DOT1L is critical for adult vessel maintenance and functions.

Objective: DOT1L is the only known histone H3K79 methyltransferase essential for the development of the embryonic cardiovascular system, including the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels, through transcriptional regulation. Our previous study demonstrated that Dot1l deletion results in aberrant lymphatic development and function. However, its precise function in the postnatal cardiovascular system remains unknown. Methods: Using conditional and inducible Dot1l knockout (KO) mice, along with a reporter strain carrying the Geo gene at the Dot1l locus, DOT1L expression and its function in the vascular system during postnatal life were investigated. To assess vessel morphology and vascular permeability, we administered Latex or Evans blue dye to KO mice. In addition, in vitro tube formation and cell migration assays were performed using DOT1L-depleted human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Changes in the expression of vascular genes in HUVECs were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: Our findings demonstrate that conditional Dot1l knockout in the Tg (Tie2-cre) strain results in abnormal blood vessel formation and lymphatic anomalies in the intestine. In a mouse model of Rosa26-creER-mediated inducible Dot1l knockout, we observed vascular phenotypes, including increased vascular permeability and brain hemorrhage, when DOT1L was deleted in adulthood. Additionally, DOT1L depletion in cultured HUVECs led to impaired cell migration and tube formation, likely due to altered gene transcription. These findings highlight the essential role of DOT1L in maintaining vascular integrity and function during embryonic development and postnatal life. Conclusion: Our study revealed that DOT1L is required for the maintenance of adult vascular function through the regulation of gene expression.

RNA helicase DEAD-box-5 is involved in R-loop dynamics of preimplantation embryos.

OBJECTIVE: R-loops are DNA:RNA triplex hybrids, and their metabolism is tightly regulated by transcriptional regulation, DNA damage response, and chromatin structure dynamics. R-loop homeostasis is dynamically regulated and closely associated with gene transcription in mouse zygotes. However, the factors responsible for regulating these dynamic changes in the R-loops of fertilized mouse eggs have not yet been investigated. This study examined the functions of candidate factors that interact with R-loops during zygotic gene activation. METHODS: In this study, we used publicly available next-generation sequencing datasets, including low-input ribosome profiling analysis and polymerase II chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq), to identify potential regulators of R-loop dynamics in zygotes. These datasets were downloaded, reanalyzed, and compared with mass spectrometry data to identify candidate factors involved in regulating R-loop dynamics. To validate the functions of these candidate factors, we treated mouse zygotes with chemical inhibitors using in vitro fertilization. Immunofluorescence with an anti-R-loop antibody was then performed to quantify changes in R-loop metabolism. RESULTS: We identified DEAD-box-5 (DDX5) and histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC2) as candidates that potentially regulate R-loop metabolism in oocytes, zygotes and two-cell embryos based on change of their gene translation. Our analysis revealed that the DDX5 inhibition of activity led to decreased R-loop accumulation in pronuclei, indicating its involvement in regulating R-loop dynamics. However, the inhibition of histone deacetylase-2 activity did not significantly affect R-loop levels in pronuclei. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that dynamic changes in R-loops during mouse zygote development are likely regulated by RNA helicases, particularly DDX5, in conjunction with transcriptional processes. Our study provides compelling evidence for the involvement of these factors in regulating R-loop dynamics during early embryonic development.

The First Identification of Cryptosporidium parvum Virus-1 (CSpV1) in Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) Calves in Korea.

Cryptosporidium is an obligate coccidian parasite that causes enteric diseases in bovine species. A double-stranded RNA virus associated with C. parvum oocysts, Cryptosporidium parvum virus-1 (CSpV1), has been characterized. However, the relationship between the abovementioned coccidian parasite and the virus has not been studied in the context of the known clinical outcomes. This study aimed to characterize the prevalence and molecular traits of CSpV1 in diarrheal feces of Hanwoo (Korean indigenous cattle) calves. Of the 140 fecal samples previously tested for C. parvum, which were obtained from Hanwoo calves aged 60 days, 70 tested positive and 70 tested negative. These samples were included in this study. By using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis targeting the RdRp gene of CSpV1, we detected CSpV1 in 28 samples (20.0%), with infection rates of 31.4% (22/70) in C. parvum-positive and 8.6% (6/70) in C. parvum-negative samples. CSpV1 samples detected in the same farm were clustered together. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the prevalence and molecular characteristics of CSpV1 in Hanwoo calves in the Republic of Korea, providing important insights into the relationship between C. parvum and CSpV1 in bovine hosts.

