend (19.5%). In the bivariate analysis, a significantly lower proportion of individuals reporting social isolation was observed among adolescents who referred higher enrollment in Physical Education classes. After adjustment for confounding variables, binary logistic regression showed that attending Physical Education classes was identified as a protective factor in relation to the indicator of social isolation 'having few friends,' but only for girls. Conclusions It was concluded that participation in Physical Education classes is associated with reduced social isolation among female adolescents.

Association between physical activity, participation in Physical Education classes, and social isolation in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between physical activity, participation in Physical Education classes, and indicators of social isolation among adolescents. METHODS: This was an epidemiological study based on secondary analysis of data from a representative sample of students (14-19 years) from public high schools (n=4,207). Data were collected through the questionnaire Global School-based Student Health Survey. The independent variables were the level of physical activity and enrollment in Physical Education classes, while the dependent variables were two indicators of social isolation (feeling of loneliness and having few friends). Descriptive and inferential procedures were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Most of the adolescents were classified as insufficiently active (65.1%) and reported not attending Physical Education classes (64.9%). Approximately two in each ten participants reported feeling of loneliness (15.8%) and, in addition, about one in each five adolescents reported have only one friend (19.5%). In the bivariate analysis, a significantly lower proportion of individuals reporting social isolation was observed among adolescents who referred higher enrollment in Physical Education classes. After adjustment for confounding variables, binary logistic regression showed that attending Physical Education classes was identified as a protective factor in relation to the indicator of social isolation 'having few friends,' but only for girls. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that participation in Physical Education classes is associated with reduced social isolation among female adolescents.

Educação em saúde na estratégia de saúde da família: percepção dos profissionais / Health education in the family health strategy: professionals’ perception / Educación en salud en la estrategia de salud de la familia: la percepción de los profesionales

OBJETIVO: Analisar a percepção dos profissionais de saúde de uma Equipe de Saúde da Família sobre as atividades de educação em saúde conduzidas na rotina de trabalho. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa qualitativa realizada no período de maio a junho de 2012, mediante entrevista semiestruturada com oito profissionais de saúde de diferentes categorias em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família (USF) localizada em Recife-PE. Analisaram-se as entrevistas mediante análise de conteúdo por meio da modalidade temática. RESULTADOS: Entre os profissionais entrevistados, pode-se identificar que existe uma ideia de educação em saúde pautada nos preceitos da educação participativa e de caráter crítico-reflexivo, principalmente quando o profissional reconhece o saber da comunidade e proporciona espaços de troca de conhecimento e construção coletiva. Entretanto, isso não foi um conceito unânime, pois ainda identificou-se uma concepção de que a educação em saúde tem o propósito de "ensinar" o que é "correto", objetivando a adoção de comportamentos mais saudáveis. CONCLUSÃO: Os profissionais entrevistados apresentaram percepções distintas sobre as atividades de educação em saúde. Essas percepções contemplaram elementos tanto de uma prática mais tradicional, pautada na transmissão de informações, como ideais de uma prática emancipatória, que valoriza o saber popular e convida os indivíduos a serem corresponsáveis pelo cuidado em saúde

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the perception of health professionals of a Family Health Unit about the activities of health education conducted in work routine. METHODS: Qualitative research conducted in the period from May to June 2012, through semi-structured interview with eight health professionals from different categories, at a Family Health Unit in the city of Recife, Pernambuco State. The interviews were analysed through content analysis using the thematic form. RESULTS: Among the interviewees, it is noticeable the existence of a health education perception guided by the precepts of participatory education of critical and reflective character, especially when the professional recognises the community's knowledge and provides spaces for knowledge exchange and collective construction. However, this was not a unanimous concept since it was still identified a conception of health education with the purpose of "teaching" what is "correct", aiming for the adoption of healthier behaviours. CONCLUSION: The professionals interviewed showed different perceptions of the health education activities. These perceptions comprised elements of both a more traditional practice, based on the transmission of information, as well as ideals of an emancipatory practice that values popular knowledge and invites individuals to be co-responsible for health care

