Outcomes associated with initial narrow-spectrum versus broad-spectrum antibiotics in children hospitalized with urinary tract infections.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to describe the proportion of children hospitalized with urinary tract infections (UTIs) who receive initial narrow- versus broad-spectrum antibiotics across children's hospitals and explore whether the use of initial narrow-spectrum antibiotics is associated with different outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of children aged 2 months to 17 years hospitalized with UTI (inclusive of pyelonephritis) using the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES: We analyzed the proportions of children initially receiving narrow- versus broad-spectrum antibiotics; additionally, we compiled antibiogram data for common uropathogenic organisms from participating hospitals to compare with the observed antibiotic susceptibility patterns. We examined the association of antibiotic type with adjusted outcomes including length of stay (LOS), costs, and 7- and 30-day emergency department (ED) revisits and hospital readmissions. RESULTS: We identified 10,740 hospitalizations for UTI across 39 hospitals. Approximately 5% of encounters demonstrated initial narrow-spectrum antibiotics, with hospital-level narrow-spectrum use ranging from <1% to 25%. Approximately 80% of hospital antibiograms demonstrated >80% Escherichia coli susceptibility to cefazolin. In adjusted models, those who received initial narrow-spectrum antibiotics had shorter LOS (narrow-spectrum: 33.1 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 30.8-35.4) h versus broad-spectrum: 46.1 (95% CI: 44.1-48.2) h) and reduced costs [narrow-spectrum: $4570 ($3751-5568) versus broad-spectrum: $5699 ($5005-$6491)]. There were no differences in ED revisits or hospital readmissions. In summary, children's hospitals have low rates of narrow-spectrum antibiotic use for UTIs despite many reporting high rates of cefazolin-susceptible E. coli. These findings, coupled with the observed decreased LOS and costs among those receiving narrow-spectrum antibiotics, highlight potential antibiotic stewardship opportunities.

Changing patterns of routine laboratory testing over time at children's hospitals.

BACKGROUND: Research into low-value routine testing at children's hospitals has not consistently evaluated changing patterns of testing over time. OBJECTIVES: To identify changes in routine laboratory testing rates at children's hospitals over ten years and the association with patient outcomes. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: We performed a multi-center, retrospective cohort study of children aged 0-18 hospitalized with common, lower-severity diagnoses at 28 children's hospitals in the Pediatric Health Information Systems database. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: We calculated average annual testing rates for complete blood counts, electrolytes, and inflammatory markers between 2010 and 2019 for each hospital. A > 2% average testing rate change per year was defined as clinically meaningful and used to separate hospitals into groups: increasing, decreasing, and unchanged testing rates. Groups were compared for differences in length of stay, cost, and 30-day readmission or ED revisit, adjusted for demographics and case mix index. RESULTS: Our study included 576,572 encounters for common, low-severity diagnoses. Individual hospital testing rates in each year of the study varied from 0.3 to 1.4 tests per patient day. The average yearly change in hospital-specific testing rates ranged from -6% to +7%. Four hospitals remained in the lowest quartile of testing and two in the highest quartile throughout all ten years of the study. We grouped hospitals with increasing (8), decreasing (n = 5), and unchanged (n = 15) testing rates. No difference was found across subgroups in costs, length of stay, 30-day ED revisit, or readmission rates. Comparing resource utilization trends over time provides important insights into achievable rates of testing reduction.

The Injury Prevention Program to Reduce Early Childhood Injuries: A Cluster Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The American Academy of Pediatrics designed The Injury Prevention Program (TIPP) in 1983 to help pediatricians prevent unintentional injuries, but TIPP's effectiveness has never been formally evaluated. We sought to evaluate the impact of TIPP on reported injuries in the first 2 years of life. METHODS: We conducted a stratified, cluster-randomized trial at 4 academic medical centers: 2 centers trained their pediatric residents and implemented TIPP screening and counseling materials at all well-child checks (WCCs) for ages 2 to 24 months, and 2 centers implemented obesity prevention. At each WCC, parents reported the number of child injuries since the previous WCC. Proportional odds logistic regression analyses with generalized estimating equation examined the extent to which the number of injuries reported were reduced at TIPP intervention sites compared with control sites, adjusting for baseline child, parent, and household factors. RESULTS: A total of 781 parent-infant dyads (349 TIPP; 432 control) were enrolled and had sufficient data to qualify for analyses: 51% Hispanic, 28% non-Hispanic Black, and 87% insured by Medicaid. Those at TIPP sites had significant reduction in the adjusted odds of reported injuries compared with non-TIPP sites throughout the follow-up (P = .005), with adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) of 0.77 (0.66-0.91), 0.60 (0.44-0.82), 0.32 (0.16-0.62), 0.26 (0.12-0.53), and 0.27 (0.14-0.52) at 4, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this cluster-randomized trial with predominantly low-income, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic Black families, TIPP resulted in a significant reduction in parent-reported injuries. Our study provides evidence for implementing the American Academy of Pediatrics' TIPP in routine well-child care.

