Efficacy of mouthrinses in reducing oral SARS-COV-2 load: a review.

Accumulated evidence has shown that the oral cavity may be an important reservoir for SARS-CoV-2. Some authors have suggested that the use of mouthrinses could reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the saliva. Thus, the aim of this review was to synthesize evidence about the efficacy of mouthrinses in reducing the salivary viral load of SARS-CoV-2. 2. Nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have investigated the efficacy of different mouthrinses in reducing salivary SARS-CoV-2 loads. Various active ingredients have been tested in these trials: 0.5%,1% and 2% povidone-iodine, 0.2% and 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX), 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), 0.075% CPC with Zinc lactate, 1% and 1.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP), 1.5% HP + 0.12% CHX and ß-cyclodextrin and citrox. The studies reported an intra-group reduction in the salivary levels of the virus, when compared with the baseline. However, the majority of these trials failed to demonstrate a significant inter-group difference between active groups and the control group relative to the decrease in salivary SARS-CoV-2 loads. Although promising, these results should be confirmed by larger trials.

Efficacy of mouthrinses in reducing oral SARS-COV-2 load: a review

Abstract Accumulated evidence has shown that the oral cavity may be an important reservoir for SARS-CoV-2. Some authors have suggested that the use of mouthrinses could reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the saliva. Thus, the aim of this review was to synthesize evidence about the efficacy of mouthrinses in reducing the salivary viral load of SARS-CoV-2. 2. Nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have investigated the efficacy of different mouthrinses in reducing salivary SARS-CoV-2 loads. Various active ingredients have been tested in these trials: 0.5%,1% and 2% povidone-iodine, 0.2% and 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX), 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), 0.075% CPC with Zinc lactate, 1% and 1.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP), 1.5% HP + 0.12% CHX and ß-cyclodextrin and citrox. The studies reported an intra-group reduction in the salivary levels of the virus, when compared with the baseline. However, the majority of these trials failed to demonstrate a significant inter-group difference between active groups and the control group relative to the decrease in salivary SARS-CoV-2 loads. Although promising, these results should be confirmed by larger trials.

Adverse events of metronidazole and amoxicillin: Retrospective analysis of a large data set of five randomized clinical trials.

AIM: To evaluate the frequency of side effects associated with intake of metronidazole (MTZ) + amoxicillin (AMX) in periodontal treatment, and to explore associations between these events and patients' features. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data of five randomized clinical trials testing MTZ + AMX adjunctive to mechanical therapy were evaluated. Volunteers answered an adverse event questionnaire. RESULTS: Information from 656 subjects was assessed. The frequency of side effects in the antibiotic- and placebo-treated groups ranged from 1.0% to 17.7% and 0.9% to 13.7%, respectively. The events more frequently observed in the antibiotic than in the placebo group were diarrhoea and metallic taste (p < .05). Diabetes significantly raised the odds of a patient reporting discomfort (odds ratio [OR] = 2.6), diarrhoea (OR = 4.0), weakness (OR = 6.0) and excessive sleepiness (OR = 2.9). In systemically healthy volunteers, using antibiotics 3 months post-mechanical treatment (healing phase) (OR = 3.0), being a woman (OR = 3.9) and aged ≤49 (OR = 4.5) significantly increased the chances of reporting adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of side effects during MTZ + AMX treatment ranged from uncommon (1%) to very common (17.7%). The main factors raising the chances of a patient reporting adverse events were diabetes and taking antibiotics in the healing phase, instead of in the active phase of treatment. Patients ≤ 49 years old and females also tend to report more side effects.

Smoking Cessation therapy is a cost-effective intervention to avoid tooth loss in Brazilian subjects with periodontitis: an economic evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Smokers present a higher prevalence and severity of periodontitis and, consequently, higher prevalence of tooth loss. Smoking cessation improves the response to periodontal treatment and reduces tooth loss. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency in resources allocation when implementing smoking cessation therapy vs. its non-implementation in smokers with periodontitis. METHODS: We adopted the Brazilian public system perspective to determine the incremental cost-effectiveness (cost per tooth loss avoided) and cost-utility (cost per oral-related quality-adjusted life-year ([QALY] gained) of implementing smoking cessation therapy. Base-case was defined as a 48 years-old male subject and horizon of 30 years. Effects and costs were combined in a decision analytic modeling framework to permit a quantitative approach aiming to estimate the value of the consequences of smoking cessation therapy adjusted for their probability of occurrence. Markov models were carried over annual cycles. Sensitivity analysis tested methodological assumptions. RESULTS: Implementing the therapy saved approximately US$ 100 over the time horizon accompanied by a slightly better effect, both in CEA and CUA. Considering uncertainties, the therapy could be cost-effective in the most part of simulated cases, even being cheaper and more effective in 35% of cases in which the oral-health related outcome is used as effect. Considering a willingness-to-pay of US$100 per health effect, smoking cessation therapy was cost-effective, respectively, in 72% and 99% of cases in cost-utility and cost-effectiveness analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of smoking cessation therapy may be cost-effective, considering the avoidance of tooth loss and oral health-related consequences to patients.