OBJETIVO: Analizar la percepción de los profesionales de la salud de un equipo de Salud de la Familia sobre las actividades de educación en salud conducidas en la rutina del trabajo. MÉTODOS: Investigación cualitativa realizada entre mayo y junio de 2012 a través de entrevista semiestructurada con ocho profesionales de salud de distintas categorías en una Unidad de Salud de la Familia (USF) localizada en Recife-PE. Las entrevistas fueron analizadas mediante el análisis de contenido a través de temáticas. RESULTADOS: De los profesionales entrevistados se identifica una idea de educación en salud basada en preceptos de la educación participativa y del carácter critico-reflexivo en especial cuando el profesional reconoce el saber de la comunidad y promueve espacios de cambio de conocimiento y la construcción colectiva. Sin embargo, eso no ha sido un concepto unánime pues se identificó, además, una concepción de que la educación en salud tiene el objetivo de "enseñar" lo que es "correcto", para la adquisición de conductas más saludables. CONCLUSIÓN: Los profesionales entrevistados presentaron percepciones distintas de las actividades de educación en salud. Tales percepciones incluyeron elementos de una práctica más tradicional basada en la trasmisión de informaciones como ideales de una práctica emancipatoria que valora el saber popular e invita a los individuos a tener la responsabilidad por su cuidado en salud

Postoperative pain after bupivacaine supplementation in mandibular third molar surgery: splint-mouth randomized double blind controlled clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Efficacy of anesthetic supplementation with bupivacaine to control both pain and the number of analgesics ingested after surgery has been proposed; however, no report was found in the literature regarding supplemental use of bupivacaine. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of bupivacaine in appeasing postoperative pain, when used as supplemental anesthesia at the end of surgeries to extract mandibular third molars. METHODS: Eighty surgeries were performed in 40 healthy ASA I patients of mandibular bilateral, semi-enclosed, and symmetrical third molars, in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and split-mouth clinical trial. Two procedures were performed. In one case, a preoperative anesthetic block was performed with bupivacaine (0.5 %) and epinephrine (1:200,000). Supplementation with the same anesthetic composition was used at the end of the surgery (test group). In the second case (control group), the procedure was identical to that used in the test group, but was supplemented in a randomized double-blind trial with saline (placebo), using the split-mouth method. Postoperative pain (measured with a visual analog scale) was the primary variable studied, and analgesic consumption was the secondary variable. Nonparametric analysis of variance (Wilcoxon test) and a two-tailed test to determine the ratio was used. P value was set at 0.05. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) was found in the variables studied. An adverse effect related to the anesthetic under study was not observed. CONCLUSION: There is no appreciable value to the second injection regarding pain and analgesia use, but there was a difference regarding patient acceptance in surgeries of mandibular semi-enclosed and impacted third molars.

Onset and duration period of pulpal anesthesia of articaine and lidocaine in inferior alveolar nerve block.

The purpose of this prospective, randomized, double blind study was to compare the onset and duration periods of pulpal anesthesia using 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine, 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 4% articaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine in inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB). Thirty subjects received 1.8 mL of each of the three local anesthetic solutions in IANB. Onset and duration periods of pulpal anesthesia were determined using electric pulp stimulation. The mean time of onset of pulpal anesthesia was 8.7, 7.4 and 7.7 min and the mean duration of pulpal anesthesia was 61.8, 106.6 and 88.0 min for 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine, 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 4% articaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine, respectively. For onset, there was only a significant difference between 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine (p=0.037). For duration, there was significant difference for all the local anesthetic solutions (p≤0.05). In conclusion, 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine exhibited faster onset and also had longest duration of pulpal anesthesia in IANB.

Associação entre prática de atividade física e indicadores de comportamento sexual de risco em adolescentes / Association between physical activity and indicators of risk sexual behavior in adolescents

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a associação entre prática de atividades físicas no lazer (PAFL) e participação nas aulas de Educação Física (PAEF) com indicadores de comportamento sexual de risco (CSR) em estudantes adolescentes. Para tanto, adotou-se estudo transversal mediante análise secundária de dados de uma amostra representativa de estudantes do ensino médio da rede pública estadual de Pernambuco. Dados de 4.207 estudantes (14-19 anos) foram coletados mediante aplicação de questionário. Os adolescentes que relataram não ter usado preservativo na última relação sexual ou ter três ou mais parceiros ao longo da vida foram considerados expostos aos CSR. Nas análises de regressão logística o CSR foi definido como desfecho enquanto a PAFL e PAEF foram consideradas variáveis independentes. Sexo, faixa etária, afiliação religiosa, morar com os pais, consumo de álcool e tabagismo foram fatores incluídos nas análises como covariáveis. Observou-se que os adolescentes que relataram participar de pelo menos uma aula de Educação Física tinham chance 25% inferior de intercurso sexual sem uso de preservativo quando comparados àqueles que não participavam das aulas. Aqueles que referiram praticar AFL tinham chance 67% superior de relatarem experiência de intercurso sexual com três ou mais parceiros. A PAEF e a PAFL foram identificados como fatores associados a indicadores de CSR, mas o inesperado sentido da ligação entre PAFL e números de parceiros na vida exige aprofundamento da investigação nesta área.