Interaction of microorganisms with carbonates from the micro to the macro scales during sedimentation: Insights into the early stage of biodegradation.

The assembly process of Organic Matter (OM) from single molecules to polymers and the formation process of Ca-CO3 ion-pairs are explored at the micro-scale, and then the relationship between OM and carbonate based on the results of microbially-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) laboratory experiments is established at the macro-scale. Molecular dynamics (MD) is used to model the assembly of OM (a) in an aqueous solution, (b) on surfaces of calcite (10 1‾ 4) crystals and (c) on defective calcite (101‾ 4) crystal surfaces. From the MICP experiments, carbonate minerals containing abundant OM were precipitated and were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The results of the MD show that OM is assembled into polymers in all three simulation systems. Although the Ca-CO3 ion-pairs and OM were briefly combined, the aggregation assembly of OM molecules and the precipitation of carbonate calcium are not related in the long run. The highly specific surface area of the defective calcite shows an increase in the adsorption of OM. The van der Waals forces, which are primarily responsible for controlling the assembly of OM molecules, increase with the degree of aggregation. According to the MICP experiments, OM is enriched on the mineral surfaces, and more OM is found at the steps of defective crystals with their larger surface areas. Through MD and MICP laboratory experiments, this work systematically describes the interaction of OM and carbonate minerals from the micro to the macro scales, and this provides insight into the interaction between OM and carbonates and biogeochemical processes related to the accumulation of OM in sediments.

Phlebotomy-free days in children hospitalized with common infections and their association with clinical outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Phlebotomy for hospitalized children has consequences (e.g., pain, iatrogenic anemia), and unnecessary testing is a modifiable source of waste in healthcare. Days without blood draws or phlebotomy-free days (PFDs) has the potential to serve as a hospital quality measure. OBJECTIVE: To describe: (1) the frequency of PFDs in children hospitalized with common infections and (2) the association of PFDs with clinical outcomes. DESIGN, SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS: We performed a cross-sectional study of children hospitalized 2018-2019 with common infections at 38 hospitals using the Pediatric Health Information System database. We included infectious All Patients Refined Diagnosis Related Groups with a median length of stay (LOS) >2 days. We excluded patients with medical complexity, interhospital transfers, those receiving intensive care, and in-hospital mortality. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES: We defined PFDs as hospital days (midnight to midnight) without laboratory blood testing and measured the proportion of PFDs divided by total hospital LOS (PFD ratio) for each condition and hospital. Higher PFD ratios signify more days without phlebotomy. Hospitals were grouped into low, moderate, and high average PFD ratios. Adjusted outcomes (LOS, costs, and readmissions) were compared across groups. RESULTS: We identified 126,135 encounters. Bronchiolitis (0.78) and pneumonia (0.54) had the highest PFD ratios (most PFDs), while osteoarticular infections (0.28) and gastroenteritis (0.30) had the lowest PFD ratios. There were no differences in adjusted clinical outcomes across PFD ratio groups. Among children hospitalized with common infections, PFD ratios varied across conditions and hospitals, with no association with outcomes. Our data suggest overuse of phlebotomy and opportunities to improve the care of hospitalized children.

Evaluation of claims data from a commercial value-based insurance product shows pediatric imaging is not a major driver of overall or pediatric healthcare expenditures.

