CT-Derived Patient-Specific Computer Simulation of the Novel Self-Expanding Evolut FX Implantation: A Case Series.

Background/Objectives: Paravalvular leak and permanent pacemaker implantation remain relevant issues after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Novel device development as well as adequate preprocedural device selection can contribute to optimal outcomes. Methods: Computed tomography-based patient-specific computer anatomical analysis and simulation were used in addition to standard preprocedural preparation in three of the first Evolut FX cases in our center. Procedural and follow-up echocardiographic outcomes are presented. Results: Computed tomography-based computer simulation of Evolut FX resulted in implantation of a different size in one of three cases. In three cases of severe aortic valve stenosis, procedural as well as follow-up outcomes were satisfactory and in line with the simulated results of the chosen strategy. Conclusions: Preprocedural patient-specific computer simulation predicts and guides decision-making in TAVI with the Evolut FX platform. The combination of advanced preprocedural technology and novel technologies continues to contribute to the optimization of TAVI outcomes.

Preoperative computed tomography-imaging with patient-specific computer simulation in transcatheter aortic valve implantation: Design and rationale of the GUIDE-TAVI trial.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an established treatment option for patients with severe aortic valve stenosis, but is still associated with relatively high rates of pacemaker implantation and paravalvular regurgitation. Routine preoperative computed tomography (CT) combined with patient-specific computer modelling can predict the interaction between the TAVI device and the patient's unique anatomy, allowing physicians to assess the risk for paravalvular regurgitation and conduction disorders in advance to the procedure. The aim of this trial is to assess potential improvement in the procedural outcome of TAVI by applying CT-based patient-specific computer simulations in patients with suitable anatomy for TAVI. METHODS: The GUIDE-TAVI trial is an international multicenter randomized controlled trial including patients accepted for TAVI by the Heart Team. Patients enrolled in the study will be randomized into 2 arms of each 227 patients. In patients randomized to the use of FEops HEARTGuide (FHG), patient-specific computer simulation with FHG is performed in addition to routine preoperative CT imaging and results of the FHG are available to the operator(s) prior to the scheduled intervention. In patients randomized to no use of FHG, only routine preoperative CT imaging is performed. The primary objective is to evaluate whether the use of FHG will reduce the incidence of mild to severe PVR, according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium 3. Secondary endpoints include the incidence of new conduction disorders requiring permanent pacemaker implantation, the difference between preoperative and final selected valve size, the difference between target and final implantation depth, change of preoperative decision, failure to implant valve, early safety composite endpoint and quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: The GUIDE-TAVI trial is the first multicenter randomized controlled trial to evaluate the value of 3-dimensional computer simulations in addition to standard preprocedural planning in TAVI procedures.

Transcatheter closure of postsurgical aortic pseudoaneurysms guided by three-dimensional image reconstruction: a single-centre experience.

BACKGROUND: Postsurgical thoracic aortic pseudoaneurysms (PTAPs) are a potentially lethal complication after cardiac or aortic surgery. Surgical management can pose a challenge with high in-hospital mortality rates. Transcatheter closure is a less-invasive alternative treatment option for selected patients, although current experience is limited. AIMS: We aimed to evaluate procedural and imaging outcomes of our first 11 cases of transcatheter PTAP closure with the use of closure devices. METHODS: Patients with a high operative risk who underwent transcatheter PTAP closure at our centre from 2019 to 2021 were retrospectively included. Suitability was evaluated on preprocedural computed tomography (CT) scans and three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions. All procedures were performed in the catheterisation laboratory. Intraprocedural aortography and postprocedural CT scans with 3D reconstructions were used to evaluate PTAP occlusion. RESULTS: Eleven consecutive patients with a high operative risk and a history of cardiac/aortic surgery who underwent transcatheter PTAP closure were included. PTAPs were predominantly located at the proximal or distal anastomosis of a supracoronary ascending aortic vascular graft or Bentall prosthesis (82%). Implanted closure devices included Amplatzer Valvular Plug III (82%), Amplatzer septal occluder (9%) and Occlutech atrial septal defect occluder (9%). No periprocedural complications occurred. After device deployment, residual flow was absent on aortography in 64% and minimal residual flow was present in 36% of patients. Subtotal or total occlusion of the PTAP on follow-up CT ranged between 45% and 73%. CONCLUSIONS: Although subtotal or total occlusion of the PTAP was found at follow-up in only 45-73% of cases, transcatheter PTAP closure guided by preprocedural 3D reconstructions can offer a valuable minimally invasive primary treatment option for patients who otherwise would face a high-risk reoperation.