INO80 function is required for mouse mammary gland development, but mutation alone may be insufficient for breast cancer.

The aberrant function of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler INO80 has been implicated in multiple types of cancers by altering chromatin architecture and gene expression; however, the underlying mechanism of the functional involvement of INO80 mutation in cancer etiology, especially in breast cancer, remains unclear. In the present study, we have performed a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WCGNA) to investigate links between INO80 expression and breast cancer sub-classification and progression. Our analysis revealed that INO80 repression is associated with differential responsiveness of estrogen receptors (ERs) depending upon breast cancer subtype, ER networks, and increased risk of breast carcinogenesis. To determine whether INO80 loss induces breast tumors, a conditional INO80-knockout (INO80 cKO) mouse model was generated using the Cre-loxP system. Phenotypic characterization revealed that INO80 cKO led to reduced branching and length of the mammary ducts at all stages. However, the INO80 cKO mouse model had unaltered lumen morphology and failed to spontaneously induce tumorigenesis in mammary gland tissue. Therefore, our study suggests that the aberrant function of INO80 is potentially associated with breast cancer by modulating gene expression. INO80 mutation alone is insufficient for breast tumorigenesis.

Common and distinct functions of mouse Dot1l in the regulation of endothelial transcriptome.

Epigenetic mechanisms are mandatory for endothelial called lymphangioblasts during cardiovascular development. Dot1l-mediated gene transcription in mice is essential for the development and function of lymphatic ECs (LECs). The role of Dot1l in the development and function of blood ECs blood endothelial cells is unclear. RNA-seq datasets from Dot1l-depleted or -overexpressing BECs and LECs were used to comprehensively analyze regulatory networks of gene transcription and pathways. Dot1l depletion in BECs changed the expression of genes involved in cell-to-cell adhesion and immunity-related biological processes. Dot1l overexpression modified the expression of genes involved in different types of cell-to-cell adhesion and angiogenesis-related biological processes. Genes involved in specific tissue development-related biological pathways were altered in Dot1l-depleted BECs and LECs. Dot1l overexpression altered ion transportation-related genes in BECs and immune response regulation-related genes in LECs. Importantly, Dot1l overexpression in BECs led to the expression of genes related to the angiogenesis and increased expression of MAPK signaling pathways related was found in both Dot1l-overexpressing BECs and LECs. Therefore, our integrated analyses of transcriptomics in Dot1l-depleted and Dot1l-overexpressed ECs demonstrate the unique transcriptomic program of ECs and the differential functions of Dot1l in the regulation of gene transcription in BECs and LECs.

Effective Healing of Staphylococcus aureus-Infected Wounds in Pig Cathelicidin Protegrin-1-Overexpressing Transgenic Mice.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising alternatives to existing treatments for multidrug-resistant bacteria-infected wounds. Therefore, the effect of protegrin-1 (PG1), a potent porcine AMP with broad-spectrum activity, on wound healing was evaluated. PG1-overexpressing transgenic mice were used as an in vivo model to evaluate its healing efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus-infected (106 colony forming units) wounds. We analyzed the wounds under four specific conditions in the presence or absence of antibiotic treatment. We observed the resolution of bacterial infection and formation of neo-epithelium in S. aureus-infected wounds of the mice, even without antibiotic treatment, whereas all wild-type mice with bacterial infection died within 8 to 10 days due to uncontrolled bacterial proliferation. Interestingly, the wound area on day 7 was smaller (p < 0.01) in PG1 transgenic mice than that in the other groups, including antibiotic-treated mice, suggesting that PG1 exerts biological effects other than bactericidal effect. Additionally, we observed that the treatment of primary epidermal keratinocytes with recombinant PG1 enhanced cell migration in in vitro scratch and cell migration assays. This study contributes to the understanding of broad-spectrum endogenous cathelicidins with potent antimicrobial activities, such as PG1, on wound healing. Furthermore, our findings suggest that PG1 is a potent therapeutic candidate for wound healing.