The aim of this study was to analyze the association between physical activity during leisure time (PAL) and participation in physical education classes (PEC) with indicators of sexual risk behavior (SRB) in adolescents. It was a cross-sectional study using secondary analysis of data from a representative sample of high school students attended at the state public education system in Pernambuco. Data from 4,207 students (14-19 years) were collected by applying a previously validated questionnaire. Students who reported not have used a condom in the last intercourse and had three or more partners during their life were considered exposed to SRB. Logistic regression was performed with SRB set as dependent variable, PAL and PEC defined as independent variables, and sex, age group, religious affiliation, living with parents, alcohol consumption and smoking as potential confounders. It was observed that adolescents who reported have participated of PEC at least one time per week were 25% less likely to refer have not used condom in the last sexual intercourse in comparison with those who never participated in physical education classes. In relation to sexual intercourse, those who reported practice of PAL have a 67% higher likelihood to have had three or more partners in their lifetime sexual experience. It was concluded that PEC and PAL were associated with sexual risk behaviors, but the surprising direct association between PAL practice and number of sexual partners needs to be further investigated to elucidate causal pathways.

Onset and Duration Period of Pulpal Anesthesia of Articaine and Lidocaine in Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block

The purpose of this prospective, randomized, double blind study was to compare the onset and duration periods of pulpal anesthesia using 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine, 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 4% articaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine in inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB). Thirty subjects received 1.8 mL of each of the three local anesthetic solutions in IANB. Onset and duration periods of pulpal anesthesia were determined using electric pulp stimulation. The mean time of onset of pulpal anesthesia was 8.7, 7.4 and 7.7 min and the mean duration of pulpal anesthesia was 61.8, 106.6 and 88.0 min for 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine, 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 4% articaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine, respectively. For onset, there was only a significant difference between 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine (p=0.037). For duration, there was significant difference for all the local anesthetic solutions (p≤0.05). In conclusion, 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine exhibited faster onset and also had longest duration of pulpal anesthesia in IANB.

A proposta deste estudo prospectivo, randomizado e duplo cego foi comparar o período de latência e duração da anestesia pulpar utilizando lidocaina 2% com epinefrina 1:100.000, articaina 4% com epinefrina 1:100.000 e articaina 4% com epinefrina 1:200.000 no bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior (BNAI). Trinta pacientes receberam 1,8 mL de cada uma das soluções anestésicas no BNAI. Os períodos de latência e duração da anestesia pulpar foram determinados usando estimulação pulpar elétrica. O tempo médio da latência da anestesia pulpar foi 8,7, 7,4 e 7,7 min e da duração média da anestesia pulpar foi 61,8, 106,6 e 88,0 min para lidocaina 2% com epinefrina 1:100.000, articaina 4% com epinefrina 1:100.000 e articaina 4% com epinefrina 1:200.000, respectivamente. Para latência houve somente diferença significante entre lidocaina 2% com epinefrina 1:100.000 e articaina 4% com epinefrina 1:100.000 (p=0,037). Para a duração houve diferença significante para todas as soluções anestésicas locais (p≤0,05). Em conclusão, articaina 4% com epinefrina 1:100.000 exibiu mais rápida latência e também obteve mais longa duração da anestesia pulpar no BNAI.

Comparative analysis of preemptive analgesic effect of dexamethasone and diclofenac following third molar surgery

The objective of the study was to compare the analgesic effectiveness of dexamethasone and diclofenac sodium administered preemptively after surgical removal of third molars. Forty-four ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) I patients (19 men, 35 women; 16–28 years old) randomly and double-blindly received diclofenac sodium (50 mg) or dexamethasone (8 mg) or placebo 1 h before surgery. Intensity of pain, measured with a visual analog scale (VAS), was the variable studied at different postoperative times (1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 6 h, 8 h, 12 h, 48 h, 4 d and 7 d). The total amount of rescue medication (TARM) ingested (paracetamol) was another variable of the study. The Kruskal-Wallis statistical test was used. A p value of < .05 was adopted to reject the null hypothesis. The dexamethasone group showed lower pain intensity (p < .05) than the diclofenac sodium and placebo groups (p < .05). No difference in TARM was observed among the groups (p < .05). Preemptively administered, dexamethasone was effective in controlling postoperative pain.

Comparative analysis of preemptive analgesic effect of dexamethasone and diclofenac following third molar surgery.