Does Intraoperative Fibrinogen Affect Blood Loss or Transfusion Practice After Aortic Arch Surgery: A Prematurely Ended Randomized Trial.

Cardiovascular surgery is often complicated by significant bleeding due to perioperative coagulopathy. The effectiveness of treatment with fibrinogen concentrate to reduce the perioperative blood transfusion rate after thoracic aortic replacement surgery in prior studies has shown conflicting results. Therefore, we conducted a double-blind randomized controlled trial to investigate if a single dose of intraoperative fibrinogen administration reduced blood loss and allogeneic transfusion rate after elective surgery for thoracic arch aneurysm with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Twenty patients were randomized to fibrinogen concentrate (N = 10) or placebo (N = 10). The recruitment of study patients was prematurely ended due to a low inclusion rate. Perioperative transfusion, 5-minute bleeding mass after study medication and postoperative blood loss were not different between the groups with fibrinogen concentrate or placebo. Due to small volumes of postoperative blood loss and premature study termination, a beneficial effect of fibrinogen concentrate on the number of blood transfusions could not be established. However, treatment with fibrinogen efficiently restored fibrinogen levels and clot strength to preoperative values with a more effective preserved postoperative thrombin generation capacity. This result might serve as a pilot for further multicenter studies to assess the prospective significance of automated and standardized thrombin generation as a routine assay for monitoring perioperative coagulopathy and its impact on short- and long-term operative results.

Thoraflex hybrid as frozen elephant trunk in chronic, residual type A and chronic type B aortic dissection.

OBJECTIVES: The frozen elephant trunk technique is an increasingly common treatment for extensive disease of the thoracic aorta. The objective of the study was to evaluate the outcomes of frozen elephant trunk specifically in chronic (residual) aortic dissections, focusing on downstream aortic remodelling. METHODS: Between 2013 and 2019, a total of 28 patients were treated using the Vascutek Thoraflex hybrid graft at our institution for chronic dissections/post-dissection aneurysms. Immediate and follow-up outcomes were studied, as well as the changes in total aortic diameter, true lumen and false lumen diameter and the status of the false lumen at 3 different levels of the thoraco-abdominal aorta. RESULTS: No in-hospital or 30-day mortality was observed, temporary paraparesis rate was 7% and disabling stroke incidence was 14.3%. Freedom from all-cause mortality at 2 years was 91.6 ± 5.7%, while freedom from reintervention on the downstream aorta at 2 years was 59.1 ± 10.8%. Positive aortic remodelling was achieved in 50.0%, with an enlargement in the true lumen and a reduction of the false lumen not only at the level of the proximal descending aorta with 73.1% of complete thrombosis but also at the level of the distal descending thoracic aorta, with 41.7% of complete thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: The frozen elephant trunk is a good solution in chronic (residual) downstream aortic dissections inducing positive aortic remodelling and preventing from II stage operations or allowing an endovascular approach.