Nanoscale level gelatin-based scaffolds enhance colony formation of porcine testicular germ cells.

The extracellular matrix is important in cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Gelatin, a support for adhering cells, is used for coating culture plate surfaces of several primary and stem cells. However, gelatin characteristics on culture plates and its cell interactions are not understood. Here, we aimed to identify the effect of gelatin topography on culture plates on the proliferation and colony formation of porcine spermatogonial germ cells (pSGC). To generate different surface topographies, gelatin powder was dissolved in H2O at varying melting temperatures (40, 60, 80, and 120 °C) and coated on the surface of the culture plates. At 40 °C, the pores of the gelatin scaffold were regular ellipses 5-6 µm in diameter and 10-30 nm in thickness. However, at 120 °C, irregular pores 20-30 µm in diameter and 10-20 nm in thickness were obtained. Additionally, the number of attached cells and pSGC colonies were significantly more at 40 °C than at 120 °C after a week of culture. Interestingly, the feeder cells did not settle properly at 120 °C but detached easily from the culture dishes. PSGC colonies were 100 µm in diameter at 40 °C, with small and detached colonies observed at 120 °C. Thus, optimal topography of gelatin was obtained at 40 °C, which was sufficient for the proliferation of feeder cells and the formation of pSGC colonies. Thus, gelatin scaffold conditions at 40 °C and 60 °C were optimal for the derivation and culture of pSGC, and gelatin surface morphology is important for the maintenance of supportive feeder cells for pSGC proliferation and colony formation.

Embryonic Stem Cells Lacking DNA Methyltransferases Differentiate into Neural Stem Cells that Are Defective in Self-Renewal.

Background and Objectives: DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) play an important role in regulating DNA methylation during early developmental processes and cellular differentiation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of Dnmts in neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and in maintenance of the resulting neural stem cells (NSCs). Methods and Results: We used three types of Dnmt knockout (KO) ESCs, including Dnmt1 KO, Dnmt3a/3b double KO (Dnmt3 DKO), and Dnmt1/3a/3b triple KO (Dnmt TKO), to investigate the role of Dnmts in neural differentiation of ESCs. All three types of Dnmt KO ESCs could form neural rosette and differentiate into NSCs in vitro. Interestingly, however, after passage three, Dnmt KO ESC-derived NSCs could not maintain their self-renewal and differentiated into neurons and glial cells. Conclusions: Taken together, the data suggested that, although deficiency of Dnmts had no effect on the differentiation of ESCs into NSCs, the latter had defective maintenance, thereby indicating that Dnmts are crucial for self-renewal of NSCs.

INO80 Is Required for the Cell Cycle Control, Survival, and Differentiation of Mouse ESCs by Transcriptional Regulation.

Precise regulation of the cell cycle of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is critical for their self-maintenance and differentiation. The cell cycle of ESCs differs from that of somatic cells and is different depending on the cell culture conditions. However, the cell cycle regulation in ESCs via epigenetic mechanisms remains unclear. Here, we showed that the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler Ino80 regulates the cell cycle genes in ESCs under primed conditions. Ino80 loss led to a significantly extended length of the G1-phase in ESCs grown under primed culture conditions. Ino80 directly bound to the transcription start site and regulated the expression of cell cycle-related genes. Furthermore, Ino80 loss induced cell apoptosis. However, the regulatory mechanism of Ino80 in differentiating ESC cycle slightly differed; an extended S-phase was detected in differentiating inducible Ino80 knockout ESCs. RNA-seq analysis of differentiating ESCs revealed that the expression of genes associated with organ development cell cycle is persistently altered in Ino80 knockout cells, suggesting that cell cycle regulation by Ino80 is not limited to undifferentiated ESCs. Therefore, our study establishes the function of Ino80 in ESC cycle via transcriptional regulation, at least partly. Moreover, this Ino80 function may be universal to other cell types.