Custo-efetividade da terapia de cessação do tabagismo para pacientes com periodontite / Cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation therapy in smokers with periodontitis

Fumantes possuem maior prevalência e severidade da periodontite e, consequentemente, maior perda dentária. A cessação do tabagismo melhora a resposta ao tratamento periodontal e reduz a perda dentária. Diante disso, o objetivo desse estudo é avaliar a custo-efetividade da implementação da terapia de cessação de tabagismo em pacientes com periodontite na prevenção de perda dentária, quando comparada a não implementação. Foi adotada a perspectiva do sistema público de saúde do Brasil. Um modelo de Markov com 30 ciclos anuais foi conduzido para analise de custo-efetividade e a Razão de Custo-Efetividade Incremental foi calculada. Os custos da terapia de cessação (terapia cognitiva, terapia de reposição de nicotina e bupropiona 150mg), do tratamento periodontal, da terapia de manutenção e da reabilitação protética foram avaliados em relação a efetividade (perda dentária) e utilidade (escores 0 a 1). Além disso, uma análise de sensibilidade determinística e simulações de Monte-Carlo foram conduzidas. A implementação da terapia de cessação foi dominante sobre a não implementação em ambas as análises (efetividade e utilidade). A Razão de Custo-efetividade Incremental para a análise de custo-efetividade foi U$ 80,54 por perda dentária e U$ 60,63 por ano de vida ajustado pela qualidade. A análise de sensibilidade comprovou a robustez dos resultados. As análises sugerem que a não implementação da terapia de cessação é dominada pela implementação, o que significa maiores ganhos de saúde e menores custos. Sendo assim, a implementação da terapia de cessação no sistema público é custo-efetiva e deve ser considerada.

Effect of magnification on root coverage surgery: a systematic review

Root coverage surgery can be performed in patients with gingival recession to cover the exposed root aiming to control hypersensitivity and promotes better aesthetic. Optical magnification has been proposed as a refinement in this surgical technique to increase root coverage. This approach may lead to enhanced soft tissue stability, less post-operative discomfort, better predictability and esthetic appearance. Aim: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of magnification on root coverage surgery when compared to procedures performed without magnification. Methods: Randomized controlled trials with a follow-up of at least 6 months that compared surgeries for root coverage performed under optic magnification versus conventional (macro) root coverage surgery were screened. The primary outcome was mean root coverage (mm) (MRC) and secondary outcomes were percentage of root coverage (PRC) and complete root coverage (CRC). Results: Of 569 papers relevant to this review, seven were included. Meta-analysis showed that the use of magnification may favor greater PRC (7.38%, 95% CI 3.66-11.09). Conclusion: Magnification can increase PRC in root coverage surgeries. More randomized trials with the use of magnification may be necessary to verify if this benefit is clinically relevant, in order to justify the use of this device

Efficacy of preprocedural mouthrinses in the reduction of microorganisms in aerosol: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The authors of this systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of preprocedural mouthrinses in reducing the number of microorganisms disseminated by means of the aerosol generated via dental procedures when compared with a placebo, water, or no mouthrinse. TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED: The authors included only randomized clinical trials. They searched MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, Google Scholar, and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature databases through May 31, 2019. They performed random-effects meta-analysis for reduction of the number of colony-forming units (CFU) in the dental aerosol. RESULTS: Of 770 potentially relevant articles, the authors included 13 randomized clinical trials in which researchers studied the efficacy of chlorhexidine, essential oils, cetylpyridinium chloride, and herbal products. Meta-analysis of 12 studies showed that mouthrinses with chlorhexidine, essential oils, and cetylpyridinium chloride significantly reduced the number of CFU. Overall, the use of a preprocedural mouthrinse resulted in a mean reduction in the number of CFUs of 64.8% (95% confidence interval, 50.4% to 79.3%; I2 = 37%) compared with control. None of the included studies presented a low risk of bias. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Some dental procedures result in dissemination of microorganisms in the aerosol in the dental office. There is moderate evidence that preprocedural mouthrinses significantly reduce the number of microorganisms in the dental aerosol.