The objective of the study was to compare the analgesic effectiveness of dexamethasone and diclofenac sodium administered preemptively after surgical removal of third molars. Forty-four ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) I patients (19 men, 35 women; 16-28 years old) randomly and double-blindly received diclofenac sodium (50 mg) or dexamethasone (8 mg) or placebo 1 h before surgery. Intensity of pain, measured with a visual analog scale (VAS), was the variable studied at different postoperative times (1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 6 h, 8 h, 12 h, 48 h, 4 d and 7 d). The total amount of rescue medication (TARM) ingested (paracetamol) was another variable of the study. The Kruskal-Wallis statistical test was used. A p value of < .05 was adopted to reject the null hypothesis. The dexamethasone group showed lower pain intensity (p < .05) than the diclofenac sodium and placebo groups (p < .05). No difference in TARM was observed among the groups (p < .05). Preemptively administered, dexamethasone was effective in controlling postoperative pain.

Assessment of preemptive analgesia with ibuprofen coadministered or not with dexamethasone in third molar surgery: a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: There is no conclusive evidence from clinical trial studies regarding preemptive analgesic interventions. Clinical trials are necessary to evaluate the efficacy of preemptive analgesic interventions already demonstrated in animal studies. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate the analgesic effect of preoperative administration of ibuprofen alone or coadministered with dexamethasone after third molar surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, and controlled clinical trial was conducted with 94 bilateral symmetrical third molar surgeries. Preemptive analgesic medication was randomly defined: ibuprofen or placebo and ibuprofen + dexamethasone or placebo was administered to patients who served as their own control (split mouth). The variables analyzed were postoperative pain through visual analog scale (VAS), total number of rescue analgesic (TNRA), and patient satisfaction. Data were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between ibuprofen and placebo for postoperative pain (VAS) and TNRA. Patients consumed less analgesics (TNRA) for dexamethasone + ibuprofen (p < 0.05) and felt more comfortable in the postoperative period after surgery (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION: The preemptive analgesia with ibuprofen was insufficient to inhibit central sensitization, whereas its association with dexamethasone was more effective in preventing pain in third molar surgery.

Dentoalveolar changes after unilateral extractions of mandibular first molars and their influence on third molar development and position.

AIM: To investigate the spontaneous tooth position changes after unilateral extraction of mandibular first molars and the influence on third molar position. METHODS: Panoramic radiographs of 111 individuals (mean age 19 years 8 months) in whom one mandibular first molar was extracted at least 5 years prior. Comparison of all measurements of the control and the affected side was performed by paired Student t test. RESULTS: The mandibular second molars tipped mesially, whereas the premolars, canines, and incisors moved distally toward the extraction space. Vertical alveolar resorption was significant, particularly in older patients. Mesial inclination of the third molar occurred in only subjects in whom this tooth was completely developed. No significant vertical change of the third molars was observed. CONCLUSION: Unilateral extraction of mandibular first molars causes a significant displacement of all teeth of the affected side toward the extraction site and a progressive vertical bone resorption of this area. The closer the teeth are to the extraction site, the more they are affected. No significant changes were observed on third molar vertical position.

Pacientes hipertensos e a anestesia na Odontologia: devemos utilizar anestésicos locais associados ou não com vasoconstritores? / Hypertensive patients and anesthesia in Dentistry: we should use local anesthetics associates or not with vasoconstrictors agents?

Anestésicos locais associados a alguns vasoconstritores podem ser utilizados em pacientes hipertensos na odontologia. A felipressina ou a epinefrina são os mais indicados no atendimento a pacientes com hipertensão controlada no estágio I ou II. Quando utilizada em doses terapêuticas e, evitando-se a administração intravascular, as alterações pressóricas que podem ocorrer com os vasoconstritores adrenérgicos como a elevação na pressão sistólica, são compensadas por uma diminuição na resistência vascular periférica e, consequentemente,uma diminuição da pressão diastólica. Portanto, a preocupação deve ser com o aumento na concentração sanguínea de catecolaminas, em função de uma sobredosagem e/ou administração intravascular inadvertida,principalmente, se associados a um elevado grau de estresse e de ansiedade. A potencialização dos seus efeitos sistêmicos pode ainda estar relacionada a interações medicamentosas em pacientes que fazem uso de antihipertensivos do tipo beta-bloqueadores não-seletivos ou diuréticos não caliuréticos, que poderiam estar mais susceptíveis a possíveis precipitações de episódios hipertensivos motivados por estes vasoconstritores. Uma anamnese bem detalhada, uma anestesia mais eficaz com a associação de um vasoconstritor, bem como o controle da ansiedade e do medo frente a um tratamento odontológico são benéficos no atendimento aos hipertensos.