BACKGROUND: Initiatives to reduce healthcare expenditures often focus on imaging, suggesting that imaging is a major driver of cost. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate medical expenditures and determine if imaging was a major driver in pediatric as compared to adult populations. METHODS: We reviewed all claims data for members in a value-based contract between a commercial insurer and a healthcare system for calendar years 2021 and 2022. For both pediatric (<18 years of age) and adult populations, we analyzed average per member per year (PMPY) medical expenditures related to imaging as well as other categories of large medical expenses. Average PMPY expenditures were compared between adult and pediatric patients. RESULTS: Children made up approximately 20% of members and 21% of member months but only 8-9% of expenditures. Imaging expenditures in pediatric members were 0.2% of the total healthcare spend and 2.9% of total pediatric expenditures. Imaging expenditures per member were seven times greater in adults than children. The rank order of imaging expenditures and imaging modalities was also different in pediatric as compared to adult members. CONCLUSION: Evaluation of claims data from a commercial value-based insurance product shows that pediatric imaging is not a major driver of overall, nor pediatric only, healthcare expenditures.

Prognostication of co-morbidity clusters on hospitalisation and mortality in advanced COPD.

RATIONALE: As the prevalence of multimorbidity increases, understanding the impact of isolated comorbidities in people COPD becomes increasingly challenging. A simplified model of common comorbidity patterns may improve outcome prediction and allow targeted therapy. OBJECTIVES: To assess whether comorbidity phenotypes derived from routinely collected clinical data in people with COPD show differences in risk of hospitalisation and mortality. METHODS: Twelve clinical measures related to common comorbidities were collected during annual reviews for people with advanced COPD and k-means cluster analysis performed. Cox proportional hazards with adjustment for covariates was used to determine hospitalisation and mortality risk between clusters. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In 203 participants (age 66 ± 9 years, 60 % male, FEV1%predicted 31 ± 10 %) no comorbidity in isolation was predictive of worse admission or mortality risk. Four clusters were described: cluster A (cardiometabolic and anaemia), cluster B (malnourished and low mood), cluster C (obese, metabolic and mood disturbance) and cluster D (less comorbid). FEV1%predicted did not significantly differ between clusters. Mortality risk was higher in cluster A (HR 3.73 [95%CI 1.09-12.82] p = 0.036) and B (HR 3.91 [95%CI 1.17-13.14] p = 0.027) compared to cluster D. Time to admission was highest in cluster A (HR 2.01 [95%CI 1.11-3.63] p = 0.020). Cluster C was not associated with increased risk of mortality or hospitalisation. CONCLUSIONS: Despite presence of advanced COPD, we report striking differences in prognosis for both mortality and hospital admissions for different co-morbidity phenotypes. Objectively assessing the multi-system nature of COPD could lead to improved prognostication and targeted therapy for patients.

Microbial-mineral interaction experiments and density functional theory calculations revealing accelerating effects for the dolomitization of calcite surfaces by organic components.

Carbonates represent major sedimentary rocks in on the continental and oceanic crust of Earth and are often closely related to microbial activities. However, the origin of magnesium-containing carbonates, such as dolomites, has not yet been fully resolved and was debated for many years. In order to reveal the specific role of organic components and microbes on the precipitation of magnesium ions, different dolomitization experiments were carried out with various setups for the presence of eight amino acids and microbes. The Gibbs free energy for dehydration of Mg[6(H2O)]2+ and organic­magnesium complexes (OMC) at the calcite (101¯4) step edges were calculated by density functional theory (DFT). Combined results of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope-energy disperse spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) indicated that magnesium ions were incorporated into the crystal lattice of calcite after calcite reacting with organic­magnesium solutions (OMS). Dolomite was formed on the surface of calcite under the presence of microbes. The Gibbs free energy barrier of asp, glu, gly, thr, tyr, lys, ser, and ala bonding to Mg[6(H2O)]2+ were 17.8, 16.2, 14.8, 16.5, 19.2, 14.5, 19.0, 17.0 kcal/mol, those are lower than that of the direct dehydration of Mg[6(H2O)]2+ of 19.45 kcal/mol. The Gibbs free barrier of OMC bonding at the acute step ([481¯] and [4¯41]) of 29.7/34.25 kcal/mol are lower than that of Mg[6(H2O)]2+ of 32.45/36.7 kcal/mol and the Gibbs free barrier of OMC bonding at the obtuse step ([481¯] and [4¯41]) of 42.07/47.6 kcal/mol are lower than that of Mg[6(H2O)]2+ of 55.4/60.34 kcal/mol. The enhancing effects of organic components and microbes on the precipitation of magnesium ions were collectively determined through experimental and theoretical calculation, thus setting up a new direction for future studies of dolomitization with a focus on microbial- mineral interactions.