Effect of smoking cessation on tooth loss: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Smoking is a major risk factor for periodontitis and tooth loss. Smoking cessation has a positive impact in periodontal treatment. However, so far, no systematic review has evaluated the effect of smoking cessation on tooth loss. Therefore, this review aimed to evaluate if smoking cessation reduces the risk of tooth loss. METHODS: Observational (cross-sectional and longitudinal) studies that investigated the association between smoking cessation and tooth loss were included. MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS databases were searched for articles published up to November 2018. Pooled results for subgroups of current and former smokers were compared in meta-analysis. Meta-regression was used to test the influence of smoking status on estimates and explore the heterogeneity. RESULTS: Of 230 potentially relevant publications, 21 studies were included in the qualitative review and 12 in the quantitative analysis. Meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies did not show any differences between former and current smokers in the chance of losing 1 or more teeth (OR = 1.00; 95% CI = 0.80 to 1.24, I2 = 80%), losing more than 8 teeth (OR = 1.02; 95% CI = 0.78 to 1.32, I2 = 0%) or being edentulous (OR = 1.37; 95% CI = 0.94 to 1.99, I2 = 98%). Meta-analysis from longitudinal studies showed that, when compared to never smokers, former smokers presented no increased risk of tooth loss (RR = 1.15; 95% CI = 0.98 to 1.35, I2 = 76%), while current smokers presented an increased risk of tooth loss (RR = 2.60; 95% CI = 2.29 to 2.96, I2 = 61%). Meta-regression showed that, among former smokers, the time of cessation was the variable that better explained heterogeneity (approximately 60%). CONCLUSIONS: Risk for tooth loss in former smokers is comparable to that of never smokers. Moreover, former smokers have a reduced risk of tooth loss, when compared to current smokers.

Orthodontic treatment in patients with aggressive periodontitis.

INTRODUCTION: Aggressive periodontitis (AP) is a condition that promotes breakdown of the periodontal tissues in a short time. In severe cases, pathologic migration of teeth and tooth loss can occur, producing esthetic and functional problems for the patient. Orthodontic treatment may be recommended to restore esthetics and masticatory function. We assessed the effects of orthodontic movement in the periodontal tissues of treated patients with AP. METHODS: Ten subjects (ages 25.0 ± 5.22 years) with AP received periodontal treatment followed by orthodontic treatment. Maintenance sessions were performed monthly under a strict dental biofilm control. They were compared with 10 periodontally healthy subjects (ages 22.9 ± 5.23 years) who received orthodontic treatment. Probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, and dental plaque index were measured at baseline, after orthodontic treatment, and after 4 months. RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed improvement in all clinical parameters between baseline and 4 months after orthodontic treatment: probing pocket depth (0.29 mm), clinical attachment level (0.38 mm), bleeding on probing (4.0%), and dental plaque index (11%). CONCLUSIONS: The periodontal parameters of the AP patients remained stable during orthodontic treatment under strict biofilm control.

The ideal time of systemic metronidazole and amoxicillin administration in the treatment of severe periodontitis: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The combination of systemic metronidazole (MTZ) and amoxicillin (AMX) with scaling and root planing (SRP) has shown to be an effective periodontal treatment. However, some essential issues associated with the use of these antibiotics remain unanswered, such as the ideal time of administration during the course of periodontal treatment. Although these agents are often prescribed after the healing phase of the SRP procedure, there is biological plausibility to support its use in conjunction with the mechanical treatment. However, to date, no placebo controlled randomized clinical trial (RCT) has directly compared these two protocols. Therefore, the aim of this RCT is to compare the clinical, microbiological and immunological effects of the adjunctive systemic MTZ + AMX administered in different phases of the treatment of severe periodontitis. METHODS: Subjects with severe periodontitis (n = 180) are being randomly assigned into three groups (n = 60/group): (i) SRP-only (control group), SRP in combination with 400 mg MTZ + 500 mg AMX, starting (ii) at the first SRP session (active phase group), or (iii) after 3 months of its completion (healing phase group). All volunteers are receiving clinical and microbiological evaluation at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months, and immunological assessment at baseline and 12 months post-therapy. Nine subgingival biofilm samples are being collected per subject and analyzed for counts and proportions of 40 bacterial species by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization, and six gingival crevicular fluid samples are being collected and analyzed for the levels of 20 chemokines by multiplex immunoassay. The primary outcome variable is the number of volunteers reaching the clinical endpoint for treatment (≤ 4 sites with probing depth ≥5 mm) at 1 year post-therapy. Differences in clinical, microbiological and immunological parameters among groups and over time will be evaluated using analysis of variance, analysis of covariance and the Chi-square and Tukey tests. Microbiological and immunological analyses will be performed using adjustments for multiple comparisons. Statistical significance will be set at 5%. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT02954393 . Registered on 3 November 2016.

