High species richness in the lichen genus Peltigera (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes): 34 species in the dolichorhizoid and scabrosoid clades of section Polydactylon, including 24 new to science.

Applying molecular methods to fungi establishing lichenized associations with green algae or cyanobacteria has repeatedly revealed the existence of numerous phylogenetic taxa overlooked by classical taxonomic approaches. Here, we report taxonomical conclusions based on multiple species delimitation and validation analyses performed on an eight-locus dataset that includes world-wide representatives of the dolichorhizoid and scabrosoid clades in section Polydactylon of the genus Peltigera. Following the recommendations resulting from a consensus species delimitation approach and additional species validation analysis (BPP) performed in this study, we present a total of 25 species in the dolichorhizoid clade and nine in the scabrosoid clade, including respectively 18 and six species that are new to science and formally described. Additionally, one combination and three varieties (including two new to science) are proposed in the dolichorhizoid clade. The following 24 new species are described: P. appalachiensis, P. asiatica, P. borealis, P. borinquensis, P. chabanenkoae, P. clathrata, P. elixii, P. esslingeri, P. flabellae, P. gallowayi, P. hawaiiensis, P. holtanhartwigii, P. itatiaiae, P. hokkaidoensis, P. kukwae, P. massonii, P. mikado, P. nigriventris, P. orientalis, P. rangiferina, P. sipmanii, P. stanleyensis, P. vitikainenii and P. willdenowii; the following new varieties are introduced: P. kukwae var. phyllidiata and P. truculenta var. austroscabrosa; and the following new combination is introduced: P. hymenina var. dissecta. Each species from the dolichorhizoid and scabrosoid clades is morphologically and chemically described, illustrated, and characterised with ITS sequences. Identification keys are provided for the main biogeographic regions where species from the two clades occur. Morphological and chemical characters that are commonly used for species identification in the genus Peltigera cannot be applied to unambiguously recognise most molecularly circumscribed species, due to high variation of thalli formed by individuals within a fungal species, including the presence of distinct morphs in some cases, or low interspecific variation in others. The four commonly recognised morphospecies: P. dolichorhiza, P. neopolydactyla, P. pulverulenta and P. scabrosa in the dolichorhizoid and scabrosoid clades represent species complexes spread across multiple and often phylogenetically distantly related lineages. Geographic origin of specimens is often helpful for species recognition; however, ITS sequences are frequently required for a reliable identification. Citation: Magain N, Miadlikowska J, Goffinet B, et al. 2023. High species richness in the lichen genus Peltigera (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes): 34 species in the dolichorhizoid and scabrosoid clades of section Polydactylon, including 24 new to science. Persoonia 51: 1-88. doi: 10.3767/persoonia.2023.51.01.

orchard: Paternity program for autotetraploid species.

Advances in molecular marker technology have provided new opportunities to study the population genetics of polyploid taxa. Paternity analysis using microsatellite markers can be used in detection of gene flow between individuals and populations, in mating system analysis, to identify factors that influence fecundity and fertility, to identify behaviour of parent-offspring relationships and in the analysis of the reproductive success of different ecological groups. As there is no specific program for carrying out paternity analysis in tetraploid species, specialized software was designed for the assignment of paternity for autotetraploid species. orchard is a novel implementation of exclusion and likelihood statistics for carrying out paternity analysis of autotetraploids. First, the program performs an exclusion method, and then, a likelihood statistic is used with nonexcluded candidate fathers. Optional features include estimation of allele dosage of known mother trees and the estimation of pollen flow distances. orchard was tested using a data set of microsatellite data of Dipteryx odorata, a tetraploid Amazonian tree species.

Mast-cell degranulation induced by physical stimuli involves the activation of transient-receptor-potential channel TRPV2.