Investing in Child Health Through Alternative Payment Models: Lessons From North Carolina Integrated Care for Kids.

Pediatric value-based payment reform has been hindered by limited return on investment (ROI) for child-focused measures and the accrual of financial benefits to non-health care sectors. States participating in the federally-funded Integrated Care for Kids (InCK) models are required to design child-centered alternative payment models (APMs) for Medicaid-enrolled children. The North Carolina InCK pediatric APM launched in January 2023 and includes innovative measures focused on school readiness and social needs. We interviewed experts at NC Medicaid managed care organizations, NC Medicaid, and actuaries with pediatric value-based payment experience to assess the NC InCK APM design process and develop strategies for future child-focused value-based payment reform. Key principles emerging from conversations included: accounting for payer priorities and readiness to implement measures; impact of data uncertainty on investment in novel measures; misalignment of a short-term ROI framework with whole child health measures; and state levers like mandates and financial incentives to promote implementation.

Effect of aerobic exercise training on pulse wave velocity in adults with and without long-term conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

RATIONALE: There is conflicting evidence whether aerobic exercise training (AET) reduces pulse wave velocity (PWV) in adults with and without long-term conditions (LTCs). OBJECTIVE: To explore whether PWV improves with AET in adults with and without LTC, to quantify the magnitude of any effect and understand the influence of the exercise prescription. DATA SOURCES: CENTRAL, MEDLINE and EMBASE were among the databases searched. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: We included studies with a PWV measurement before and after supervised AET of at least 3 weeks duration. Exclusion criteria included resistance exercise and alternative measures of arterial stiffness. DESIGN: Controlled trials were included in a random effects meta-analysis to explore the effect of AET on PWV. Uncontrolled studies were included in a secondary meta-analysis and meta-regression exploring the effect of patient and programme factors on change in PWV. The relevant risk of bias tool was used for each study design. RESULTS: 79 studies (n=3729) were included: 35 controlled studies (21 randomised control trials (RCT) (n=1240) and 12 non-RCT (n=463)) and 44 uncontrolled (n=2026). In the controlled meta- analysis, PWV was significantly reduced following AET (mean (SD) 11 (7) weeks) in adults with and without LTC (mean difference -0.63; 95% CI -0.82 to -0.44; p<0.0001). PWV was similarly reduced between adults with and without LTC (p<0.001). Age, but not specific programme factors, was inversely associated with a reduction in PWV -0.010 (-0.020 to -0.010) m/s, p<0.001. DISCUSSION: Short-term AET similarly reduces PWV in adults with and without LTC. Whether this effect is sustained and the clinical implications require further investigation.

Investigation of acquired dysfibrinogenaemia in adult patients with sepsis using fibrinogen function vs. concentration ratios: a cross-sectional study.

Introduction: Inherited or acquired molecular abnormalities form a clinically heterogeneous group of fibrinogen disorders called dysfibrinogenaemia. Apart from a pediatric case report and in contrast to other clinical conditions, acquired dysfibrinogenaemia has not been previously reported in septic patients. Methods: In an observational cohort study, 79 adult septic patients were investigated for the presence of acquired dysfibrinogenaemia at the time of their admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) of the University Hospital Frankfurt. Following established recommendations, fibrinogen clotting activity vs. antigen ratios were analyzed using Clauss fibrinogen, prothrombin-derived fibrinogen, and radial immunodiffusion (RID) fibrinogen concentration. Results: Prothrombin-derived fibrinogen levels were highest (527 ± 182 mg/dL) followed by Clauss fibrinogen (492 ± 209 mg/dL) and radial immunodiffusion fibrinogen (426 ± 159 mg/dL). Very few cases demonstrated hypofibrinogenaemia making overt disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) unlikely in the cohort investigated. Clauss/RID fibrinogen ratios were lower (1.17 ± 0.19) compared to prothrombin time-derived/RID ratios (1.35 ± 0.33). Using the Clauss/RID dataset, 21% of patients (16/76 patients) demonstrated values below a threshold ratio for suspected acquired dysfibrinogenaemia arbitrarily set at 1.0. In contrast, prothrombin-derived ratios were below the threshold in only 7% (4/58 patients). Discussion: The results point to the presence of acquired dysfibrinogenaemia in part of adult septic patients. If confirmed in further studies, this may form part of a specific laboratory signature of a sepsis-associated coagulation phenotype.