Removal of an upper third molar from the maxillary sinus.

The maxillary sinus or antrum is the largest of the paranasal sinuses. It is located in the maxillary bone and has a proximity to the apexes of upper molars and premolars, which allows it to form a direct link between the sinus and the oral cavity. Dislocation of a foreign body or tooth to the interior of a paranasal sinus is a situation that can occur as a result of car accidents, firearm attacks, or iatrogenic in surgical procedures. Therefore, it is necessary to know how to treat this kind of situation. This study's objective is to report the case of a 23-year-old female patient, leucoderma, who sought treatment from the Surgical Unit at the Dental Faculty of the Federal University of Sergipe. She had a history of pain and edema in the right side of the genian region and two failed attempts at removing dental unit (DU) 18. The extraoral clinical exam revealed intense edema of the left hemiface with signs of infection, excoriation of the labial commissure, hematoma, a body temperature of 39°C, and a limited ability to open her mouth. The patient was medicated and treated surgically. The tooth was removed from the maxillary sinus with caution, as should have been done initially.

Edentulousness in relation to remodeling of the gonial angles and incisures in dentate and edentate mandibles: morphometric study using the Image J software.

PURPOSE: The human mandible is subject to stimuli during its growth phase and also in adulthood. One of these stimuli may be absence of teeth, which gives rise to mandibular remodeling. Morphological changes may occur in different areas of this bone, such as in the gonial, condylar and ramus regions. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of edentulousness on remodeling of the gonial angle of the mandible and the angle formed by the mandibular incisure. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Eighty-five dry mandibles from adults were examined: 42 from males and 43 from females. The mandibles were photographed using a camera coupled to a static support that was positioned 20 cm from the object to be photographed. The images were digitized and transferred to the Image J 1.42q software, in which the gonial angle of the mandible and the mandibular incisure angle were measured. RESULTS: There were no differences in the mandibular and mandibular incisure angles in relation to presence or absence of teeth, or between the right and left sides. The mandibular incisure angle was greater in the women. CONCLUSION: Edentulousness did not cause remodeling of the gonial angle of the mandible or in the mandibular incisure angle.

Lesões maxilofaciais: um levantamento de 762 casos da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Brasil / Maxillofacial lesions: a survey of 762 cases from the Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil

Introdução : A pesquisa epidemiológica de lesões maxilofaciais em determinada região estabelece as necessidades populacionais e orienta os profissionais da saúde na definição de ações preventivas e tratamento adequado. Objetivo: Analisar os laudos histopatológicos de lesões maxilofaciais do período de 1996 a 2011 do Laboratório de Patologia Oral do Departamento de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Brasil. Material e método: Estudo retrospectivo das biópsias realizadas de 1996 a 2011, recuperando-se os dados referentes ao gênero e à idade dos pacientes, à localização das lesões e ao diagnóstico histopatológico. As lesões foram agrupadas em: neoplasias benignas, lesões potencialmente malignas, neoplasias malignas, lesões inflamatórias, lesões odontogênicas, lesões ósseas, lesões de glândulas salivares e anomalias de desenvolvimento. Resultado: Foram analisados 762 laudos, havendo maior prevalência das lesões inflamatórias (n=205, 26,9%). O diagnóstico mais comum entre as neoplasias benignas foi a lesão periférica de células gigantes (n=15); entre as lesões potencialmente malignas, foi a displasia epitelial (n=80), e entre as neoplasias malignas, foi o carcinoma de células escamosas (n=29). Dentre as lesões inflamatórias, a lesão mais prevalente foi a hiperplasia fibrosa inflamatória (n=74). O granuloma periapical (n=62) foi a lesão mais comum dentre as lesões odontogênicas. A lesão mais prevalente dentre as lesões ósseas foi o fibroma ossificante central (n=08); entre as lesões de glândulas salivares, foi o fenômeno de retenção de muco (n=64), e entre as anomalias de desenvolvimento, foi a mácula melanocítica ...