A characteristic of mast cells is the degranulation in response to various stimuli. Here we have investigated the effects of various physical stimuli in the human mast-cell line HMC-1. We have shown that HMC-1 express the transient receptor potential channels TRPV1, TRPV2 and TRPV4. In the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration, increasing mechanical stress applied to the mast cell by hydrostatic pressure (-30 to -90 cm H(2)O applied via the patch pipette) induced a current that could be inhibited by 10 microM of ruthenium red. This current was also inhibited by 20 microM SKF96365, an inhibitor that is among TRPV channels specific for the TRPV2. A characteristic of TRPV2 is its activation by high noxious temperature; temperatures exceeding 50 °C induced a similar ruthenium-red-sensitive current. As another physical stimulus, we applied laser light of 640 nm. Here we have shown for the first time that the application of light (at 48 mW for 20 min) induced an SKF96365-sensitive current. All three physical stimuli that led to activation of SKF96365-sensitive current also induced pronounced degranulation in the mast cells, which could be blocked by ruthenium red or SKF96365. The results suggest that TRPV2 is activated by the three different types of physical stimuli. Activation of TRPV2 allows Ca(2+) ions to enter the cell, which in turn will induce degranulation. We, therefore, suggest that TRPV2 plays a key role in mast-cell degranulation in response to mechanical, heat and red laser-light stimulation.

Case report: Hydropic leiomyoma of the uterus presenting in pregnancy: imaging features.

Uterine leiomyomas commonly undergo degenerative change, which can lead to variable imaging features. Diffuse hydropic change is an unusual form of degeneration that presents a considerable diagnostic challenge to both radiologists and pathologists, as it can mimic a malignant neoplasm on imaging and at histological analysis. We present the case of a giant diffuse hydropic leiomyoma presenting in the first trimester of pregnancy in a 36-year-old woman, the imaging features of which were suggestive of a more aggressive neoplasm. The sonographic and MRI appearances of the lesion are discussed, and the varied imaging features of leiomyomas are reviewed.

[Shift of the insertion of the superior oblique muscle by scleral buckling: clinical features and surgery]. / Déplacement de l'insertion du muscle oblique supérieur par une indentation sclérale: clinique et chirurgie.

A 36-year-old man who had been operated on for left eye retinal detachment (silastic sponge, secondarily explanted), presented with an 18 PD left hypertropia in primary position, to a 40 PD hypertropia in abduction, with downgaze limitation, associated with esotropia and incyclotorsion. Surgical exploration showed extensive tissue scarring and fibrosis in the area of the superior rectus and the superior oblique muscles. The insertion of the superior oblique was found in the superomedial quadrant, very anteriorly from the equator of the eye, which made it an elevator and an adductor of the globe. The pathophysiology and the surgical planning are discussed.

MR shoulder arthrography in patients younger than 40 years of age: frequency of rotator cuff tear versus labroligamentous pathology.

The purpose of this study was to compare the frequency of rotator cuff pathology versus labroligamentous pathology in patients younger than 40 years and to determine whether routine MR arthrography is justified in all patients in this age group, regardless of the clinical symptoms. The MR arthrography was carried out on 332 patients 40 years of age and younger. Two hundred and forty-three patients had clinical history of instability and possible labroligamentous pathology. Eighty-nine patients had no history or physical signs of instability and were referred for reasons other than instability, such as assessment for rotator cuff tear. In the 243 patients younger than 40 years with clinical history of potential labral pathology, 39% (95/243) showed a labral tear and 2.1% (5/243) had a full-thickness rotator cuff tendon tear. In the 89 patients with no history suggesting labral pathology, 19% (17/89) showed an unsuspected labral tear and 4.5% (4/89) had a full-thickness rotator cuff tear. These findings suggest that, regardless of the clinical indication for referral, patients aged 40 and less referred for shoulder MRI should be imaged using MR arthrography because of the significant risk that symptoms are related to unsuspected labral pathology.

[Slipped superior rectus in Grave's orbitopathy. A case report]. / Glissement du muscle droit supérieur dans l'orbitopathie dysthyroïdienne.

Superior rectus slippage after its surgical recession is characterized by short-term progressive overcorrection. Similarities with inferior rectus slippage are pronounced, especially a history of Grave's orbitopathy and the use of an adjustable suture. In the present clinical case, upper eyelid retraction and a history of upper eyelid elevator muscle surgery might be specific risk factors, due to the close anatomical links between the superior rectus and the upper eyelid elevator.

[Convergence excess associated with neurological diseases: surgical treatment]. / Excès de convergence associé à des pathologies neurologiques: traitement chirurgical.

