Thromboembolic events in inflammatory bowel disease.

GOAL OF THE STUDY: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with an increased risk of thromboembolic events (TEE) during outbreaks, increasing morbidity and mortality. The aim of our study was to specify the prevalence of TEE in IBD patients and to determine their epidemiological, clinical and evolutionary characteristics. MATERIEL AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study collecting all patients with IBD, who had a thromboembolic complication confirmed by imagery, between January 2012 and December 2018. RESULTS: One hundred patients with IBD were diagnosed during the study period. A TEE occurred in 6 patients (5.9%). These patients had an average age of 41 years, divided into 4 women and 2 men. Five patients had Crohn's disease and one patient had ulcerative colitis. The IBD was active in all patients. Five patients were already hospitalized and under preventive heparin therapy. Patients had deep venous thrombosis of the lower limbs in 3 cases, associated with pulmonary embolism in 1 case, cerebral venous thrombosis in 2 cases and pulmonary embolism isolated in 1 case. Thrombophilia investigations were negative in all patients. Evolution under medical treatment was favorable in 4 patients and fatal in 2 patients. CONCLUSION: In our study, the prevalence of TEE in patients with IBD was 5.9%. Thrombosis occurred during the active phase of IBD in all cases.

Mutations in NBAS and SCYL1, genetic causes of recurrent liver failure in children: Three case reports and a literature review.

Acute liver failure (ALF) in childhood is a life-threatening emergency. ALF is often caused by drug toxicity, autoimmune hepatitis, inherited metabolic diseases, and infections. However, despite thorough investigations, a cause cannot be determined in approximately 50% of cases. Here, we report three cases with recurrent ALF caused by NBAS and SCYL1 pathogenic variants. These patients did not present with any other phenotypic sign usually associated with NBAS and SCYL1 pathogenic variants. Two of them underwent liver transplantation and are healthy without recurrence of ALF. We propose NBAS and SCYL1 genetic analysis in children with unexplained fever-triggered recurrent ALF even without a typical phenotype.

Life-threatening lactic acidosis occurring in adults with mitochondrial disorders.

Although relatively common in children, severe acute lactic acidosis is rare in adults with mitochondrial myopathies. We report here three cases, aged 27, 32 and 32 years, who developed life-threatening metabolic crisis with severe lactic acidosis, requiring hospitalisation in intensive care unit. Plasma lactates were elevated 10 to 15 fold normal values, necessitating extra-renal dialysis. By contrast CK levels were moderately increased (3 to 5N). No triggering factor was identified, but retrospectively all patients reported long-lasting mild muscle fatigability and weakness before their acute metabolic crisis. All of them recovered after prolonged intensive care but resting lactate levels remained elevated. Muscle biopsy showed ragged-red and COX-negative fibers in two patients and mild lipidosis in the third one. Heteroplasmic pathogenic point mutations were detected in MT-TL1 (m.3280G>A;m.3258C>T) and MT-TK (m.8363A>G). Life-threatening lactic acidosis may thus be a major inaugural clinical manifestation in adults with mitochondrial myopathies. Prolonged intensive care may lead to a dramatic and sustained improvement and is mandatory in such cases.

Sex differences in brain mitochondrial metabolism: influence of endogenous steroids and stroke.

Steroids are neuroprotective and a growing body of evidence indicates that mitochondria are a potential target of their effects. The mitochondria are the site of cellular energy synthesis, regulate oxidative stress and play a key role in cell death after brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. After providing a summary of the literature on the general functions of mitochondria and the effects of sex steroid administrations on mitochondrial metabolism, we summarise and discuss our recent findings concerning sex differences in brain mitochondrial function under physiological and pathological conditions. To analyse the influence of endogenous sex steroids, the oxidative phosphorylation system, mitochondrial oxidative stress and brain steroid levels were compared between male and female mice, either intact or gonadectomised. The results obtained show that females have higher a mitochondrial respiration and lower oxidative stress compared to males and also that these differences were suppressed by ovariectomy but not orchidectomy. We have also shown that the decrease in brain mitochondrial respiration induced by ischaemia/reperfusion is different according to sex. In both sexes, treatment with progesterone reduced the ischaemia/reperfusion-induced mitochondrial alterations. Our findings indicate sex differences in brain mitochondrial function under physiological conditions, as well as after stroke, and identify mitochondria as a target of the neuroprotective properties of progesterone. Thus, it is necessary to investigate sex specificity in brain physiopathological mechanisms, especially when mitochondria impairment is involved.

