Challenges and Opportunities to Scale Up Cardiovascular Disease Secondary Prevention in Latin America and the Caribbean

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death throughout the world; however, a reduction of 21% (age-standardized cardiovascular mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants) was observed between 1990 and 2010, with more substantial reductions in CVD mortality evident in high-income countries (w42% reduction in CVD deaths).

The population impact of obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and tobacco and alcohol consumption on the prevalence of type 2 diabetes: Analysis of a health population survey in Chile, 2010.

AIM: To estimate the impact of tobacco use, sedentary lifestyle, obesity and alcohol consumption on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevalence in the Chilean population. METHODS: The study-included 5,293 subjects with fasting glycaemia levels from the nationwide cross-sectional health survey in 2010, commissioned by the Ministry of Health, Chile. Crude and Adjusted Odds Ratio to T2DM and its corresponding 95% confidence interval were estimated through logistic regressions. Attributable fractions and population attributable fractions were estimated. RESULTS: T2DM prevalence was 9.5%. Sedentary lifestyles and obesity were significant risk factors for T2DM. 52,4% of T2DM could be avoided if these individuals were not obese, and at a population level, 23% of T2DM could be preventable if obesity did not exist. A 64% of T2DM is explained by sedentariness, and if people would become active, a 62,2% of the cases of diabetes could be avoided. INTERPRETATION: About 79% of T2DM cases in Chile could be prevented with cost-effective strategies focused on preventing sedentary lifestyle and obesity. It's therefore urgent to implement evidence-based public health polices, aimed to decrease the prevalence of T2DM, by controlling its risk factors and consequently, reducing the complications from T2DM.

Enfermedades no transmisibles: emergencia de salud pública en cámara lenta: un desafío para Chile / Non communicable diseases: a slow speed emergency: a challenge for Chile

Las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENTs), cardiovasculares, cáncer, diabetes y enfermedades respiratorias crónicas son la principal causa de muerte en Chile y en el mundo. Cuatro factores de riesgo conductuales: tabaquismo, dieta no saludable, actividad física insuficiente y el consumo perjudicial de alcohol, asociados a la transición económica, la urbanización acelerada y el estilo de vida del siglo XXI, son en gran parte la causa de estas enfermedades, las que emergen como un desafío macroeconómico para el desarrollo. La pandemia de ENTs tiene su origen en la pobreza y afecta en forma desproporcionada a los más desposeídos. Las intervenciones que han demostrado ser más efectivas para reducir las ENTs son aquellas dirigidas a prevenir los factores de riesgo señalados a nivel poblacional. Aunque Chile ha suscrito las principales iniciativas propuestas por la OMS para combatir los factores de riesgo señalados, su implementación es aún incompleta. El país ha avanzado en muchos aspectos, pero tiene importantes desafíos en términos de la vigilancia de las ENTs, el fortalecimiento de la APS, incluyendo los recursos humanos y financiamiento, y la incorporación de tecnologías. Abordar los factores de riesgo y los determinantes sociales de la salud excede la capacidad del sector salud y requiere una respuesta multisectorial con la participación del sector público, privado, la sociedad civil y la colaboración internacional. La reunión de alto nivel en Naciones Unidas en septiembre 2011, sobre Prevención y Control de las Enfermedades no Transmisibles señala el inicio de un proceso para abordar las ENTs para el cual se requiere el liderazgo del Estado de Chile para prevenir o mitigar el impacto de estas enfermedades en las personas, particularmente en aquellas más vulnerables.

Non communicable diseases (NCDs) are the main cause of death worldwide and in Chile. Behavioural risk factors – tobacco, an unhealthy diet, insufficient physical exercise, and alcohol abuse, together with the economic transition, swift urbanization and the 21st century lifestyles are the main cause of these conditions, which in turn are a macroeconomic challenge to development. The NCDs pandemic is rooted in poverty and particularly affects the poor. The interventions that have proved to be most effective in reducing the NCDs are those aimed at the prevention, at population level, of the above mentioned factors. Although Chile has accepted the main initiatives proposed by WHO in order to fight those factors, their implementation is still not complete. Progress has been achieved in some aspects, but important challenges remain in the areas of epidemiological surveillance of NCDs, and of PHC strengthening particularly in regard to human, financial and technological resources. The task of addressing the risk factors and the social determinants of health excedes the capability of the health care sector and requires a multisectorial response, with the participation of the public and private sectors, civil society and international collaboration. The UN high level Meeting on Prevention and Control of NCDs, in September 2011, marks the beginning of a process for which the leadership of the Chilean Government is required in order to prevent or mitigate the impact of these diseases on individuals, and particulrly on the most vulnerable ones.

Diagnóstico prenatal de la patología nefrourológica: segunda parte / Nephrourologic pathologies prenatal diagnosis: part 2

En esta parte se describen distintas anomalías del tracto urinario: malformaciones congénitas, enfermedad renal poliquística autosómica recesiva, enfermedad renal poliquística autosómica dominante, displasia renal multiquística, displasia renal quística obstructiva, y quiste renal simple; así como la evaluación ecográfica postnatal de la patología fetal renal