Correction: Tuning the melting point of selected ionic liquids through adjustment of the cation's dipole moment.

Correction for 'Tuning the melting point of selected ionic liquids through adjustment of the cation's dipole moment' by Brooks D. Rabideau et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2020, 22, 12301-12311, https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CP01214A.

Ionic Liquids with Benzenesulfonate Anions: Non-Fluorinated, Thermally Stable Anion Options.

Thermally resistant materials have been sought after for use as lubricants, heat transfer fluids, high temperature structural materials, and other applications where thermal stability is required or desired. Herein, we present a new class of thermally robust ionic liquids containing inexpensive benezenesulfonate anions with profound long-term, high-temperature aerobic stability - i.e., no mass loss in 96 hours at 300 °C in air. A coherent correlation between melting and glass transition temperatures and the location and type of the anions was observed. Our work indicates that these systems can be designed to form thermally stable, low-melting organic salts, providing valuable design insights for engineering of their structure-property-function relationships.

Predicting the need for intubation in the first 24 h after critical care admission using machine learning approaches.

Early and accurate prediction of the need for intubation may provide more time for preparation and increase safety margins by avoiding high risk late intubation. This study evaluates whether machine learning can predict the need for intubation within 24 h using commonly available bedside and laboratory parameters taken at critical care admission. We extracted data from 2 large critical care databases (MIMIC-III and eICU-CRD). Missing variables were imputed using autoencoder. Machine learning classifiers using logistic regression and random forest were trained using 60% of the data and tested using the remaining 40% of the data. We compared the performance of logistic regression and random forest models to predict intubation in critically ill patients. After excluding patients with limitations of therapy and missing data, we included 17,616 critically ill patients in this retrospective cohort. Within 24 h of admission, 2,292 patients required intubation, whilst 15,324 patients were not intubated. Blood gas parameters (PaO2, PaCO2, HCO3-), Glasgow Coma Score, respiratory variables (respiratory rate, SpO2), temperature, age, and oxygen therapy were used to predict intubation. Random forest had AUC 0.86 (95% CI 0.85-0.87) and logistic regression had AUC 0.77 (95% CI 0.76-0.78) for intubation prediction performance. Random forest model had sensitivity of 0.88 (95% CI 0.86-0.90) and specificity of 0.66 (95% CI 0.63-0.69), with good calibration throughout the range of intubation risks. The results showed that machine learning could predict the need for intubation in critically ill patients using commonly collected bedside clinical parameters and laboratory results. It may be used in real-time to help clinicians predict the need for intubation within 24 h of intensive care unit admission.

Tuning the melting point of selected ionic liquids through adjustment of the cation's dipole moment.

In previous work with thermally robust salts [Cassity et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2017, 19, 31560] it was noted that an increase in the dipole moment of the cation generally led to a decrease in the melting point. Molecular dynamics simulations of the liquid state revealed that an increased dipole moment reduces cation-cation repulsions through dipole-dipole alignment. This was believed to reduce the liquid phase enthalpy, which would tend to lower the melting point of the IL. In this work we further test this principle by replacing hydrogen atoms with fluorine atoms at selected positions within the cation. This allows us to alter the electrostatics of the cation without substantially affecting the sterics. Furthermore, the strength of the dipole moment can be controlled by choosing different positions within the cation for replacement. We studied variants of four different parent cations paired with bistriflimide and determined their melting points, and enthalpies and entropies of fusion through DSC experiments. The decreases in the melting point were determined to be enthalpically driven. We found that the dipole moment of the cation, as determined by quantum chemical calculations, is inversely correlated with the melting point of the given compound. Molecular dynamics simulations of the crystalline and solid states of two isomers showed differences in their enthalpies of fusion that closely matched those seen experimentally. Moreover, this reduction in the enthalpy of fusion was determined to be caused by an increase in the enthalpy of the crystalline state. We provide evidence that dipole-dipole interactions between cations leads to the formation of cationic domains in the crystalline state. These cationic associations partially block favourable cation-anion interactions, which are recovered upon melting. If, however, the dipole-dipole interactions between cations is too strong they have a tendency to form glasses. This study provides a design rule for lowering the melting point of structurally similar ILs by altering their dipole moment.

The effect of structural modifications on the thermal stability, melting points and ion interactions for a series of tetraaryl-phosphonium-based mesothermal ionic liquids.