Pediatric Hospitalization Trends at Children's and General Hospitals, 2000-2019.

This study examines whether pediatric inpatient care has been redistributed from general hospitals into children's hospitals.

Pulmonary Rehabilitation for Adults with Chronic Respiratory Disease: An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline.

Background: Despite the known benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) for patients with chronic respiratory disease, this treatment is underused. Evidence-based guidelines should lead to greater knowledge of the proven benefits of PR, highlight the role of PR in evidence-based health care, and in turn foster referrals to and more effective delivery of PR for people with chronic respiratory disease. Methods: The multidisciplinary panel formulated six research questions addressing PR for specific patient groups (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], interstitial lung disease, and pulmonary hypertension) and models for PR delivery (telerehabilitation, maintenance PR). Treatment effects were quantified using systematic reviews. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach was used to formulate clinical recommendations. Recommendations: The panel made the following judgments: strong recommendations for PR for adults with stable COPD (moderate-quality evidence) and after hospitalization for COPD exacerbation (moderate-quality evidence), strong recommendation for PR for adults with interstitial lung disease (moderate-quality evidence), conditional recommendation for PR for adults with pulmonary hypertension (low-quality evidence), strong recommendation for offering the choice of center-based PR or telerehabilitation for patients with chronic respiratory disease (moderate-quality evidence), and conditional recommendation for offering either supervised maintenance PR or usual care after initial PR for adults with COPD (low-quality evidence). Conclusions: These guidelines provide the basis for evidence-based delivery of PR for people with chronic respiratory disease.

The role of diet and nutrition in the management of COPD.

In 2014, the European Respiratory Society published a statement on nutritional assessment and therapy in COPD. Since then, increasing research has been performed on the role of diet and nutrition in the prevention and management of COPD. Here, we provide an overview of recent scientific advances and clinical implications. Evidence for a potential role of diet and nutrition as a risk factor in the development of COPD has been accumulating and is reflected in the dietary patterns of patients with COPD. Consuming a healthy diet should, therefore, be promoted in patients with COPD. Distinct COPD phenotypes have been identified incorporating nutritional status, ranging from cachexia and frailty to obesity. The importance of body composition assessment and the need for tailored nutritional screening instruments is further highlighted. Dietary interventions and targeted single or multi-nutrient supplementation can be beneficial when optimal timing is considered. The therapeutic window of opportunity for nutritional interventions during and recovering from an acute exacerbation and hospitalisation is underexplored.

Understanding the effectiveness of different exercise training programme designs on V̇O2peak in COPD: a component network meta-analysis.

Pulmonary rehabilitation programmes including aerobic training improve cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with COPD, but the optimal programme design is unclear. We used random effects additive component network meta-analysis to investigate the relative effectiveness of different programme components on fitness measured by V̇O2peak in COPD. The included 59 studies involving 2191 participants demonstrated that V̇O2peak increased after aerobic training of at least moderate intensity with the greatest improvement seen following high intensity training. Lower limb aerobic training (SMD 0.56 95% CI 0.32;0.81, intervention arms=86) and the addition of non-invasive ventilation (SMD 0.55 95% CI 0.04;1.06, intervention arms=4) appeared to offer additional benefit but there was limited evidence for effectiveness of other exercise and non-exercise components.

Reversible Electrodeposition of Potassium-bridged Molecular Vanadium Oxides: A New Approach Towards Multi-Electron Storage.

