Review of the leafhopper tribe Deltocephalini Dallas, 1870 (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae) in Pakistan with description of a new species of Paramesodes.

A review of the leafhopper tribe Deltocephalini in Pakistan is provided, including comprehensive illustrated keys to all genera and species, along with their diagnosis and distribution. A new species of Paramesodes is described, P.dirensissp. nov., which was discovered in the Upper Dir District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A detailed description of this new species is provided together with photographs for visual reference. This tribe now has three genera and 13 species from Pakistan. The genus Deltocephalus Burmeister includes two species, and Maiestas Distant has nine species; Paramesodes Ishihara is now represented with two species.

Identification of the economics, composition, and supplementation of maggot meal in broiler production.

The primary goal of this study was to conduct a preliminary assessment of maggot meal protein supplements in broiler production. Maggot meal comprises 55 percent crude protein (CP), 27.65% ether extract, 8.33% Ash, 3.37 crude fiber (CF), 2.14 NFE, 94.7 percent Dry Matter, 5702 kcal/kg gross energy, and 3955 kcal/kg metabolizing energy, according to proximate analysis. Maggot meal supplementation affected broiler meat feed intake, body weight gain, FCR, dressing %, mortality, antibody titer against ND, and organoleptic features. The cost-effectiveness of maggot supplementation was also evaluated. Birds were put into four experimental groups after a week of adaptation:Control group (M0), the first experimental group (M1), the second experimental group (M2), and the third experimental group (M3), which received supplements of 0, 2, 3, and 4 g/kg, respectively. A plane ratio was given to the control group as well. The overall feed intake findings were inversely proportional to the supplementation rate. Thus, the highly supplemented group (M3) showed the lowest feed intake than the control group (M0). Bodyweight gain was directly proportional to the supplementation rate, as evident by a considerable increase in the highly supplemented group (M3) compared to the control group.

Taxonomic study of the genus Unkanodes (Hemiptera, Fulgoroidea, Delphacidae) from Pakistan, with description of a new species.

Unkanodes (Kwonianella) malamjabbensissp. nov. (Hemiptera, Delphacidae) is described and illustrated and U. latespinosa (Dlabola, 1957) is newly recorded from Malamjabbah, Swat, Pakistan. These two species represent the first records of the genus Unkanodes Fennah, 1956 from Pakistan. A key to the world's species of the genus Unkanodes is provided.

First record of Tettigometridae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) from Pakistan: description of a new species including barcode identification.

Tettigometra ziaratensis sp. nov. is described from Ziarat, Baluchistan, Pakistan; it is the first record of the genus Tettigometra Latreille, 1804 and the family Tettigometridae from this country. Sequence data for the barcoding region of the mitochondrial gene COI for this new species was obtained and deposited in GenBank.

First record of the family Derbidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) from Pakistan with redescription of Kamendaka saccharivora (Matsumura).

Kamendaka saccharivora (Matsumura, 1910), originally described from Taiwan, is newly recorded from Pakistan and India and re-described and illustrated. This species represents the first record of the family Derbidae from Pakistan.

Newly reported genus Batracomorphus Lewis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Iassinae) from Pakistan with description of a new species.

The leafhopper genus Batracomorphus Lewis, 1834 is reported for the first time from Pakistan. A new species Batracomorphus pakistanicus sp. nov. is described with photographic illustrations.

Newly recorded genera in the planthopper family Tropiduchidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) from Pakistan with redescription of Epora montana Distant.

The tropiduchid genera Epora Walker and Zema Fennah are recorded from Pakistan for the first time and Epora montana Distant is redescribed and illustrated.

Apricot shell- and apple tree-derived biochar affect the fractionation and bioavailability of Zn and Cd as well as the microbial activity in smelter contaminated soil.

The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of apricot shell-derived biochar (ASB) and apple tree-derived biochar (ATB) on soil properties, plant growth, microbial communities, enzymatic activities, and Zn and Cd fractionation and phytoavailability in mining soils. Smelter soil contaminated by Zn (1860.0 mg kg-1) and Cd (39.9 mg kg-1) was collected from Fengxian, China, treated with different doses (0 (control), 1, 2.5, 5, and 10% w/w) of both biochars and cultivated by Brassica juncea in a greenhouse pot experiment. The acid-soluble, reducible, oxidizable, and residual fraction and plant tissue concentrations of Zn and Cd were determined. Biochar addition improved plant growth (22.6-29.4%), soil pH (up to 0.94 units), and soil organic matter (up to 4-fold) compared to the control. The ASB and ATB, particularly ATB, reduced the acid-soluble (21-26% for Zn and 15-35% for Cd) and the reducible (9-36% for Zn and 11-19% for Cd) fractions of Zn and Cd and altered these fractions in the organic and residual fractions. Therefore, the biochars decreased the metal concentrations in the roots (36-41% for Zn and 33-37% for Cd) and shoots (25-31% for Zn and 20-29% for Cd), which might be due to the increase in pH, biochar liming effects, and metal sorption by the biochar. The biochars impact on the bacterial community composition was selective. The ASB and ATB decreased the activities of soil ß-glucosidase, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase while increasing the urease activity. The biochars, particularly ATB, can be considered as effective soil amendments for reducing the phytotoxicity of Zn and Cd in contaminated soils, improving plant growth, enhancing the abundance of specific bacterial groups and increasing urease activity; however, more attention should be paid to their negative effects on the activities of ß-glucosidase, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase.

Review of the leafhopper genus Stirellus Osborn amp; Ball, 1902 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) with description of two new species from Pakistan.

The genus Stirellus Osborn Ball is revised for Pakistan. Four species are included, of which two are new. S. kumratensis sp. nov. and S. neoconvexus sp. nov. are described and illustrated. A key to all species of this genus from Pakistan is provided.

A new species of the genus Kodaianellissus Wang, Bourgoin amp; Zhang (Hemiptera: Issidae) with morphological and molecular data.

Kodaianellissus gibbusis sp. nov. is described from Rawlakot, Azad Jammu Kashmir (Pakistan), which is first record of the genus Kodaianellissus Wang, Bourgoin Zhang, 2017 from the country. Morphological characters including male genitalia structure are described and illustrated. A checklist and key to all species of Kodaianellissus are provided. A molecular analysis with morphological characters indicates its placement into the Kodaianellissus.

New Oriental genus in the tribe Caliscelini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Caliscelidae) from Pakistan.

Formibelle gen. nov. is described based on the type species Formibelle vladimiri sp. nov. from Swat, Pakistan. This new genus represents the second species in the family Caliscelidae from Pakistan. A key to the known genera of Caliscelidae in Pakistan is provided.

A new species in the grass feeding leafhopper genus Hecalus Stål from Pakistan (Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Hecalini).

A new leafhopper species Hecalus rawalakotensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. A key is provided to distinguish all species in this genus from Pakistan.