Serine-glycine-betaine, a novel dipeptide from an endophyte Macrophomina phaseolina: isolation, bioactivity and biosynthesis.

AIMS: Endophytes are a rich source for structurally complex chemical scaffolds with interesting biological activities. Endophytes associated with Brugmansia aurea L. (family: Solanaceae), a medicinal plant, have not yet explored for the bioactive metabolites. METHOD AND RESULTS: Hence, Macrophomina phaseolina, a fungal endophyte, was isolated from the roots of the plant. Its methanolic extract was found active against human cancer cell lines with IC50 <20 µg ml-1 . Later, a di-peptide compound, serine-glycine-betaine, was isolated and characterized. Serine-glycine-betaine consists of a unit of an N-trimethyl glycine attached to serine. It exhibited potent activity against MIA PaCa-2 and HCT-116 cell lines with IC50 8·9 and 15·16 µmol l-1 , respectively. Furthermore, it induced apoptosis in MIA PaCa-2 cells confirmed by microscopy. The apoptotic cell death in MIA PaCa-2 cells was evidenced biochemically with the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species level and leading to loss of mitochondrial membrane potential due to activation of the intrinsic pathway. This study describes the plausible biosynthesis of serine-glycine-betaine based on genomics (genome sequencing, annotation and genes alignment). CONCLUSIONS: A novel di-peptide, serine-glycine-betaine isolated from M. phaseolina induced apoptosis in MIA-Pa-Ca-2 cells. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study confirms that dipeptides like serine-glycine-betaine and tyrosine-betaine might be specific to fungal genera, hence being used for diagnostic purposes.

New cytochalasin from Rosellinia sanctae-cruciana, an endophytic fungus of Albizia lebbeck.

AIM: To explore the potential of Rosellinia sanctae-cruciana an endophytic fungus associated with Albizia lebbeck for pharmaceutically important cytotoxic compounds. METHODS AND RESULTS: One novel cytochalasin, named jammosporin A (1) and four known analogues (2-5) were isolated from the culture of the endophytic fungus R. sanctae-cruciana, harboured from the leaves of the medicinal plant A. lebbeck. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses including one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance data along with MS data and by comparison with literature reports. In preliminary screening the ethyl acetate extract of the fungal culture was tested for cytotoxic activity against a panel of four cancer cell lines (MOLT-4, A549, MIA PaCa-2 and MDA-MB-231), and found to be active against MOLT-4 with an IC50 value of 10 µg ml-1 . Owing to the remarkable cytotoxic activity of the extract the isolated compounds (1-5) were evaluated for their cytototoxicity against the MOLT-4 cell line by MTT assay. Interestingly, compounds 1-2, 4 and 5 showed considerable cytotoxic potential against the human leukaemia cancer cell line (MOLT-4) with IC50 values of 20·0, 10·0, 8·0 and 6·0 µmol l-1 , respectively, while compound 3 showed an IC50 value of 25 µmol l-1 . This is the first report of the existence of this class of secondary metabolites in R. sanctae-cruciana fungus. CONCLUSION: This study discovered a novel compound, named jammosporin A, isolated for the first time from R. sanctae-cruciana, an endophytic fungus of A. lebbeck with anticancer activity against the MOLT-4 cell line. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Rosellinia sanctae-cruciana represents an interesting source of a new compound with bioactive potential as a therapeutic agent against a human leukaemia cancer cell line (MOLT-4).

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens induces production of a novel blennolide K in coculture of Setophoma terrestris.

AIMS: The discovery of known bioactive chemical leads from microbial monocultures hinders the efficiency of drug discovery programmes. Therefore, in recent years, the use of fungal-bacterial coculture experiments has gained considerable attention due to their ability to generate new bioactive leads. In this work, fungal strain Setophoma terrestris was cocultured with Bacillus amyloliquifaciens to discover novel bioactive compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The bioactive methanolic coculture extract was chosen for the isolation of compounds by chromatographic methods. The isolated compounds were characterized by NMR and mass spectrometric techniques. CONCLUSION: Coculture extract has resulted in the production of five blennolides. The novel compound, blennolide K was found active against PC-3 (prostate) and MCF-7 (breast) cell lines with an IC50 value of 3·7 ± 0·6 and 4·8 ± 0·4 µmol l-1 respectively. Furthermore, the nuclear morphology study in PC-3 cells after treatment with blennolide K, demonstrated chromatin condensation, formation of apoptotic bodies and shrinkage of cells. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: To our knowledge, only few studies have reported the induction of bioactive compounds by coculture having long-distance inhibition morphology. This is principally due to the low occurrences of such morphology. Our study demonstrates the impact of coculture on production of new chemical leads in drug discovery programmes.