Cisplatin Induces Apoptosis in Mouse Neonatal Testes Organ Culture.

Chemotherapy is used for childhood cancer but may lead to infertility in patients. Spermatogonia stem cells are present in the testes of prepubertal boys, although they do not produce sperm at this age. Herein, we evaluated the toxicity of cisplatin, a known medicine for cancer treatment, in neonatal mouse testes using in vitro organ culture. Mouse testicular fragments (MTFs) derived from 5.5-d postpartum mouse testes were exposed to 1-10 µg/mL cisplatin. The results showed that cisplatin significantly downregulated the expression of germ cell marker genes, including differentiated and undifferentiated, in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, a high dose of cisplatin (10 µg/mL) led to germ cell depletion. In addition, the expression levels of the Sertoli cell marker gene, the number of SOX9+ Sertoli cells, and the levels of SOX9 protein were markedly decreased in cisplatin-treated MTFs compared to controls. The mRNA expression of steroidogenic enzyme-related genes significantly increased in cisplatin-treated MTFs, except for estrogen receptor 1 (Esr1). Consistently, 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase protein was also observed in the interstitial regions of cisplatin-treated MTFs. Altogether, our findings showed a significant impairment in germ cell development, Sertoli cell survival, and steroidogenesis in the MTFs of cisplatin-treated mice.

Estrogen Regulates the Expression and Localization of YAP in the Uterus of Mice.

The dynamics of uterine endometrium is important for successful establishment and maintenance of embryonic implantation and development, along with extensive cell differentiation and proliferation. The tissue event is precisely and complicatedly regulated as several signaling pathways are involved including two main hormones, estrogen and progesterone signaling. We previously showed a novel signaling molecule, Serine/threonine protein kinase 3/4 (STK3/4), which is responded to hormone in the mouse uterine epithelium. However, the role and regulation of its target, YES-associated protein (YAP) remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the expression and regulation of YAP in mouse endometrium. We found that YAP was periodically expressed in the endometrium during the estrous cycle. Furthermore, periodic expression of YAP was shown to be related to the pathway under hormone treatment. Interestingly, estrogen was shown to positively modulate YAP via endometrial epithelial receptors. In addition, the knockdown of YAP showed that YAP regulated various target genes in endometrial cells. The knockdown of YAP down-regulated numerous targets including ADAMTS1, AMOT, AMOTL1, ANKRD1, CTNNA1, MCL1. On the other hand, the expressions of AREG and AXL were increased by its knockdown. These findings imply that YAP responds via Hippo signaling under various intrauterine signals and is considered to play a role in the expression of factors important for uterine endometrium dynamic regulation.

The role of extracellular vesicles in animal reproduction and diseases.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized membrane-enclosed compartments that serve as messengers in cell-to-cell communication, both in normal physiology and in pathological conditions. EVs can transfer functional proteins and genetic information to alter the phenotype and function of recipient cells, which undergo different changes that positively affect their structural and functional integrity. Biological fluids are enriched with several subpopulations of EVs, including exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), and apoptotic bodies carrying several cargoes, such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. EVs associated with the reproductive system are actively involved in the regulation of different physiological events, including gamete maturation, fertilization, and embryo and fetal development. EVs can influence follicle development, oocyte maturation, embryo production, and endometrial-conceptus communication. EVs loaded with cargoes are used to diagnose various diseases, including pregnancy disorders; however, these are dependent on the type of cell of origin and pathological characteristics. EV-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins in the placenta regulate inflammatory responses and trophoblast invasion through intercellular delivery in the placental microenvironment. This review presents evidence regarding the types of extracellular vesicles, and general aspects of isolation, purification, and characterization of EVs, particularly from various types of embryos. Further, we discuss EVs as mediators and messengers in reproductive biology, the effects of EVs on placentation and pregnancy disorders, the role of EVs in animal reproduction, in the male reproductive system, and mother and embryo cross-communication. In addition, we emphasize the role of microRNAs in embryo implantation and the role of EVs in reproductive and therapeutic medicine. Finally, we discuss the future perspectives of EVs in reproductive biology.

