Impact of Sprouted Chickpea Grits and Flour on Dough Rheology and Bread Features.

This study investigated the effects of incorporating sprouted chickpeas, at a 25% enrichment level, into bread production as either grits (90% of particles ≥500 µm) or flour (90% of particles ≤250 µm). The focus was to investigate the role of particle size on dough and bread. In addition to the functional, mixing and pasting properties of ingredients, gluten aggregation, mixing, extensional, leavening, and pasting properties of the blends were assessed during bread-making, as well as bread volume and texture. Chickpea particle size influenced water absorption capacity (1.8 for grits vs. 0.75 g/g for flour) and viscosity (245 for grits vs. 88 BU for flour), with flour showing a greater decrease in both properties. With regard to dough properties, dough development time (16.6 vs. 5.3 min), stability (14.6 vs. 4.6 min), and resistance to extension (319 vs. 235 BU) was higher, whereas extensibility was lower (105 vs. 152 mm) with grits, compared to flour. During bread-making, grits resulted in a higher specific volume (2.5 vs. 2.1 mL/g) and softer crumb (6.2 vs. 17.4 N) at all the considered storage times. In conclusion, sprouted chickpea grits can be effectively used as a new ingredient in bread-making favouring the consumption of chickpea, without compromising product quality.

Electrochemical Performance of Metal-Free Carbon-Based Catalysts from Different Hydrothermal Carbonization Treatments for Oxygen Reduction Reaction.

This research investigates the difference between products obtained through two hydrothermal carbonization treatments. Our aim is to synthesize metal-free, carbon-based catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) to serve as efficient and cost-effective alternatives to platinum-based catalysts. Catalysts synthesized using the traditional hydrothermal approach exhibit a higher electrocatalytic activity for ORR in alkaline media, despite their more energy-intensive production process. The superior performance is attributed to differences in the particle morphology and the chemical composition of the particle surfaces. The presence of functional groups on the surfaces of catalysts obtained via a traditional approach significantly enhances ORR activity by facilitating deprotonation reactions in an alkaline environment. Our research aims to provide a reference for future investigations, shifting the focus to the fine-tuning of surface chemical compositions and morphologies of metal-free catalysts to enhance ORR activity.

Spin-dependent electrochemistry and electrochemical enantioselective recognition with chiral methylated bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalenes.

Enantio-discrimination and spin-dependent electrochemistry (SDE), as a manifestation of the chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect, are important phenomena that can be probed by "chiral" electrochemistry. Here, we prepared chiralized surfaces of gold and nickel, to serve as working electrodes, through effective chemisorption of enantiopure dimethyl-bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene (DM-BEDT-TTF) 1, tetramethyl-bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene (TM-BEDT-TTF) 2, and their capped silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) aggregate by simple incubation of the metallic substrates. The effective chemisorption was checked by means of ultrahigh vacuum x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and by electro-desorption experiments, i.e., cyclic voltammetry (CV) scans showing a first electro-desorption peak at about -1.0 V. The Au|1 and Au|2 chiral electrodes were successfully used in CV experiments exploiting chiral redox probes. Finally, the hybrid interfaces Ni|enantiopure 1 or 2|AgNPs served as working electrodes in SDE experiments. In particular, the hybrid chiral interfaces Ni|(R)-2|AgNPs and Ni|(S)-2|AgNPs exhibited a significant spin-filtering ability, as a manifestation of the CISS effect, with average spin polarization values of 15%.

Spin-dependent charge transmission through chiral 2T3N self-assembled monolayer on Au.

A gold surface is functionalized by chemisorption of the enantiopure N,N'-bis-[2,2';5',2″]tert-thiophene-5-yl methylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine (2T3N), a chiral oligothiophene derivative, via overnight incubation in a 2T3N ethanol solution. The Au|2T3N interface is characterized by x-ray photoelectron circular dichroism and comparing x-ray photoemission spectroscopy and electro-desorption results. Charge transmission at the Au|2T3N| solution interface is characterized by recording the cyclic voltammetry of the Fe(III)/Fe(II) reversible redox couple, finding a charge transfer rate constant, k°, variation from 1 × 10-1 to 3.3 × 10-2 cm s-1, when comparing the bare Au and the Au|2T3N interfaces, respectively. The "anomalous" high value of k° found for the chiral Au|2T3N interface can be rationalized on the basis of the chiral-induced spin selectivity effect, as further proved by magnetic-conductive atomic force microscopy measurements at room temperature. A spin polarization of about 30% is found.