BACKGROUND: Lesions of the supranuclear pathways for convergence control can lead to convergence deficit or convergence excess. Whereas pathophysiology of acquired convergence excess is now fully covered in the literature, no specific paper on its surgical treatment could be found. PATIENTS: Cases 1 and 2: Parinaud's syndrome with convergence excess in attempted upgaze (+ convergence retraction nystagmus and VIth nerve palsy in case 2). Case 3: opsoclonus and convergence excess due to hysterical conversion after head trauma. Case 4: acquired nystagmus, accommodative spasm due to hyperopia. Case 5: functional spasm of the near reflex (dubious medical history of multiple sclerosis). Case 6: medial recti palsy after artificial divergence surgery for congenital nystagmus, substitutive convergence. Cases 3 and 5 were not operated on, recession of the four horizontal recti in case 4, recession of the lateral recti in case 6, complex surgical procedure in cases 1 and 2. DISCUSSION: The following guidelines are suggested: Functional spasm of the near reflex: medical therapy. Organic spasm of the near reflex: retroequatorial myopexia on the medial recti. Parinaud's syndrome with convergence excess (spastic) or convergence retraction nystagmus (rhythmic): restoration of upgaze motility with a vertical Kestenbaum-type procedure, retroequatorial myopexia if insufficient. Thalamic esotropia (tonic): botulinum toxin injection, recession of the medial recti if insufficient. CONCLUSION: Convergence excess associated with neurological diseases should be looked for since it can be improved by effective surgical procedures.

[Recessed inferior rectus syndrome: surgical exploration and pathophysiology]. / Syndrome du droit inférieur reculé: exploration chirurgicale et concepts physiopathologiques.

INTRODUCTION: Progressive overcorrection after inferior rectus recession may occur in 10%-40% of cases, whatever the surgical indication, whatever the technique. The clinical features are hypertropia, inferior rectus underaction, and lid retraction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The anatomy of the inferior rectus during surgical exploration is described in 11 cases initially operated on for different types of strabismus. RESULTS: Several types of slippage and several types of excessive fibrosis in the area of the inferior rectus are described. DISCUSSION: Our surgical data are compared to the pathophysiological hypothesis described in the literature. Preventive measures and curative treatment are discussed. CONCLUSION: Even a better understanding of the physiopathogenesis of overcorrection after inferior rectus recession could not prevent its occurrence, despite upgraded surgical technique. There is no consensual opinion on how to prevent and cure these overcorrections. Associating oculomotor surgery and lid surgery is an interesting direction for new research.

[Antinomic horizontal deviations: esodeviation associated with exodeviation. Clinical features and surgery]. / Déviations horizontales antinomiques: association d'une exodéviation et d'une ésodéviation. Aspects cliniques et chirurgie.

INTRODUCTION: Antinomic deviations are defined as a basic exoposition of the eyes associated with innervational convergence excess leading to an esoposition. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-four patients with both exodeviation and esodeviation were studied. Surgery consisted in lateral recti (LR) recess with fadenoperation on the medial recti. RESULTS: Four types of antinomic deviations were found: 1- Primitive exodeviation with an excess of physiological accommodative vergences; 2- Consecutive exodeviation due to surgical overcorrection of an accommodative esotropia; 3- Infantile exodeviation with fixation in adduction, DHD +/- convergence excess; 4- Consecutive infantile exodeviation: overcorrection of a congenital esotropia. CONCLUSION: Although fadenoperation on the medial recti may seem paradoxical in exodeviations, it is the most logical procedure to deal with convergence excess and fixation in adduction prevalence. Adjustable sutures for the lateral recti recess appear safer and more predictible in these difficult cases.

[Botulinum toxin in infantile estropia: long-term results]. / La toxine botulique dans les ésotropies précoces.

PURPOSE: To evaluate long term results of botulinum toxin in infantile esotropia. METHODS: Nineteen infants between 6 and 13 Months of age were treated with botulinum toxin injected into the medial recti. The amount of deviation, the different symptoms of infantile esotropia, and the need for surgery were studied. RESULTS: Esotropia reappears frequently with time. Dissociated vertical deviation and manifest/latent nystagmus are only partially improved. Surgery is usually mandatory over the long term. CONCLUSION: Despite some good results, a single botulinum toxin injection is less effective than incisional surgery in treating the different symptoms of infantile esotropia.