Impact of mutations within the [Fe-S] cluster or the lipoic acid biosynthesis pathways on mitochondrial protein expression profiles in fibroblasts from patients.

Lipoic acid (LA) is the cofactor of the E2 subunit of mitochondrial ketoacid dehydrogenases and plays a major role in oxidative decarboxylation. De novo LA biosynthesis is dependent on LIAS activity together with LIPT1 and LIPT2. LIAS is an iron­sulfur (Fe-S) cluster-containing mitochondrial protein, like mitochondrial aconitase (mt-aco) and some subunits of respiratory chain (RC) complexes I, II and III. All of them harbor at least one [Fe-S] cluster and their activity is dependent on the mitochondrial [Fe-S] cluster (ISC) assembly machinery. Disorders in the ISC machinery affect numerous Fe-S proteins and lead to a heterogeneous group of diseases with a wide variety of clinical symptoms and combined enzymatic defects. Here, we present the biochemical profiles of several key mitochondrial [Fe-S]-containing proteins in fibroblasts from 13 patients carrying mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in either the lipoic acid (LIPT1 and LIPT2) or mitochondrial ISC biogenesis (FDX1L, ISCA2, IBA57, NFU1, BOLA3) pathway. Ten of them are new patients described for the first time. We confirm that the fibroblast is a good cellular model to study these deficiencies, except for patients presenting mutations in FDX1L and a muscular clinical phenotype. We find that oxidative phosphorylation can be affected by LA defects in LIPT1 and LIPT2 patients due to excessive oxidative stress or to another mechanism connecting LA and respiratory chain activity. We confirm that NFU1, BOLA3, ISCA2 and IBA57 operate in the maturation of [4Fe-4S] clusters and not in [2Fe-2S] protein maturation. Our work suggests a functional difference between IBA57 and other proteins involved in maturation of [Fe-S] proteins. IBA57 seems to require BOLA3, NFU1 and ISCA2 for its stability and NFU1 requires BOLA3. Finally, our study establishes different biochemical profiles for patients according to their mutated protein.

Reassessing the clinical spectrum associated with hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma syndrome in French FH mutation carriers.

We addressed uncertainties regarding hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) by exploring all French cases, representing the largest series to date. Fumarate hydratase (FH) germline testing was performed with Sanger sequencing and qPCR/MLPA. Enzyme activity was measured when necessary. We carried out whenever possible a pathology review of RCC and S-(2-succino)-cysteine (2SC)/fumarate hydratase immunohistochemistry. We estimated survival using non-parametric Kaplan-Meier. There were 182 cases from 114 families. Thirty-seven RCC were diagnosed in 34 carriers (19%) at a median age of 40. Among the 23 RCC with pathology review, 13 were papillary type 2. There were 4 papillary RCC of unspecified type, 3 unclassified, 2 tubulocystic, and 1 collecting duct (CD) RCC, all 2SC+ and most (8/10) FH-. Of the remaining 14, papillary type 2, papillary unspecified, CD, and clear cell histologies were reported. The vast majority of RCC (82%) were metastatic at diagnosis or rapidly became metastatic. Median survival for metastatic disease was 18 months (95%CI: 11-29). 133 cases (73%) had a history of cutaneous leiomyomas, 3 developed skin leiomyosarcoma. Uterine leiomyomas were frequent in women (77%), but no sarcomas were observed. Only 2 cases had pheochromocytomas/paraganglioma. CONCLUSION: Our findings have direct implications regarding the identification and management of HLRCC patients.