Effect of Adding Ticagrelor to Standard Aspirin on Saphenous Vein Graft Patency in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (POPular CABG): A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 15% of saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) occlude during the first year after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) despite aspirin use. The POPular CABG trial (The Effect of Ticagrelor on Saphenous Vein Graft Patency in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery) investigated whether ticagrelor added to standard aspirin improves SVG patency at 1 year after CABG. METHODS: In this investigator-initiated, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial, patients with ≥1 SVGs were randomly assigned (1:1) after CABG to ticagrelor or placebo added to standard aspirin (80 mg or 100 mg). The primary outcome was SVG occlusion at 1 year, assessed with coronary computed tomography angiography, in all patients that had primary outcome imaging available. A generalized estimating equation model was used to perform the primary analysis per SVG. The secondary outcome was 1-year SVG failure, which was a composite of SVG occlusion, SVG revascularization, myocardial infarction in myocardial territory supplied by a SVG, or sudden death. RESULTS: Among 499 randomly assigned patients, the mean age was 67.9±8.3 years, 87.1% were male, the indication for CABG was acute coronary syndrome in 31.3%, and 95.2% of procedures used cardiopulmonary bypass. Primary outcome imaging was available in 220 patients in the ticagrelor group and 223 patients in the placebo group. The SVG occlusion rate in the ticagrelor group was 10.5% (51 of 484 SVGs) versus 9.1% in the placebo group (43 of 470 SVGs), odds ratio, 1.29 [95% CI, 0.73-2.30]; P=0.38. SVG failure occurred in 35 (14.2%) patients in the ticagrelor group versus 29 (11.6%) patients in the placebo group (odds ratio, 1.22 [95% CI, 0.72-2.05]). CONCLUSIONS: In this randomized, placebo-controlled trial, the addition of ticagrelor to standard aspirin did not reduce SVG occlusion at 1 year after CABG. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02352402.

Rapid false lumen dilation and pseudocoarctation due to inadvertent preferential false lumen perfusion using the frozen elephant trunk technique in a chronic residual aortic dissection.

A patient with a chronic postdissection distal arch aneurysm was treated with total arch replacement and frozen elephant trunk. Following uneventful initial recovery, the frozen elephant trunk appeared to be inadvertently perfusing the false lumen through an already present (in retrospect) intimal tear, resulting in rapid dilation of the false lumen and proximal compression of the graft. Treatment consisted, first, of endovascular redirection of flow toward the distal true lumen and, second, open surgical repair of the remaining type IV aneurysm. This case underlines the importance of scrutinizing preoperative imaging for correct use of the frozen elephant trunk.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigating the effect of ticagrelor on saphenous vein graft patency in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery-Rationale and design of the POPular CABG trial.

RATIONALE: An estimated 15% of saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) occlude in the first year after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) despite aspirin therapy. Graft occlusion can result in symptoms, myocardial infarction, and death. SVG occlusion is primarily caused by atherothrombosis, in which platelet activation plays a pivotal role. Evidence regarding the effect of stronger platelet inhibition on SVG patency after CABG is limited. The main objective of the POPular CABG trial is to determine whether dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin plus ticagrelor improves SVG patency when compared to aspirin alone. STUDY: The POPular CABG is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial investigating the effect of adding ticagrelor to standard aspirin therapy on the rate of SVG occlusion. A total of 500 patients undergoing CABG with ≥ 1 SVG are randomized to ticagrelor or placebo. The primary end point is SVG occlusion rate, assessed with coronary computed tomography angiography at 1 year. Secondary end points are stenoses and occlusions in both SVGs and arterial grafts and SVG failure at 1 year, defined as a composite of SVG occlusion on coronary computed tomography angiography or coronary angiography, SVG revascularization, myocardial infarction in the territory supplied by an SVG, or sudden death. Safety end points are bleeding events at 30 days and 1 year. CONCLUSION: The POPular CABG trial investigates whether adding ticagrelor to standard aspirin after CABG reduces the rate of SVG occlusion at 1 year.

Early Outcomes After Percutaneous Closure of Access Site in Transfemoral Transcatheter Valve Implantation Using the Novel Vascular Closure Device Collagen Plug-Based MANTA.