Models and Molecular Markers of Spermatogonial Stem Cells in Vertebrates: To Find Models in Nonmammals.

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are the germline stem cells that are essential for the maintenance of spermatogenesis in the testis. However, it has not been sufficiently understood in amphibians, reptiles, and fish because numerous studies have been focused mainly on mammals. The aim of this review is to discuss scientific ways to elucidate SSC models of nonmammals in the context of the evolution of testicular organization since rodent SSC models. To further understand the SSC models in nonmammals, we point out common markers of an SSC pool (undifferentiated spermatogonia) in various types of testes where the kinetics of the SSC pool appears. This review includes the knowledge of (1) common molecular markers of vertebrate type A spermatogonia including putative SSC markers, (2) localization of the markers on the spermatogonia that have been reported in previous studies, (3) highlighting the most common markers in vertebrates, and (4) suggesting ways of finding SSC models in nonmammals.

Role of Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation in Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Development.

The lymphatic system is critical for maintaining the homeostasis of lipids and interstitial fluid and regulating the immune cell development and functions. Developmental anomaly-induced lymphatic dysfunction is associated with various pathological conditions, including lymphedema, inflammation, and cancer. Most lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) are derived from a subset of endothelial cells in the cardinal vein. However, recent studies have reported that the developmental origin of LECs is heterogeneous. Multiple regulatory mechanisms, including those mediated by signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetic pathways, are involved in lymphatic development and functions. Recent studies have demonstrated that the epigenetic regulation of transcription is critical for embryonic LEC development and functions. In addition to the chromatin structures, epigenetic modifications may modulate transcriptional signatures during the development or differentiation of LECs. Therefore, the understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the development and function of the lymphatic system can aid in the management of various congenital or acquired lymphatic disorders. Future studies must determine the role of other epigenetic factors and changes in mammalian lymphatic development and function. Here, the recent findings on key factors involved in the development of the lymphatic system and their epigenetic regulation, LEC origins from different organs, and lymphatic diseases are reviewed.

Hippo Signaling in the Endometrium.

The uterus is essential for embryo implantation and fetal development. During the estrous cycle, the uterine endometrium undergoes dramatic remodeling to prepare for pregnancy. Angiogenesis is an essential biological process in endometrial remodeling. Steroid hormones regulate the series of events that occur during such remodeling. Researchers have investigated the potential factors, including angiofactors, involved in endometrial remodeling. The Hippo signaling pathway discovered in the 21st century, plays important roles in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation and cell death. However, its role in the endometrium remains unclear. In this review, we describe the female reproductive system and its association with the Hippo signaling pathway, as well as novel Hippo pathway genes and potential target genes.

Comparison of DNA/RNA yield and integrity between PMAP36-mediated and other bacterial lysis methods.

Currently, several methods are available for the isolation of bacterial DNA and RNA. However, the diversity and complexity of cell envelope structures limit their efficiency depending on the target bacterial species. In this study, we compared the differences in yield and integrity of RNA prepared from four gram-negative and six gram-positive bacterial species using bead-beating, bacteriolytic protein, and PMAP36-vortexing methods. Similarly, we also compared the efficiency of DNA extraction from Staphylococcus aureus. Physical disruption of bacterial cells showed versatility in breaking cells against all tested species; however, a decrease in the integrity of isolated DNA and RNA was observed. Among membranolytic proteins, PMAP36 showed the most promising results, in terms of both the yield and integrity of the prepared nucleic acids. Our results show that each method has inherent advantages and disadvantages depending on its application. Therefore, the characteristics of each method and target species should be considered before the extraction of bacterial DNA and RNA.