The First Experience of Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) in Iran: An Effective Method to Increase Suitable Lung for Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Although lung transplantation is a well-accepted treatment for end-stage lung diseases patients, only 15%-20% of the brain-dead donors' lungs are usable for transplantation. This results in high mortality of candidates on waiting lists. Ex-vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) is a novel method for better evaluation of a potential lung for transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To report the first experience of EVLP in Iran. METHODS: The study included a pig in Vienna Medical University, Vienna, Austria, and 4 humans in Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Tehran, Iran. All brain-dead donors from 2013 to 2015 in Tehran were evaluated for EVLP. Donors without signs of severe chest trauma or pneumonia, with poor oxygenation were included. RESULTS: An increasing trend in difference between the pulmonary arterial pO2 and left atrial pO2, an increasing pattern in dynamic lung compliance, and a decreasing trend in the pulmonary vascular resistance, were observed. CONCLUSION: The initial experience of EVLP in Iran was successful in terms of important/critical parameters. The results emphasize on some important considerations such as precisely following standard lung harvesting and monitoring temperature and pressure. EVLP technique may not be a cost-effective option for low-income countries at first glance. However, because this is the only therapeutic treatment for end-stage lung disease, it is advisable to continue working on this method to find alternatives with lesser costs.

[Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy disease]. / L'encéphalomyopathie neuro-gastro-intestinale mitochondriale : un tableau d'anorexie mentale atypique.

Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy disease (MNGIE) is a rare autosomal-recessive syndrome, resulting from mutations in the TYMP gene, located at 22q13. The mutation induces a thymidine phosphorylase (TP) deficit, which leads to a nucleotide pool imbalance and to instability of the mitochondrial DNA. The clinical picture regroups gastrointestinal dysmotility, cachexia, ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, peripheral neuropathy, and asymptomatic leukoencephalopathy. The prognosis is unfavorable. We present the case of a 14-year-old Caucasian female whose symptoms started in early childhood. The diagnosis was suspected after magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), performed given the atypical features of mental anorexia, which revealed white matter abnormalities. She presented chronic vomiting, postprandial abdominal pain, and problems gaining weight accompanied by cachexia. This diagnosis led to establishing proper care, in particular an enteral and parenteral nutrition program. There is no known specific effective treatment, but numerous studies are in progress. In this article, after reviewing the existing studies, we discuss the main diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of the disease. We argue for the necessity of performing a cerebral MRI given the atypical features of a patient with suspected mental anorexia (or when the clinical pattern of a patient with mental anorexia seems atypical), so that MNGIE can be ruled out.

[Perceptions of benign prostatic hyperplasia according to the perspective of patients and general practitioners - the Trophée study]. / Perceptions de l'hypertrophie bénigne de la prostate par le patient et le médecin généraliste - étude Trophée.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the perception of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) between patients and general practitioners (GPs) in terms of severity and evolution of symptoms and medication adherence. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional observational study was performed in France in a sample of GPs who included patients for whom a BPH treatment was prescribed. Data were collected on patient and GP characteristics, diagnosis, BPH management, severity and evolution of symptoms and medication adherence. RESULTS: One thousand and ninety-eight patients were recruited by 247 GPs. In 87.4% of cases, diagnosis was performed by GPs. Among them, 82.7% of patients were treated by monotherapy. The choice of a treatment was mainly based on treatment efficacy and the patient's opinion was taken into account by 5% of GPs. The patient's evaluation of symptoms severity was consistent with the GP's in 53.9% of cases. A worsening of symptoms was reported significantly more frequently by patients (18.5%) than by GPs (8.8%). Among 94 patients who reported poor adherence, GPs estimated that the level of medication adherence was good for 72 of these (77%). CONCLUSION: There was discordance between the evaluation made by GPs and by patients on the perception of BPH symptoms and medication adherence. The patient's opinion was rarely taken into account in the therapeutic decision, reflecting a lack of shared medical decision-making, which would be helpful for the physician in order to optimize BPH management.

Natural disease course and genotype-phenotype correlations in Complex I deficiency caused by nuclear gene defects: what we learned from 130 cases.