Is mirror therapy associated with progressive muscle relaxation more effective than mirror therapy alone in reducing phantom limb pain in patients with lower limb amputation?

Mirror therapy is a widely used treatment for phantom limb pain (PLP) relief in patients with limb loss. Less common is progressive muscle relaxation (PMR), used mostly in other medical conditions (psychological, terminal cancer pain, etc). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a mirror therapy preceded by PMR intervention compared to mirror therapy preceded by unguided generic relaxation-mirror therapy in patients with lower limb amputation suffering from PLP. This pilot study was a single-blind, controlled, randomized trial. Thirty lower limb amputees suffering from PLP were recruited and randomly assigned to three groups respectively undergoing a PMR-mirror therapy rehabilitative intervention, generic relaxation-mirror therapy, and conventional physiotherapy (ConvPT). Selected items from Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire (PEQ) and the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) were used to test the pain features at the beginning and 1 week after 3 weeks of intervention. A decrease of about 65% was found in the rate and duration of PLP at the PEQ in PMR-mirror therapy with respect to generic relaxation-mirror therapy (about 30%) and ConvPT (about 6%). A decrease of about 90% in intensity (worst and average) of PLP in PMR-mirror therapy when compared to generic relaxation-mirror therapy (about 45%) and ConvPT (about 20%) was found at the BPI. We preliminary concluded, albeit with limitations due to the small sample of patients, that mirror therapy can improve PLP when associated with PMR. Further studies are required to confirm that PMR could be an effective technique for more successful PLP management.

Influence of Chiral Compounds on the Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) in the Water Splitting Process.

Results are presented concerning the influence on the water splitting process of enantiopure tartaric acid present in bulk solution. Stainless steel and electrodeposited nickel are used as working electrode (WE) surface. The latter is obtained by electrodeposition on the two poles of a magnet. The influence and role played by the chiral compound in solution has been assessed by comparing the current values, in cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments, recorded in the potential range at which oxygen evolution reaction (OER) occurs. In the case of tartaric acid and nickel WE a spin polarization of about 4% is found. The use of the chiral environment (bulk solution) and ferromagnetic chiral Ni electrode allows for observing the OER at a more favorable potential: About 50 mV (i.e., a cathodic, less positive, shift of the potential at which the oxygen evolution is observed).

Mapping of charge distribution in organic field-effect transistors by confocal photoluminescence electromodulation microscopy.

A novel method for mapping the charge density spatial distribution in organic field-effect transistors based on the electromodulation of the photoluminescence is demonstrated. In field-effect transistors exciton quenching is dominated by exciton-charge carrier interaction so that it can be used to map the charge distribution in different operating conditions. From a quantitative analysis of the photoluminescence quenching, the thickness of the charge carrier accumulation layer is derived. The injection of minority charge carriers in unipolar conditions is unexpectedly evidenced, which is not displayed by the electrical characteristics.

A transparent organic transistor structure for bidirectional stimulation and recording of primary neurons.

Real-time stimulation and recording of neural cell bioelectrical activity could provide an unprecedented insight in understanding the functions of the nervous system, and it is crucial for developing advanced in vitro drug screening approaches. Among organic materials, suitable candidates for cell interfacing can be found that combine long-term biocompatibility and mechanical flexibility. Here, we report on transparent organic cell stimulating and sensing transistors (O-CSTs), which provide bidirectional stimulation and recording of primary neurons. We demonstrate that the device enables depolarization and hyperpolarization of the primary neuron membrane potential. The transparency of the device also allows the optical imaging of the modulation of the neuron bioelectrical activity. The maximal amplitude-to-noise ratio of the extracellular recording achieved by the O-CST device exceeds that of a microelectrode array system on the same neuronal preparation by a factor of 16. Our organic cell stimulating and sensing device paves the way to a new generation of devices for stimulation, manipulation and recording of cell bioelectrical activity in vitro and in vivo.

Characterization of n-alkanes and PAHs in PM10 samples in Prato (Italy).

This study reports the characterization of n-alkanes and PAHs in 13 PM10 samples collected in the South area of Prato (Italy) during the period April-July 2002. n-Alkanes concentrations ranged between 9.45 and 182.64 ng/mc while PAHs concentrations ranged from 3.058 to 22.048 ng/mc. No correlation was evidenced between benzo(a)pirene and PM10 concentrations. Total carbonaceous aerosol was also measured and it meanly accounted for 21.5% of the PM10 mass ranging from 12.4% to 27.1%.