Molecular metal oxides, so-called polyoxometalates (POMs), have shown outstanding performance as catalysts and lately attracted interest as materials in energy conversion and storage systems due to their capability of storing and exchanging multiple electrons. Here, we report the first example of redox-driven reversible electrodeposition of molecular vanadium oxide clusters, leading to the formation of thin films. The detailed investigation of the deposition mechanism reveals that the reversibility is dependent on the reduction potential. Correlating electrochemical quartz microbalance studies with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data gave insight into the redox chemistry and oxidation states of vanadium in the deposited films in dependence on the potential window. A multi-electron reduction of the polyoxovanadate cluster, which facilitates the potassium (K+ ) cation-assisted reversible formation of potassium vanadium oxide thin films was confirmed. At anodic potentials, re-oxidation of the polyoxovanadate and complete stripping of the thin film is observed for films deposited at potentials more positive than -500 mV vs. Ag/Ag+ , while electrodeposition at more negative cathodic potential reduces the electrochemical reversibility of the process and increases the stripping overpotential. As proof of principle, we demonstrate the electrochemical performance of the deposited films for potential use in potassium-ion batteries.

Diagnostic delays for breathlessness in primary care: a qualitative study to investigate current care and inform future pathways.

BACKGROUND: Evidence about the delays to diagnosis for patients presenting with breathlessness is lacking. AIM: To explore current care of patients with breathlessness through the experiences of adults presenting with chronic breathlessness who are awaiting a diagnosis and the experiences of primary care clinicians. DESIGN AND SETTING: Qualitative study with adults presenting with chronic breathlessness and clinicians across 10 general practices. METHOD: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients and clinicians. Participants were recruited from a feasibility cluster randomised controlled trial investigating a structured diagnostic pathway for breathlessness. An interview guide explored experiences of help seeking for breathlessness, the diagnostic process, and associated health care. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis supported by NVivo software. RESULTS: Interviews were conducted with 34 patients (mean age 68 years, standard deviation [SD] 10.8, of whom 20 were female [59%]) and 10 clinicians (mean 17 years of experience, SD 6.3, of whom five were female [50%]). Five themes were identified: recognising and validating symptoms of breathlessness is an important first step; clinical decision making for breathlessness is complex; difficult conversations arise when a disease-related diagnosis is not confirmed; disease management rather than symptom management is prioritised by clinicians; and patient experience is influenced by clinician communication style. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate potential explanations for delays to diagnosis for patients with chronic breathlessness. Interventions are needed to enhance symptom recognition, include alternative approaches to incremental investigation, and expand the concept of diagnosis beyond a disease label to improve communication, with the ultimate aim of earlier diagnosis and management to improve patient outcomes.

Collaboration between explainable artificial intelligence and pulmonologists improves the accuracy of pulmonary function test interpretation.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated the collaborative potential between artificial intelligence (AI) and pulmonologists for diagnosing pulmonary disease. We hypothesised that the collaboration between a pulmonologist and AI with explanations (explainable AI (XAI)) is superior in diagnostic interpretation of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) than the pulmonologist without support. METHODS: The study was conducted in two phases, a monocentre study (phase 1) and a multicentre intervention study (phase 2). Each phase utilised two different sets of 24 PFT reports of patients with a clinically validated gold standard diagnosis. Each PFT was interpreted without (control) and with XAI's suggestions (intervention). Pulmonologists provided a differential diagnosis consisting of a preferential diagnosis and optionally up to three additional diagnoses. The primary end-point compared accuracy of preferential and additional diagnoses between control and intervention. Secondary end-points were the number of diagnoses in differential diagnosis, diagnostic confidence and inter-rater agreement. We also analysed how XAI influenced pulmonologists' decisions. RESULTS: In phase 1 (n=16 pulmonologists), mean preferential and differential diagnostic accuracy significantly increased by 10.4% and 9.4%, respectively, between control and intervention (p<0.001). Improvements were somewhat lower but highly significant (p<0.0001) in phase 2 (5.4% and 8.7%, respectively; n=62 pulmonologists). In both phases, the number of diagnoses in the differential diagnosis did not reduce, but diagnostic confidence and inter-rater agreement significantly increased during intervention. Pulmonologists updated their decisions with XAI's feedback and consistently improved their baseline performance if AI provided correct predictions. CONCLUSION: A collaboration between a pulmonologist and XAI is better at interpreting PFTs than individual pulmonologists reading without XAI support or XAI alone.