Requirements for MRN endonuclease processing of topoisomerase II-mediated DNA damage in mammalian cells.

During a normal topoisomerase II (TOP2) reaction, the enzyme forms a covalent enzyme DNA intermediate consisting of a 5' phosphotyrosyl linkage between the enzyme and DNA. While the enzyme typically rejoins the transient breakage after strand passage, a variety of conditions including drugs targeting TOP2 can inhibit DNA resealing, leading to enzyme-mediated DNA damage. A critical aspect of the repair of TOP2-mediated damage is the removal of the TOP2 protein covalently bound to DNA. While proteolysis plays a role in repairing this damage, nucleolytic enzymes must remove the phosphotyrosyl-linked peptide bound to DNA. The MRN complex has been shown to participate in the removal of TOP2 protein from DNA following cellular treatment with TOP2 poisons. In this report we used an optimized ICE (In vivo Complex of Enzyme) assay to measure covalent TOP2/DNA complexes. In agreement with previous independent reports, we find that the absence or inhibition of the MRE11 endonuclease results in elevated levels of both TOP2α and TOP2ß covalent complexes. We also examined levels of TOP2 covalent complexes in cells treated with the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Although MRE11 inhibition plus MG132 was not synergistic in etoposide-treated cells, ectopic overexpression of MRE11 resulted in removal of TOP2 even in the presence of MG132. We also found that VCP/p97 inhibition led to elevated TOP2 covalent complexes and prevented the removal of TOP2 covalent complexes by MRE11 overexpression. Our results demonstrate the existence of multiple pathways for proteolytic processing of TOP2 prior to nucleolytic processing, and that MRE11 can process TOP2 covalent complexes even when the proteasome is inhibited. The interactions between VCP/p97 and proteolytic processing of TOP2 covalent complexes merit additional investigation.

Characterizing the sphingomyelinase pathway triggered by PRIMA-1 derivatives in lung cancer cells with differing p53 status.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Derivatives of PRIMA-1 compound, 8a and 8b have been shown to increase cytotoxicity in lung cancer cells through sphingomyelinase pathways in IR and 8a or 8b co-treated lung cancer cells. The goal of the present study was to further elaborate the molecular mechanism of 8a- or 8b-treated lung cancer cells in order to understand their potential as anti-cancer drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Biochemical assays, western blot, flow cytometry and gene array analyses were employed to distinguish these mechanisms. RESULTS: Herein we demonstrated that 8a and 8b cause apoptosis with S-phase arrest in lung cancer cells by activating neutral sphingomyelinase with ceramide production. 8a induces expression of TNF family genes while 8b induces p53-mediated apoptosis genes. Protein analysis shows an increased expression in caspase 8, bcl-2, bax, caspase 9 and cytochrome c. CONCLUSION: PRIMA-1 derivatives provoke cytotoxicity in lung cancer cells mainly through the neutral sphingomyelinase-dependent apoptosis pathway.

Topoisomerase assays.

Topoisomerases are nuclear enzymes that play essential roles in DNA replication, transcription, chromosome segregation, and recombination. All cells have two major forms of topoisomerases: type I enzymes, which make single-stranded cuts in DNA, and type II enzymes, which cut and pass double-stranded DNA. DNA topoisomerases are important targets of approved and experimental anti-cancer agents. The protocols described in this unit are for assays used to assess new chemical entities for their ability to inhibit both forms of DNA topoisomerase. Included are an in vitro assay for topoisomerase I activity based on relaxation of supercoiled DNA, and an assay for topoisomerase II based on the decatenation of double-stranded DNA. The preparation of mammalian cell extracts for assaying topoisomerase activity is described, along with a protocol for an ICE assay to examine topoisomerase covalent complexes in vivo, and an assay for measuring DNA cleavage in vitro.

Insulin receptor signaling activated by penta-O-galloyl-α-D: -glucopyranose induces p53 and apoptosis in cancer cells.

p53 is essential for cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction while insulin receptor (IR) signaling is important for cell metabolism and proliferation and found upregulated in cancers. While IR has recently been found to be involved in apoptosis, p53 induction or apoptosis mediated through IR signaling activation has never been documented. Here, we report that the IR signaling pathway, particularly the IR-MEK pathway, mediates biological and biochemical changes in p53 and apoptosis in tumor cells. Specifically, natural compound penta-O-galloyl-α-D: -glucopyranose (α-PGG), a previously characterized IR signaling activator, induced apoptosis in RKO cells without significantly affecting its normal counterpart FHC cells. α-PGG induced apoptosis in RKO cells through p53, Bax and caspase 3. Importantly, α-PGG's ability to elevate p53 was diminished by IR inhibitor and IR-siRNA, suggesting a non-conventional role of IR as being involved in p53 induction. Further studies revealed that α-PGG activated MEK, a downstream signaling factor of IR. Blocking MEK significantly suppressed α-PGG-induced p53 and Bax elevation. All these results suggested that α-PGG induced p53, Bax, and apoptosis through the IR-MEK signaling pathway. The unique activity of α-PGG, a novel IR phosphorylation and apoptosis inducer, may offer a new therapeutic strategy for eliciting apoptotic signal and inhibiting cancer growth.

Novel fusion proteins of interferon alpha2b cause growth inhibition and induce JAK-STAT signaling in melanoma.

Melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer with high occurrence in the United States. Interferon alpha2b (IFNalpha2b/IFNalpha2) has been used in high doses to treat melanoma. However, problems associated with small molecule therapeutics such as with IFN treatment include small molecular size, degradation by serum proteases, and rapid kidney clearance. Pegylation has been used to overcome this, but in itself possesses a host of other issues such as decrease receptor binding, nonspecific chemical derivatization, low overall yields, and additional purification steps. An alternative to this produces IFN as arabinogalactan fusion proteins in plant cells. These IFN analogs bind to IFN receptors and follow the IFN-induced Janus Kinase 1-signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling pathway. Here, we show that these fusion proteins of higher molecular weight also cause similar growth inhibition and affect cell cycle distribution in melanoma cells M92-047 and SK MEL-28. Lastly, the fusion proteins increased translation of 2'5'-oligo adenylate synthetase and Protein Kinase R, known IFN-induced proteins, showing similar downstream signaling as native recombinant IFNalpha2.