A new collagen-based MANTA vascular closure device (VCD) was developed for closing large-bore arteriotomies after transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). We evaluated safety and feasibility at 30-day follow-up in terms of vascular and bleeding complications and mortality of the collagen-based MANTA VCD compared with the suture-based Prostar XL VCD in a cohort of 366 patients who underwent transfemoral TAVI between January 2015 and April 2018. The MANTA VCD was used in 168 patients and the Prostar XL VCD in 198 patients, with successful closure of 98.8% and 98.5%, respectively. VARC-2 defined as major vascular and bleeding complications was similar in both groups (MANTA vs Prostar XL): 0.6% versus 1.0% (p = 0.661) and 0.6% versus 1.5% (p = 0.102). Minor vascular and bleeding complications, were significantly more frequent (10.7 vs 18.8 %, p = 0.003 and 13.7 vs 19.7%, p = 0.080, respectively) in the Prostar XL cohort. Thirty-day all-cause mortality was 2.7%, without significant difference between the groups (p = 0.278). The MANTA device is a safe and feasible option for vascular access closure in patients undergoing transfemoral TAVI.

Isolated left vertebral artery and its consequences for aortic arch repair.

A left vertebral artery (LVA) originating directly from the aortic arch is the second most common supra-aortic branching anomaly. This isolated LVA can also terminate in the posterior inferior cerebellar artery without contributing to the circle of Willis, limiting treatment options, especially in cases with an incomplete circle. Here, we describe our consideration of the treatment options for a 79-year-old patient with a large distal aortic arch aneurysm combined with an isolated LVA and incomplete circle of Willis that may endanger adequate (intraoperative) cerebral perfusion.

Veno arterial-extra corporal membrane oxygenation for the treatment of cardiac failure in patients with infective endocarditis.

INTRODUCTION: Surgery for infective endocarditis imposes great challenges in post-operative circulatory and pulmonary support but the role of veno-arterial extra-corporal membrane oxygenation in this respect is unclear. METHODS: All patients undergoing veno-arterial extra-corporal membrane oxygenation after infective endocarditis surgery were analysed for age, gender, medical history, microorganisms, clinical outcome, complications and surgical procedure. RESULTS: Between 2012 and 2016, 13 patients received veno-arterial extra-corporal membrane oxygenation following infective endocarditis surgery. The median age was 62 years (33-73) and 8/13 were male. Previous cardiac surgery was present in nine patients. Surgery for infective endocarditis consisted of a Bentall procedure in 10 patients, 2 of which received concomitant mitral valve surgery and 2 received concomitant coronary artery bypass graft. Valvular surgery alone was performed in three patients. Mortality on veno-arterial extra-corporal membrane oxygenation was 62% (8/13). Mortality during intensive care unit stay was 77% (10/13). Survival to discharge was 23% (3/13). One patient reached the 1 year survival point. Two patients who survived to discharge have not yet reached the 1 year survival point. Patient-related complications occurred in 54% (7/13) of patients and consisted of haemorrhage at the cannula site in four patients, leg ischaemia in one patient, haemorrhage at another site in one patient and infection of the cannula in one patient. Extra-corporal membrane oxygenation hardware-related complications occurred in one case consisting of clot formation in the oxygenator. CONCLUSION: Veno-arterial extra-corporal membrane oxygenation in post-cardiotomy patients who were operated on for infective endocarditis is feasible, but outcome is poor.

Long-term results of carotid stenting and risk factors in patients with severe carotid artery stenosis undergoing subsequent cardiac surgery.

AIMS: To identify risk factors for composite outcome of mortality, stroke or myocardial infarction in patients with severe carotid stenosis undergoing staged carotid artery stenting (CAS) with subsequent cardiac surgery. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this prospective observational study, we enrolled 643 consecutive patients with both symptomatic (i.e., with history of stroke) and asymptomatic severe carotid artery disease, who required cardiac surgery. Generally, cardiac surgery was planned 30 days after the CAS procedure. The composite outcome consisted of death, stroke and myocardial infarction. The composite outcome rate was 26.3% at 5 years and 47% at 8 years after CAS. Age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.89; 95%CI, 1.18-3.03; P = 0.008), history of stroke (HR = 1.66, 1.16-2.37; P = 0.006), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR = 1.86; 1.07-3.24; P = 0.03) and kidney disease (HR = 1.83, 1.11-3.04; P = 0.02) were independent risk factors for the composite outcome during long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In this study with staged CAS followed by cardiac surgery, we confirm previously reported event-free survival rates and identify several risk factors for the composite outcome. Future studies are needed to confirm the importance of the identified risk factors and to assess their predictive ability.