A family of mesothermal ionic liquids comprised of tetraarylphosphonium cations and the bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amidate anion are shown to be materials of exceptional thermal stability, enduring (without decomposition) heating in air at 300 °C for three months. It is further established that three specific structural elements - phenoxy, phenacyl, and phenyl sulfonyl - can be present in the cation structures without compromising their thermal stability, and that their incorporation has specific impacts on the melting points of the salts. Most importantly, it is shown that the ability of such a structural component to lower a salt melting point is tied to its ability to lower cation-cation repulsions in the material.

Multi-ion ionic liquids and a direct, reproducible, diversity-oriented way to make them.

Multi-ion ionic liquids featuring large numbers of distinct imidazolium cations can be easily and reproducibly prepared in a simple one-pot procedure. The method provides a dramatic improvement in efficiency over the almost universally used approach of mixing pre-existing ILs to make multi-ion systems.

A quadricuspid aortic valve with atrial septal defect.

A quadricuspid aortic valve (QAV) is a rare congenital heart defect, previously described as an incidental finding at the time of surgery or postmortem, which is now being increasingly detected by 2D transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiogram. With advances in echocardiography, secondary cardiac anomalies are also being described in association with QAV. Herein we describe a patient with QAV with a secundum atrial septal defect.

The adult with congenital heart disease.

There are approximately 800,000 adult survivors of congenital heart disease in the U.S., and this number continues to increase on an annual basis. It was only 50 years ago that the first intracardiac repair of a congenital heart defect was performed. Survival into adulthood has only been realistic in the last three decades. This has created a new patient population with a number of challenges such as the impact of adult onset diseases on their underlying cardiac pathology, cognitive, physical, and psychosocial development, as well as issues related to reproduction, employment and health insurance. Possibly the most significant obstacle is identifying healthcare professionals who can provide long-term care. This manuscript reviews the challenges and recommendations for the care of these patients.

Molecular characterization of an 11q interstitial deletion in a patient with the clinical features of Jacobsen syndrome.

The 11q terminal deletion disorder or Jacobsen syndrome is a contiguous gene disorder. It is characterized by psychomotor retardation, cardiac defects, blood dyscrasias (Paris-Trousseau syndrome) and craniofacial anomalies. We report on a female patient with an approximately 10 Mb interstitial deletion with many of the features of Jacobsen syndrome: A congenital heart defect, dysmorphic features, developmental delay, and Paris-Trousseau syndrome. The karyotype of the patient is 46,XX,del(11)(q24.1q24.3). The interstitial deletion was confirmed using FISH probes for distal 11q, and the breakpoints were characterized by microarray analysis. This is the first molecularly characterized interstitial deletion in a patient with the clinical features of Jacobsen syndrome. The deletion includes FLI-1, but not JAM-3, which will help to determine the critical genes involved in this syndrome.

Nesiritide during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Nesiritide is a recombinant formulation of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). Preliminary experience in the adult population has shown nesiritide to be an effective agent in the treatment of decompensated congestive heart failure (CHF) in adults. Given its physiological effects, it may be an effective agent in other clinical scenarios. We report the use of nesiritide in two infants during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). In one patient, nesiritide in doses up to 0.09 microg.kg(-1).min(-1) were used to control mean arterial pressure while in the other patient, doses of 0.01-0.03 microg.kg(-1).min(-1) were used to augment urine output. The potential applications of nesiritide and dosing regimens for this agent in the ECMO population are discussed.

Mosaic ring 12p and total anomalous pulmonary venous return.

An infant born with total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) was found to have an extra chromosome present as a small ring. Spectral karyotyping and FISH analysis identified the material as a duplication involving the short arm of chromosome 12. Previous cases describing a variety of cytogenetic abnormalities that have been associated with TAPVR are reviewed along with prior cases of duplication 12p with their associated findings. We believe ours is the first case to report the occurrence of mosaic ring 12p and its association with TAPVR.

Pertussis pneumonia, hypoxemia, hyperleukocytosis, and pulmonary hypertension: improvement in oxygenation after a double volume exchange transfusion.

A 3-month-old infant of 33 weeks' gestation was hospitalized with pneumonia caused by Bordetella pertussis. Respiratory insufficiency worsened, and on hospital day 3, there was severe pulmonary dysfunction (arterial oxygen pressure/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio: 120), extreme leukocytosis (white blood cell count 104,000/mm3), and severe pulmonary hypertension as assessed by 2-dimensional echocardiogram. A double volume exchange transfusion was performed to reduce the leukocyte mass. Oxygenation began to improve during the exchange and continued to improve over the ensuing 31 hours (arterial oxygen pressure/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio: 280). The white blood cell count fell dramatically after the exchange, and the rate of rise was slower after exchange therapy compared with preexchange.