Presynchronization with simultaneous administration of GnRH and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) 7 days prior to Ovsynch improves reproductive profile in Hariana zebu cow.

This study is aimed at assessing the impact of simultaneous administration of GnRH and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) 7 days prior to Ovsynch in Hariana cow. Two hundred cyclic cows (> 4 months postpartum) were assigned to control (n = 54) and pre-OV (n = 146). As per Ovsynch protocol, buserelin acetate (10 µg), cloprostenol (500 µg), and buserelin acetate (10 µg) were injected i.m. on days 0, 7, and 9, respectively, in cows irrespective of treatment. But in pre-OV cows, buserelin acetate (10 µg) and cloprostenol (500 µg) were also injected i.m. simultaneously 7 days prior to initiate the Ovsynch protocol. Artificial insemination was performed between 18 and 24 h after the 2nd GnRH of Ovsynch in both treatments. Ultrasonography and blood sampling for hormonal analysis were done on each day of treatment, on day of AI, and 12 days post-AI. Pre-OV treatment resulted to increased (45.20% vs 29.62%; P < 0.05) pregnancy outcomes and higher (P < 0.01) ovulation rate to first GnRH of Ovsynch than control. Cows showing complete luteolysis in response to PGF2α of Ovsynch were also higher (P < 0.05) in pre-OV than control. Greater (P < 0.05) synchronization rate was recorded in pre-OV than control (86.76% and 68.75%). The circulating concentrations of estradiol on day of AI and progesterone on day 12 post-AI were higher (P < 0.01) in cows diagnosed pregnant than non-pregnant in both control and pre-OV treatment. In conclusion, simultaneous administration of GnRH and PGF2α 7 days before Ovsynch improved the synchronization rate and luteal profile in terms of CL area and hence resulted in higher conception rate in Hariana zebu cow.

5d CIDR-Heatsynch improves the circulatory estradiol levels, estrus expression and conception rate in anestrus buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).

The present study aimed to investigate whether increasing estradiol (E2) during preovulatory period would increase estrous expression, luteal profiles and conception rate in 5d CIDR based timed AI protocol. A total 156 anestrus buffalo allocated (78 per group) to either 5d CIDR-Cosynch (d-5: CIDR + GnRH; d0: PGF2α+CIDR removal; 72 h post-CIDR removal: GnRH) or 5d CIDR-Heatsynch (d-5: CIDR + GnRH; d0: PGF2α+CIDR removal; 24 h post-CIDR removal: estradiol benzoate) group. All the buffaloes inseminated at 72 and 84 h post-CIDR removal. A subset of buffalo (n = 58) were subjected to examination of the follicle diameter and luteal profile during protocol, post-AI on days 5 and 12. The buffalo in 5d CIDR-Heatsynch had greater (p < .05) E2 concentrations, estrus induction and increasing trend (p < .08) for conception rate (57.7% vs. 43.6%) than 5d CIDR-Cosynch. The percentage of pregnant buffalo that exhibited estrus signs was greater (p < .01) in 5d CIDR-Heatsynch than 5d CIDR-Cosynch. Positive correlation (p < .01) was observed between POF and E2 concentrations; POF and CL diameter, CL diameter and P4 concentrations. Estrus response and P4 concentrations were indicators of probability of pregnancy. In conclusion, 5d CIDR-Heatsynch tended to improve conception rate. The estrus expression and P4 concentrations (d5 and 12 post-first-AI) is the indicator of probability of pregnancy in buffalo.

Assessment of Condylar Shape through Digital Panoramic Radiograph among Nepalese Population: A Proposal for Classification.