A combined epicardial implantation and subsequent extraction strategy in pacemaker device infection in pacemaker-dependent patients.

INTRODUCTION: Treatment infections is challenging in pacemaker (PM) dependent patients. We proposed a novel implantation strategy for this group of patients. METHODS: Patients who were PM dependent and were admitted with a PM infection received a combined procedure of left ventricular (LV) epicardial implantation of a PM lead and subsequent extraction of the infected system. No temporary pacing wire was used and the PM generator was placed in the left flank. RESULTS: Between 2012 and 2015 we treated 16 patients who were PM dependent and with a PM infection. The majority of patients were male (81% [13/16]) and the median age was 71 years (50-91). The cause of infection was valvular endocarditis in 38% (6/16), lead infection in 25% (4/16), and isolated pocket infection in 38% (6/16). All patients underwent epicardial implantation of a LV lead (1084T bipolar lead; St. Jude Medical Myodex, St. Paul, MN, USA) and extraction of the infected device. There was no occurrence of periprocedural mortality and no postprocedural tamponades. There was one complication in the form of a hemorrhage at the infected device extraction site. In the median follow-up period of 17 months there were four of 16 deaths, none of which were attributable to epicardial LV implantation. LV-lead threshold was 1.1V (±0.7V) upon implantation that increased to 1.2V (±0.6V) at 0.4-ms pulse duration. There were no reinfections of the epicardial lead or device. CONCLUSION: Epicardial left ventricle PM implantation and subsequent extraction of an infected PM in PM-dependent patients is feasible and safe with good long-term outcome.

Open surgical repair of post-dissection thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysms: early and late outcomes of a single-centre study involving over 200 patients.

OBJECTIVES: Chronic, post-dissection thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAAs) are increasingly being treated by (hybrid) endovascular means. Although it is less invasive, thoracic endovascular aortic repair is technically complex with the risk of incomplete aneurysm exclusion, necessitating frequent reinterventions with potentially reduced long-term outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate contemporary early and late outcomes after open surgical repair of post-dissection TAAA. METHODS: At our centre, 633 patients underwent open repair for TAAA over a 20-year period (1994-2015), including 217 (34%) patients for post-dissection TAAA, who were included in this analysis. Circulatory support was obtained by either left heart bypass (173 patients, 79.7%), deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (41 patients, 18.9%) or simple aortic cross-clamping in 3 patients. We analysed all relevant perioperative and intraoperative variables with respect to adverse outcomes. Additionally, long-term survival and the need for aortic reinterventions were studied. RESULTS: The mean age was 60.2 ± 11.9 years (men 68.2%). We identified 66 Type I (30.4%), 113 Type II (52.1%), 25 Type III (11.5%), 10 Type IV (4.6%) and 3 Type V (1.4%) TAAAs. Early mortality and spinal cord deficit were 5.9% and 5.5%, respectively. Follow-up was 100% complete (mean 6.0 ± 5.8 years), with long-term survival of 71.4% at 10 years, and freedom from death and reoperation was 68.2% at 10 years. CONCLUSIONS: Although it is more invasive than current endovascular approaches for post-dissection TAAA, open surgical repair can be performed safely with acceptable rates of morbidity and mortality when it is done in a specialized aortic centre. Long-term survival and freedom from aortic reintervention are excellent and should also be taken into account when evaluating less invasive alternatives.