[Progression of subjective refraction after artificial divergence surgery and its relation to a possible myopic spasm]. / Evolution de la réfraction subjective après mise en divergence artificielle et ses rapports avec un éventuel spasme myopique.

PURPOSE: To study the effect on subjective refraction of artificial divergence surgery in congenital nystagmus with blocking convergence. METHODS: Retrospective study on 139 cases, with a study of visual acuity and optical correction with habitual glasses 1-5 years after operation, according to age and ocular alignment (orthophoria or exophoria). RESULTS: Increased myopia with glasses of approximatively 1 diopter, but likely to be due to eye growth in this young population (mean age, 14 years). This myopic shift is higher in the exophoric population, but there is a tendency to prescribe a stronger correction to help control the phoria. A few rare cases of true myopic spasm were noted. CONCLUSION: After artificial divergence surgery, true cases of increased myopia were rare. Tonic vergence is stronger than accommodative vergence.

[Cyclotorsions]. / Les cyclotorsions.

Cyclotorsions are movements of cyclorotation of the eyes (in- or ex-cycloversions or vergences) and positions of cyclotorsion (in- or ex-cyclotorsion or cyclodeviation). Torsion is absent when the vertical meridian 0 traversing the cornea center is parallel to a plumbline. In a state of intorsion, the nasal end of the horizontal meridian is higher than the temporal part: the optic disk is lower than the fovea. Conversely the optic disk is higher in cases of excyclotorsion. Fundus observation is the only objective test in cases of torsion. Cyclodeviations are peripheral in nature (ex: SO palsy orbital strabismus) or linked to fixation (ex: congenital nystagmus, incyclo, and DTDs in infantile strabismus). All the facias and the orbits play a role in cyclorotations. The anterior fibers of the oblique muscles are responsible for torsion. Dissociated surgery and shift of the insertion follow. In a situation of cyclotorsion, the recti act differently (Weiss): the medial rectus becomes an elevator and is less an adducto, the superior rectus is less an elevator, etc. The consequences are alphabetic deviations, tilt of the coordimeter and synoptometer charts, displacement surgery of the recti insertions. Surgery of the facias must not be ignored. The study of torsions is currently evoluing.

MRI of conjoined twins illustrating advances in fetal imaging.

Complex congenital fetal abnormalities are optimally evaluated with both ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. With the advent of ultrafast imaging sequences, fetal imaging has significantly improved. We present two cases of conjoined thoracoomphalopagus twins to discuss this unusual anomaly and to illustrate the recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging of the fetus.

Analysis of transgenic grapevine (Vitis rupestris) and Nicotiana benthamiana plants expressing an Arabis mosaic virus coat protein gene.

A disarmed LBA4404 strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring a binary vector which contained chimeric genes encoding the neomycin phosphotransferase (npt II) and the coat protein (CP) of Arabis mosaic nepovirus (ArMV) was used in co-cultivation experiments with leaf discs of Nicotiana benthamiana and somatic embryos of the grapevine rootstock cultivar Vitis rupestris. Transgenic N. benthamiana expressing the ArMV CP gene were regenerated and six independent lines were characterized. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) performed on leaf tissue demonstrated the accumulation of the ArMV CP in five of the six lines analyzed. Immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM) studies revealed the presence of virion-like isometric particles (VLPs) reacting to a rabbit antiserum specific to ArMV virions. ArMV-CP expressing transgenic N. benthamiana lines showed protection against ArMV expressed as a delay in infection and a reduction of the percentage of infected plants. Four independent transgenic lines of V. rupestris transformed with the ArMV CP gene were regenerated and characterized. In contrast to N. benthamiana, transgenic V. rupestris did not accumulate the ArMV CP at levels detectable by ELISA and no VLPs could be observed by ISEM. Northern blot analysis showed that the ArMV CP mRNA was expressed at lower level in V. rupestris compared with N. benthamiana. The reason for this difference in transgene expression and/or mRNA stability between grapevine and N. benthamiana is unclear, but the genetic state of the transgene(s) (homozygous in N. benthamiana versus hemizygous in V. rupestris) may have an effect on gene expression.