Background: Panoramic radiograph is the first and most commonly advised radiograph for screening of temporomandibular joints/condyles. Different shapes of the mandible have been discussed by various authors with no consensus for a definite classification for condyle shape. This study was conducted with the objective to observe various shapes of condyles, symmetry of bilateral condyles, and variations of condyle shapes among males and females. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on digital panoramic radiographs available at a tertiary center of Lalitpur from 25.12.2020 to 20.06.2021 after ethical approval from the institutional review board (reference no. 077/078/27). Panoramic radiographs were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria, and various shapes of condyles were noted on HP 15 inch flat LED monitor (1280 × 1024). The collected data was analyzed using SPSS (chi-square test: a p value of < 0.05 was considered significant). Intra- and interobserver agreement was observed for condylar shapes. Results: Among the selected 850 panoramic radiographs (1700 condyles), most of them, i.e., 1343 (79%), were round/oval, followed by flattened, i.e., 149 (8.76%), diamond/angled, i.e., 93 (5.47%), crooked finger shaped, i.e., 28 (1.6%), and mixed, i.e., 46 (2.7%), and the least common shape observed was bifid, i.e., 40 (2.3%) (18 (2.1%) left condyle and 22 (2.6%) right condyle). Conclusions: Six different types of condyle shapes were noted: type I, oval; type II, flat; type III, diamond; type IV, mixed; type V, bifid; and type VI, crooked finger among the study population of Lalitpur.

Oral Health Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices among School Teachers in Chitwan District, Nepal.

BACKGROUND: Oral health is dependent on the knowledge and awareness of the individuals. Teachers as individuals influence the children in every aspect including oral health maintenance. The objective of this study was to assess the oral health knowledge, attitude, practices, and oral health status among school teachers in Chitwan District, Nepal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 550 school teachers of private and government schools in Chitwan District, to assess the knowledge, attitude, practices, and oral health status. Descriptive analysis was done and data were analyzed using chi-square. A five-point Likert Scale was applied to compute knowledge, attitude, and practices of the school teachers. RESULTS: Most of the school teachers had good knowledge about periodontal diseases in comparison to dental caries. Private school (20.7% : 57) teachers had higher good oral health knowledge as compared to government school teachers (9.8% : 27). An almost equal percentage of private and government teachers (73.5% : 202 and 74.2% : 204, respectively) were found with fair knowledge about oral health. Males had a higher percentage for good oral health knowledge as compared to females. CONCLUSION: There is an incredible need to improve oral health knowledge and attitude among school teachers concerning different problems of the oral cavity and the avoidance of dental diseases. These enhancements can be applied through regular training of teachers by oral health seminars, materials, and other such types of methods.

Evaluation of Clinical and Radiographic Findings among Patients with Traumatic Dental Injuries Seeking Delayed Treatment.

BACKGROUND: Time elapsed between trauma and treatment greatly influences the prognosis of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs). The aim of this study was to analyze clinical and radiographic findings related to complications of TDIs among patients seeking delayed treatment of such injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 123 permanent teeth with a history of previous TDIs were included in the study. Clinical findings analyzed were the type of fracture, type and number of injured teeth, crown discoloration, and pulpal status of the injured tooth (pulpal diagnosis). The radiographic findings analyzed included pulp canal obliteration (PCO), root resorption (RR), and periapical radiolucency (PR). Statistical analysis included descriptive analysis. RESULTS: Tooth discoloration was the most common presenting complaint (53.65%), while fall (48.78%) was the most frequent cause of trauma. The range of time duration between trauma and presentation for treatment was 5 months to 30 years (average time 12.82 years). Pulp necrosis (PN) was the most common complication (90.24%). Almost half of the teeth with PN had fracture injury and discoloration along with a high frequency of PR (78.37%). Even teeth with a normal appearance were found to have a high incidence of PN (76.92%) and PR (53.84%). The crown discoloration was the second most frequent finding (48.78%). Many teeth (41.66%) with vital pulp were also discolored. Most of the teeth (79.31%) with yellowish discoloration and all teeth with brownish discoloration were nonvital. A high frequency of PN (90%) and PR (78.33%) was found in teeth with discoloration. PR was the most common radiographic finding (69.10%), while PCO and RR were observed in 17.88% and 21.13% of teeth, respectively. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study support the fact that delayed treatment of TDIs leads to increased complications. PN was the most common complication followed by tooth discoloration, RR, and PCO among patients seeking delayed treatment after TDIs.