Elective Aortic Arch Repair: Factors Influencing Neurologic Outcome in 791 Patients.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine perioperative factors influencing neurologic outcome in a single-center cohort of patients undergoing elective aortic arch operations. METHODS: From January 2005 to June 2015, 791 consecutive patients received open aortic arch operations with either antegrade selective cerebral perfusion (ASCP) (636 patients [80.4%]) or deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) (155 patients [19.6%]). Main indications were degenerative aneurysm (85%) and chronic postdissection aneurysm (9.1%). RESULTS: Hospital mortality (30 days) was 5.3%. Permanent neurologic dysfunction (PND) was observed in 42 patients (5.3%). Significant risk factors for PND appeared to be femoral artery cannulation (p = 0.003), progressive cardiopulmonary bypass (p = 0.001), circulatory arrest (p = 0.001), and ASCP time (p = 0.011). ASCP, in contrast to DHCA, was protective against PND (odds ratio [OR], 0.37; p = 0.003). Temporary neurologic dysfunction (TND) was observed in 49 patients (6.2%). Preoperative transient ischemic attack (TIA) (p = 0.001), progressive EuroSCORE (p = 0.001), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) less than 50% (p = 0.003), and the use of femoral artery cannulation (p = 0.049) showed correlation in the univariate analysis. Stepwise logistic regression indicated TIA (p = 0.002; OR, 3.24) and the EuroSCORE (p = 0.003; OR, 1.23) as independent predictors of TND. CONCLUSIONS: Contemporary elective aortic arch repair can be achieved with low mortality and a low incidence of neurologic dysfunction. ASCP was confirmed to be the safest method of cerebral protection. The extent of aortic arch replacement (apart from the frozen elephant trunk [FET] procedure) was not related to increased rates of TND or PND.

Titanium Plate Fixation versus Conventional Closure for Sternal Dehiscence after Cardiac Surgery.

Background Postoperative sternal dehiscence with or without mediastinitis is a complication of cardiac surgery leading to considerable disability. Titanium plate fixation can provide sternal stability in patients with a dehiscent sternum. The aim of this study is to compare clinical outcomes of titanium plate fixation with conventional treatment methods such as steel wire cerclage and pectoralis muscle reconstruction. Patients and Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 42 patients who underwent sternal refixation after dehiscence or secondary wound closure after poststernotomy mediastinitis. Clinical outcomes during hospital stay and follow-up were determined. Results Twenty patients were closed using sternal plates. Twenty-two patients were closed conventionally: 8 using pectoral muscle reconstruction and 14 using cerclage steel wires. There were no differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups. Indications of sternal closure were similar. Sternal stability at hospital discharge was achieved more often using sternal plating (90 vs. 50%, p = 0.005), mainly in patients closed after treatment of poststernotomy mediastinitis (100 vs. 22%, p = 0.002). Hospital stay was similar in both groups (10 [5-23] vs. 12 (5-21) days, p = 0.527). There was no inhospital mortality. Conclusion Titanium plate fixation is superior in stabilizing the sternal bone when compared with conventional refixation methods, especially in secondary closure after poststernotomy mediastinitis.

Practice variation in treatment of suspected asymptomatic bacteriuria prior to cardiac surgery: are there differences in postoperative outcome? A retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: It is unclear whether postoperative infections can be prevented by treating asymptomatic bacteriuria, or whether, on the other hand, such treatment will increase the risk of more serious infection by pathogenic bacteria different from the ones causing bacteriuria. This study aimed to support future treatment decisions for preoperative cardiothoracic surgery patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria, by examining current preoperative practice, in relation to postoperative outcome. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted. All patients who underwent cardiothoracic surgery in 2011-2013 using extracorporeal circulation in St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, and who preoperatively had nitrituria and/or leucocyturia were included. Exclusion criteria were C-reactive protein level higher than 10 mg/l, emergency surgery, critical preoperative state and/or antibiotic treatment because of other infections. Outcomes were postoperative infections and length of stay. Furthermore, we compared culture results of preoperative urine with postoperative infection sites in order to study the hypothesis of haematogenous spread. RESULTS: One thousand and two patients with leucocyturia or nitrituria were eligible, of whom 3.9% had been treated with antibiotics preoperatively (AB+). Of the 96.1% of patients who had not been treated (AB-), 8.3% had an infection postoperatively, compared with 5.1% in the treatment (AB+) group. This was not statistically significant {odds ratio, corrected for EuroSCORE, 0.53 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.12-2.24, P = 0.39]}. Length of stay, corrected for EuroSCORE, between the treated (AB+) and the non-treated (AB-) group did not differ, with a hazard ratio of 1.05 (95% CI 0.63-1.75, P = 0.85). As regards bacterial culture results, none of patients not treated with antibiotics preoperatively (AB-) seemed to have a postoperative infection due to haematogenous spread of bacteria from the urinary tract present preoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of haematogenous spread of bacteria seems to be non-existent in this large cohort of non-treated patients, under our local clinical practice. Based on this current, best available evidence, it seems therefore safe not to treat patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria prior to cardiothoracic surgery. This could also imply that it is safe not to perform routine preoperative urine testing.