Mitochondrial complex I is the largest multi-protein enzyme complex of the oxidative phosphorylation system. Seven subunits of this complex are encoded by the mitochondrial and the remainder by the nuclear genome. We review the natural disease course and signs and symptoms of 130 patients (four new cases and 126 from literature) with mutations in nuclear genes encoding structural complex I proteins or those involved in its assembly. Complex I deficiency caused by a nuclear gene defect is usually a non-dysmorphic syndrome, characterized by severe multi-system organ involvement and a poor prognosis. Age at presentation may vary, but is generally within the first year of life. The most prevalent symptoms include hypotonia, nystagmus, respiratory abnormalities, pyramidal signs, dystonia, psychomotor retardation or regression, failure to thrive, and feeding problems. Characteristic symptoms include brainstem involvement, optic atrophy and Leigh syndrome on MRI, either or not in combination with internal organ involvement and lactic acidemia. Virtually all children ultimately develop Leigh syndrome or leukoencephalopathy. Twenty-five percent of the patients died before the age of six months, more than half before the age of two and 75 % before the age of ten years. Some patients showed recovery of certain skills or are still alive in their thirties . No clinical, biochemical, or genetic parameters indicating longer survival were found. No clear genotype-phenotype correlations were observed, however defects in some genes seem to be associated with a better or poorer prognosis, cardiomyopathy, Leigh syndrome or brainstem lesions.

Clinical ex vivo lung perfusion--pushing the limits.

Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) provides the ability to evaluate donor lungs before transplantation. Yet, limited prospective clinical data exist with regard to its potential to recondition unacceptable donor lungs. This paper summarizes the results of a prospective study of lung transplantation using only initially unacceptable donor lungs, which were improved by EVLP for 2-4 h. From March 2010-June 2011, 13 lungs were evaluated ex vivo. Median donor PaO(2) at FiO(2) 1.0/PEEP5 was 216 mmHg (range 133-271). Four lungs, all with trauma history, showed no improvement and were discarded. Nine lungs improved to a ΔPO(2) higher than 350 mmHg. Median PvO(2) at final assessment in these lungs was 466 mmHg (range 434-525). These lungs were transplanted with a median total ischemic time of 577 min (range 486-678). None of the patients developed primary graft dysfunction grades 2 or 3 within 72 h after transplantation. One patient with secondary pulmonary hypertension was left on a planned prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation postoperatively. Median intubation time was 2 days. Thirty-day mortality was 0%. During the observation period, 119 patients received standard lung transplantation with comparable perioperative outcome. EVLP has a significant potential to improve the quality of otherwise unacceptable donor lungs.

A common pattern of brain MRI imaging in mitochondrial diseases with complex I deficiency.

OBJECTIVE: To identify a consistent pattern of brain MRI imaging in primary complex I deficiency. Complex I deficiency, a major cause of respiratory chain dysfunction, accounts for various clinical presentations, including Leigh syndrome. Human complex I comprises seven core subunits encoded by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and 38 core subunits encoded by nuclear DNA (nDNA). Moreover, its assembly requires six known and many unknown assembly factors. To date, no correlation between genotypes and brain MRI phenotypes has been found in complex I deficiencies. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: The brain MRIs of 30 patients carrying known mutation(s) in genes involved in complex I were retrospectively collected and compared with the brain MRIs of 11 patients carrying known mutations in genes involved in the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex as well as 10 patients with MT-TL1 mutations. RESULTS: All complex I deficient patients showed bilateral brainstem lesions (30/30) and 77% (23/30) showed anomalies of the putamen. Supratentorial stroke-like lesions were only observed in complex I deficient patients carrying mtDNA mutations (8/19) and necrotising leucoencephalopathy in patients with nDNA mutations (4/5). Conversely, the isolated stroke-like images observed in patients with MT-TL1 mutations, or the corpus callosum malformations observed in PDH deficient patients, were never observed in complex I deficient patients. CONCLUSION: A common pattern of brain MRI imaging was identified with abnormal signal intensities in brainstem and subtentorial nuclei with lactate peak as a clue of complex I deficiency. Combining clinico-biochemical data with brain imaging may therefore help orient genetic studies in complex I deficiency.

[Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma of the mandible]. / Carcinome odontogénique à cellules fantômes de la mandibule.