Fermented Colostrum Whey Upregulates Aquaporin-3 Expression in, and Proliferation of, Keratinocytes via p38/c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Activation.

Colostrum, which contains various immune and growth factors, aids wound healing by promoting keratinocyte proliferation. Aquaporins (AQPs) are small, hydrophobic membrane proteins that regulate cellular water retention. However, few studies have examined the effect of processed colostrum whey on AQP-3 expression in human skin cells. Here, we investigated the effect of milk, colostrum, fermented milk, and fermented colostrum whey on AQP-3 expression in keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Concentrations of 100-400 µg/mL of fermented colostrum whey were found to induce HaCaT cell proliferation. AQP-3 was found to be expressed exclusively in HaCaT cells. AQP-3 expression was significantly increased in 100 µg/mL fermented colostrum whey-treated cells compared with that in controls. Moreover, fermented colostrum increased p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation, but not ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Thus, our results suggest that fermented colostrum whey increased AQP-3 expression in, and the proliferation of, keratinocytes via JNK and p38 MAPK activation.

Efficient Generation of Neural Stem Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells Using a Three-Dimensional Differentiation System.

Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are useful tools for studying early embryonic development and tissue formation in mammals. Since neural lineage differentiation is a major subject of organogenesis, the development of efficient techniques to induce neural stem cells (NSCs) from pluripotent stem cells must be preceded. However, the currently available NSC differentiation methods are complicated and time consuming. This study aimed to propose an efficient method for the derivation of NSCs from mouse ESCs; early neural lineage commitment was achieved using a three-dimensional (3D) culture system, followed by a two-dimensional (2D) NSC derivation. To select early neural lineage cell types during differentiation, Sox1-GFP transgenic ESCs were used. They were differentiated into early neural lineage, forming spherical aggregates, which were subsequently picked for the establishment of 2D NSCs. The latter showed a morphology similar to that of brain-derived NSCs and expressed NSC markers, Musashi, Nestin, N-cadherin, and Sox2. Moreover, the NSCs could differentiate into three subtypes of neural lineages, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The results together suggested that ESCs could efficiently differentiate into tripotent NSCs through specification in 3D culture (for approximately 10 days) followed by 2D culture (for seven days).

Transgenic Mice Overexpressing PG1 Display Corneal Opacity and Severe Inflammation in the Eye.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are of interest as alternatives to antibiotics or immunomodulators. We generated and characterized the phenotypes of transgenic mice overexpressing protegrin 1 (PG1), a potent porcine cathelicidin. No obvious differences were observed between PG1 transgenic and wild-type mice in terms of growth, development, general behaviour, and the major immune cell population. However, PG1 transgenic mice intranasally infected with Staphylococcus aureus resulted in a reduction in microscopic pulmonary injury, improved clearance of bacteria, and lower proinflammatory cytokine secretion, compared to those of wild-type mice. On the other hand, approximately 25% of PG1 transgenic mice (n = 54/215) showed corneal opacity and developed inflammation in the eye, resulting ultimately in phthisis bulbi. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that PG1 and its activator, neutrophil elastase, localized to the basal cells of the cornea and glands in eyelids, respectively. In addition, apoptosis indicated by a Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL)-positive signal was detected from flat cells of the cornea. Our study suggests that the expression regulation or localization of AMPs such as PG1 is important to prevent their adverse effects. However, our results also showed that the cytotoxic effects of PG1 on cells could be tolerated in animals, except for the eyes.

Cathelicidin ΔPb-CATH4 derived from Python bivittatus accelerates the healing of Staphylococcus aureus-infected wounds in mice.

The effects of ΔPb-CATH4, a cathelicidin derived from Python bivittatus, were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus-infected wounds in mice. These effects were comparable to those of classical antibiotics. ΔPb-CATH4 was resistant to bacterial protease but not to porcine trypsin. A reduction in the level of inflammatory cytokines and an increase in the migration of immune cells was observed in vitro. Thus, ΔPb-CATH4 can promote wound healing by controlling infections including those caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria via its immunomodulatory effects.