Clinical rationale for manifest congenital nystagmus surgery.

Although electronystagmography is most useful, especially in furthering our knowledge of nystagmus, simple clinical study is the first step to any understanding of nystagmus. Ophthalmologists should be aware that they may understand a good deal about nystagmus merely by studying visual acuity in their surgery. Testing visual acuity at distance with both eyes open will lead to the qualitative and quantitative diagnosis of compensatory abnormal head postures. Testing at distance with 1 eye covered will help to distinguish between the concordant head turn, one eye fixing in abduction and the other fixing in adduction (ABD + ADD) as manifest congenital nystagmus, and the discordant head turn in which each eye fixes in adduction (ADD + ADD), as is seen in manifest latent nystagmus, for which surgery is totally different. Pseudolatent nystagmus found in congenital nystagmus with exophoria can be differentiated from latent nystagmus. This illustrates de visu (with the naked eye) the "beauty" of the movement of blocking fusional convergence and the nature of the involved mechanisms with artificial divergence surgery. Testing at near will bring out the existence of blocking convergence. Depending on the results, the clinical rationale for surgery is thus made clear: horizontal, vertical, rotatory Kestenbaum-like surgery should be used in cases of abnormal head posture, whereas artificial divergence surgery is our most satisfactory armamentarium in cases of blocking convergence.

[Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome: anatomo-clinical and evolutive concepts]. / Syndrome de Melkersson-Rosenthal. Concepts anatomo-cliniques et évolutifs.

PURPOSE: To inform ophthalmologists about the Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome. A new clinical classification is suggested. METHODS: Commented observation and review of the litterature. RESULTS: The presented case is characterized by an exclusive involvement of orbital sphere, due to inflammation of palpebral and orbital fat. CONCLUSION: Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome can be divided into type 1 characterized by perioral lesions and type 2 characterized by periocular lesions, with preferential involvement of fat and evolution towards fibrosis.

Shoulder after rotator cuff repair: MR imaging findings in asymptomatic individuals--initial experience.

PURPOSE: To assess the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging appearance of the successfully repaired rotator cuff in an asymptomatic population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen subjects who had undergone clinically successful rotator cuff repair were included in the study. All underwent functional testing of the affected shoulder and had good to excellent scores on the Constant scale. Standard MR imaging sequences were performed at 1.5 T, including oblique coronal fast spin-echo T2-weighted MR imaging with fat saturation. RESULTS: Three (10%) of 30 supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons had normal signal intensity, and 16 (53%) had mildly increased signal intensity on fast spin-echo T2-weighted fat-saturated images, compatible with tendonitis or tendinosis. Three partial and four complete tears of the supraspinatus tendon and two partial and two complete tears of the infraspinatus tendon were seen. Other findings included subacromial-subdeltoid effusion (10 subjects), joint effusions (five subjects), and bone marrow edema (six subjects). CONCLUSION: Postoperative signal intensity changes consistent with tendonitis or tendinosis were common, and clinically "silent" partial and complete rotator cuff tears were seen. Such postoperative MR imaging findings should be interpreted with caution, and meticulous correlation with symptoms and clinical results is recommended.

[Complications of transpalpebral osseous orbital decompressions in thyroid orbitopathies]. / Complications des décompressions orbitaires osseuses transpalpébrales pour orbitopathie thyroïdienne.

INTRODUCTION: Complications of bony orbital decompression (BOD) are rather unreported and often neglected. The aim of this study was to assess the risks of this surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 44 patients (76 orbits) were studied. There were 19 malignant orbitopathies and 57 cosmetic rehabilitations. All side-effects and true complications were reported. A questionnaire was send to the patient and to his ophthalmologist. RESULTS: Infra-orbital hypoesthesia, oculomotor disorders, entropion, changes of lid position were the most frequent complications. A case of hypoglobus, a case of lacrimal stenosis, a case of decreased visual acuity were reported. DISCUSSION: Side-effects of BOD are frequent. Higher rates are even found in the literature. These effects tend to decrease spontaneously or can be treated by adequate medical or surgical care. Some measures are proposed to perform surgery safer. CONCLUSION: More precise information should be given to the patients before surgery and a better prevention can be afforded.