Open thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair in the modern era: results from a 20-year single-centre experience.

OBJECTIVES: The efficacy and durability of actual treatments (open, endovascular and hybrid) for thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair are not yet completely defined. Open surgical repair using a multi-adjunct (ADJ) approach has been the standard of care for many years and may still be an effective treatment option. This study aimed to assess the outcomes of open TAAA repair since the introduction of the available ADJ. METHODS: From 1994 to 2014, 542 consecutive patients underwent open TAAA repair in our institution, routinely receiving aortic distal perfusion and the other ADJ (either for visceral and spinal cord protection). The aetiology of TAAA was identified to be degenerative in 325 (60%) patients and chronic post-dissection in 160 (29.5%) patients. Other causes such as connective tissue disorders, vasculitis and infective aneurysms were less represented (10.5%). Extensive type I and II repair was required in 128 (23.6%) and 285 (52.6%) patients, respectively. All patients were followed up at 3 and 6 months after surgery and yearly thereafter using computed tomography angiogram. RESULTS: The overall 30-day mortality and paraplegia rates were 8.5 and 4.2%, respectively. Age [odds ratio (OR) 1.07 per year, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.13], female gender (OR 2.52, 95% CI 1.27-4.99), urgency (OR 2.78, 95% CI 1.12-6.20) and emergency (OR 3.81, 95% CI 1.00-11.50) emerged as independent risk factors for 30-day mortality. Follow-up was 100% complete (mean 6.32 years). Overall 1-, 5- and 10-year survival was 85.9 ± 1.5, 74.2 ± 2.0 and 61.6 ± 2.5%, respectively. The extent of surgical repair did not significantly influence late hospital death (P = 0.56). For patients surviving the first 30 days, a degenerative aneurysm aetiology negatively impaired long-term survival compared with the other diseases [hazard ratio = 1.66; 95% CI (1.13-2.44)]. Five- and 10-year freedom from reoperation was 86.3 ± 1.8 and 80.7 ± 2.3%, respectively, and 8.5% of patients required aortic reinterventions. CONCLUSIONS: In elective cases, open TAAA repair has to be considered an effective option associated with low necessity of reoperation at follow-up. The extent of aortic resection did not affect long-term mortality. Conversely, survival was mainly determined by patient age and preoperative condition.

Spinal near-infrared spectroscopy measurements during and after thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive technique that allows continuous monitoring of regional hemoglobin oxygen saturation (rSo2). We evaluated its application to survey oxygenation of the spinal cord region during open thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair and postoperatively in the intensive care unit (ICU). We also validated its association with motor-evoked potential (MEP) monitoring during the operation. METHODS: The rSo2 curves of 15 patients (8 men; mean age, 64.2 ± 7.7 years) were measured continuously with NIRS at spinal cord levels of the thoracic vertebrae T3 (optode 1, reference spot) and T12 (optode 2) during open TAAA repair. T12/T3 ratios were calculated. NIRS measurements were continued in the intensive care unit and stopped 24 hours after the operation. MEP monitoring was performed in all patients during the procedure. RESULTS: No clinical signs of spinal cord ischemia were documented in any of the patients. Continuous NIRS measurements were successfully performed in all patients during and after the operation. T12/T3 ratios were significantly lower in the MEP ratios that were less than 50% compared with the MEP ratios that were 50% or higher (p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: NIRS is an easily applicable noninvasive tool for continuous surveillance of oxygenation of the spinal cord region during TAAA repair and postoperatively in the intensive care unit. The rSo2 curves provide useful information concerning hemodynamic changes in oxygenation of the spinal cord region and might contribute to early detection of spinal cord ischemia. Further investigation is needed before broad clinical implementation.