Introduction: Epidemiological survey of maxillofacial lesions in a specific geographic region establishes the real needs of this population and guides health professionals in defining preventive actions and appropriate treatment. Objective: To analyze the histopathological diagnosis of maxillofacial lesions issued in the period 1996-2011 managed by the Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil. Material and method: A retrospective study of biopsies removed from 1996-2011 was conducted, recovering data related to gender and age of the patients, location of the lesions and histopathological diagnosis. The lesions were grouped into eight diagnostic categories: benign neoplasms, potentially malignant lesions, malignant neoplasms, inflammatory lesions, odontogenic lesions, bone lesions, salivary gland lesions and malformations and developmental anomalies. Result: 762 reports were analyzed, with a higher prevalence of inflammatory lesions (n = 205, 26.9 %). The most common diagnosis among benign neoplasms was the peripheral giant cell granuloma (n=15), among potentially malignant lesions was the epithelial dysplasia (n=80), and in the malignant neoplasm group the most common lesion was the squamous cells carcinoma. (n=29). Analyzing the group of inflammatory lesions, we observed that the prevalent lesion was inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia (n=74). Periapical granuloma was the lesion that appeared most commonly among odontogenic lesions. The prevalent lesion among bone lesions was central ossifying fibroma (n=08), among salivary gland lesions was mucous retention (n=64), in the group of developmental anomalies the prevalent lesion was melanocytic macule (n=04). Conclusion: The findings of this survey highlight the importance in developing treatment plans and educational measures to prevent and reduce patients' exposure to risk factors. .

Estudo comparativo entre dois protocolos anestésicos envolvendo bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior convencional e de Vazirani-Akinosi para exodontia de terceiro molar inferior / Comparative study of two anaesthetic protocols involving conventional and Vazirani-Akinosi alveolar inferior nerve block for lower third molar extraction

Introdução: O bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior (BNAI) apresenta alta porcentagem de falha na Odontologia. A fim de melhorar esse índice, vêm-se estudando diferentes alternativas, como diferentes técnicas e soluções anestésicas. Objetivo: Avaliar duas diferentes técnicas - técnica convencional e de Vazirani-Akinosi - para o bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior, bem como compará-las quanto à sua efetividade e quantificar o percentual de aspirações positivas nas duas diferentes técnicas. Material e Método: Foram avaliados 160 pacientes de ambos os sexos, sendo 80 submetidos ao bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior de Vazirani-Akinosi e bloqueio do nervo bucal (G1), e 80 submetidos ao bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior convencional e ao bloqueio do nervo bucal (G2). Em ambos os grupos, utilizou-se a combinação de articaína 4% com epinefrina 1:100.000 para bloqueio do nervo bucal, e lidocaína 2% com epinefrina 1:100.000 para bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior. Foram avaliados: a quantidade de aspirações positivas, a eficácia da anestesia e o momento em que ocorreu a falha anestésica durante o procedimento cirúrgico. Resultado: Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p = 0,2453) entre os grupos G1 e G2 observando-se a eficácia e o índice de aspirações positivas, e o momento em que ocorreu a falha anestésica, observando-se uma maior eficácia de ambas as técnicas, quando comparadas com a literatura (90%) Conclusão: Não houve diferença significativa entre o BNAI pela técnica convencional e o BNAI pela técnica de Vazirani-Akinosi quanto a quantidade de aspirações positivas e eficácia, sendo que o uso da articaína 4% com epinefrina 1:100.000 no bloqueio do nervo bucal possivelmente aumentou a eficácia ...

Introduction: The inferior alveolar nerve block has a high percentage of failure in dentistry. To improve this ratio, has been studied different alternatives, as different techniques, as well as anesthetics. Objective: Evaluate two different techniques (conventional technique and Vazirani-Akinosi) for inferior alveolar nerve block, and compare them regarding their effectiveness and quantify the percentage of positive aspirations in both techniques. Material and Method: 160 patients were evaluated for both sex, with 80 undergoing Vazirani-Akinosi technique plus buccal nerve block (G1), and 80 to conventional inferior alveolar nerve block plus buccal nerve block (G2), both groups using a combination of 4% articaine with 1:100.000 epinephrine to buccal nerve block and 2% lidocaine with 1:100.000 epinephrine to inferior alveolar nerve block. We evaluated the amount of positive aspirations, the effectiveness or not of anesthesia (pain) and when it occurred during the surgical procedure. Result: There were no statistically significant differences (p = 0.2453) between G1 and G2 observing the positive aspiration. It was obtained efficiency of 90% for both techniques. Conclusion: No significant difference between the conventional alveolar inferior nerve block technique and Vazirani-Akinosi alveolar nerve block technique considering the amount of positive aspirations and efficacy, and the use of 4% articaine with 1:100.000 epinephrine in buccal nerve block possibly increased the anesthetic efficacy of both techniques. .