Local anesthetics associates with vasoconstrictors agents should be used in the hypertensive patients in Dentistry. Felypressin or epinephrine are the most indicated for the treatment of patients with controlledhypertension in stages I or II. When adrenergic vasoconstrictors agents are used in therapeutic doses and avoiding intravascular injection, the pressure alterations that may occur, such as an increase systolic pressure, are compensated by a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance and consequently, a reduced diastolic pressure. Therefore, attention must be paid to the decrease in blood catecholamine as a result of an overdose and/or unintentional intravascular injection, especially if associated with a high degree of stress and anxiety. The strengthening of its systemic effects may still be related to medical interactions in patients using non-specific beta-blocking anti-hypertension drugs or non-caliuretics diuretics, who might be more susceptible to possible occurrences of hypertension episodes motivated by vasoconstrictors agents. A detailed examination, a more effective anesthesia associated with vasoconstrictor, as well as anxiety and fear control when facing dental treatment are beneficial when treating hypertensive patients.

Administração preemptiva de dexametasona e diclofenaco sódico: estudo comparativo da efetividade analgésica e antiinflamatória / Preemptive administration of dexamethascone and diclofena: sodium - comparate study of analgesic and anti-inflam´matory effetiveness

O conceito de analgesia preemptiva vem sendo estudado com a finalidade de reduzir ou impedir a produção de mediadores químicos como a histamina, serotonina, prostaglandinas entre outros que estão diretamente relacionados com os processos álgicos e inflamatórios. Participaram deste estudo 54 pacientes, 19 do gênero masculino e 35 do gênero feminino com idade entre 16 e 65 anos, todos com indicação de remoção do terceiro molar não erupcionado ou semi-erupcionados, atendidos no curso de especialização em Cirurgia e Traumatologia Buco Maxilo Facial da Fundação para o Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico da Odontologia (FUNDECTO). Em modelo de estudo duplo-cego, os pacientes receberam aleatoriamente, uma hora antes da cirurgia doses únicas de diclofenaco sódico 50mg ou dexametasona 8mg ou placebo por via oral. As cirurgias foram realizadas com procedimentos padrões de assepsia e com uso de técnica anestésica convencional e técnica cirúrgica padronizada pelo curso de especialização da FUNDECTO. Os pacientes foram orientados que em situações de dor pós- operatória intensa utilizassem como medicação de sporte analgésico, paracetamol 650mg AP em dose única de 1300mg (2 comprimidos), após no mínimo 1 h do inicio da cirurgia. A intensidade de dor foi registrada em uma escala analógica nos períodos pós-operatórios de 1 h, 2h, 3h, 6h, 8h, 12h, 24h e 48h e o edema registrado em uma escala no 1°, 2°, 4° e 7° dias após a cirurgia. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste não paramétrico de analise de variância a um fator de Kruskal- Wallis. Os resultados mostraram que o grupo da dexametasona apresentou media dos escores de dor durante o período total avaliado inferior ao grupo diclofenaco...

The concept of preemptive analgesia has been studied with the purpose of reducing or prevent the production of chemical mediators such as histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, and others directed related with algic and inflammatory processes. Fifty Four patients participated of the study, 19 male and 35 female with ages between 16 to 65 years old, ali of them with not unerupted or sem i unerupted third molar removal, met at specialization course in surgery and traumatology maxillofacial of Fundação para o Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico da Odontologia (FUNDECTO). In double blind method, the patients received,randomly, one hour before the surgery an unique oral dose of diclofenac sodic 50 mg or dexamethasone 8 mg or placebo. The surgeries were performed with standard procedure of asepsis and using conventional anesthetic technique and standardized surgical technical by the FUNDECTO'S specialization course. The patients were oriented in a way that, after post surgical intense pain, utilized as analgesic medication support (paracetamol 650mg AP) in unique dos age of 1300mg (2 tablets), after at least one hour after the beginning of the surgery. The pain intensity was registered in a analog scale in the postoperative of 1 h,2h, 3h, 6h, 8h, 12h, 24h and 48h and the edema registered in a scale on the first, second, fourth and seventh days after the surgery. The data were submitted to the non parametric test of variance analysis in a factor of Kruskal-Wallis. The results showed that the dexamethasone group presented average scores of pain during the whole period rated inferior to the diclofenac sodic group and placebo group with a significant difference between them. Related to the edema, the average scores during the whole rated process showed significant statics between the dexamethasone group and the placebo group. The comparative analysis for pain intensity between the groups in each rated time...