INTRODUCTION: Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma is a rare malignant tumor that occurs both in the mandible and maxilla. It has a variable non-specific clinical and radiological appearance. The authors report a mandibular case. CASE REPORT: A 89-year-old man consulted for swelling of the left lower mandible and gums having developed over the previous 8 months. The lesion was 6cm long, ulcerative and budding, bleeding on contact. Radiological assessment revealed blurred contour osteolysis with extension to the mouth floor and sub-mandibular compartment. Histological examination of the surgical piece supported the diagnosis of ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma. The tumor recurred 2 months later and the patient died 6 months after surgery. DISCUSSION: Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma is a rare lesion. The patient was very old. Clinical and radiographic signs were unspecific. Histopathology proved the diagnosis. Evolution was unpredictable due to the wide spectrum of growth patterns. Extensive radical surgery is mandatory due to the high risk of recurrence.

Effect of transurethral resection of the prostate on erectile function: a prospective comparative study.

The effect of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) on erectile function is still controversial, and available evidence is conflicting. One of the possible mechanisms of post-TURP erectile dysfunction (ED) is direct thermal injury to the erectile nerves. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of TURP on erectile function. Fifty patients undergoing TURP for obstructive benign prostatic hyperplasia (HBP) were prospectively included in the study, and 50 age-matched patients undergoing transurethral resection of the superficial bladder tumor were also prospectively included as a control group. All patients completed the international index of erectile function (IIEF-15), the international prostatic symptom score (IPSS) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale at inclusion in the study and then at the 3- and 6-month follow-up evaluation. Capsular perforations during TURP were prospectively reported by the operating surgeon. There was a significant improvement of erectile function in the TURP group despite the onset of ejaculation disorders in 70% of the patients. Improvement of erectile function was also found in the subgroup of patients with capsular perforation during TURP. Comparison with the control group showed that at preoperative evaluation, patients in the TURP group had more severe urinary symptoms and worse erectile function than did those of the control group. At the postoperative period, the IPSS score became comparable in the two groups, with major improvement of erectile function in the TURP group. We concluded that TURP improved erectile function in HBP patients with severe urinary symptoms. This improvement of erectile function was observed even in case of capsular perforation.

Development and implementation of standardized respiratory chain spectrophotometric assays for clinical diagnosis.

Diversity of respiratory chain spectrophotometric assays may lead to difficult comparison of results between centers. The French network of mitochondrial diseases diagnostic centers undertook comparison of the results obtained with different protocols in the French diagnostic centers. The diversity of protocols was shown to have striking consequences, which prompted the network to undertake standardization and optimization of the protocols with respect to clinical diagnosis, i.e. high velocity while maintaining linear kinetics relative to time and enzyme concentration. Assays were set up on animal tissues and verified on control human muscle and fibroblasts. Influence of homogenization buffer and narrow range of optimal concentration of phosphate, substrate and tissue were shown. Experimental data and proposed protocols have been posted on a free access website. Their subsequent use in several diagnostic centers has improved consistency for all assays.

The first founder DGUOK mutation associated with hepatocerebral mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome.

Deoxyguanosine kinase (dGK) deficiency is a frequent cause of mitochondrial DNA depletion associated with a hepatocerebral phenotype. In this study, we describe a new splice site mutation in the DGUOK gene and the clinical, radiologic, and genetic features of these DGUOK patients. This new DGUOK homozygous mutation (c.444-62C>A) was identified in three patients from two North-African consanguineous families with combined respiratory chain deficiencies and mitochondrial DNA depletion in the liver. Brain MRIs are normal in DGUOK patients in the literature. Interestingly, we found subtentorial abnormal myelination and moderate hyperintensity in the bilateral pallidi in our patients. This new mutation creates a cryptic splice site in intron 3 (in position -62) and is predicted to result in a larger protein with an in-frame insertion of 20 amino acids. In silico analysis of the putative impact of the insertion shows serious clashes in protein conformation: this insertion disrupts the alpha5 helix of the dGK kinase domain, rendering the protein unable to bind purine deoxyribonucleosides. In addition, a common haplotype that segregated with the disease in both families was detected by haplotype reconstruction with 10 markers (microsatellites and SNPs), which span 4.6 Mb of DNA covering the DGUOK locus. In conclusion, we report a new DGUOK splice site mutation that provide insight into a critical protein domain (dGK kinase domain) and the first founder mutation in a North-African population.