Infant Communication Across the Transition to Walking: Developmental Cascades Among Infant Siblings of Children with Autism.

New motor skills can shape how infants communicate with their caregivers. For example, learning to walk allows infants to move faster and farther than they previously could, in turn allowing them to approach their caregivers more frequently to gesture or vocalize. Does the link between walking and communication differ for infants later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), whose communicative and motor development differs from their neurotypically developing peers? We prospectively followed two groups of infants longitudinally during the transition from crawling to walking: (1) N = 25 infants with no family history of ASD; and (2) N = 91 infants with an older sibling with ASD. Fifteen infants were later diagnosed with ASD, and 26 infants showed a language delay (but did not receive an ASD diagnosis). After learning to walk, infants without ASD or language delay showed considerable changes in their communication: They gestured more frequently, and increasingly coordinated their gestures and vocalizations with locomotion (e.g., by approaching a caregiver and showing a toy). Infants with language delay showed similar but attenuated growth in their communication. However, infants later diagnosed with ASD did not display enhanced communication after they began to walk.

Suicide and Self-Harm in Children and Adolescents Admitted to PICUs in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize the epidemiology of children and adolescents admitted for deliberate self-harm to PICUs in the United States by examining patient demographics, diagnoses, modes of self-harm, and outcomes. DESIGN: Descriptive analysis of a large, multicenter, quality-controlled database. SETTING: The 137 PICUs participating in the Virtual Pediatric Systems database during the study period. PATIENTS: Children between 6 and 18 years old admitted to a participating PICU from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2017, with a diagnosis involving deliberate self-harm or a suicide attempt. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of 9,197 admissions for self-harm, females accounted for 6,740 (73.3%), whereas males incurred 174 of the 284 deaths (61.3%). Admissions for self-harm doubled over the study period (0.56% in 2009 vs 1.13% in 2017), with an increase observed across every age group. After PICU care, most patients were transferred to a general care floor (51.1%) or to a psychiatric rehabilitation facility (31.8%). Intentional drug ingestion (84%) was the most common mode of self-harm but was associated with less than 1% of the fatalities. Asphyxia/hanging or firearms were a factor in 411 (4.5%) and 106 (1.2%) of the admissions but were associated with 117 (28.5%) and 55 (51.9%) of the deaths, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: PICU admissions due to self-harm increased for all age groups during the study period. Females accounted for most of these admissions, whereas males accrued most of the in-hospital deaths. Intentional drug ingestion was the most common mode of self-harm and was rarely fatal, whereas asphyxia and firearms were the mechanisms associated with the highest mortality.

Support Group Value and Design for Parents of Children with Severe or Profound Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.

The purpose of this study was to interview parents of children with severe or profound intellectual and developmental disabilities to determine the perceived value of support groups and identify recommendations for support group design based on their experiences and feedback. Despite varied experiences with support groups, most parents indicated the value of support groups is in providing a place where parents can feel understood and both share and gather information. Parents recommended support groups be targeted for parents of children with similar disabilities and needs, have flexible structures and qualified leaders, and offer a wide variety of content in various formats. Given parental recommendations for support group design varied, summary recommendations addressing a wide range of preferences are provided.

Acanthamoeba granulomatous amoebic encephalitis after pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant.

Acanthamoeba encephalitis is a rare, often fatal condition, particularly after HSCT, with 9 reported cases to date in the world literature. Our case was originally diagnosed with ALL at age 3 years, and after several relapses underwent HSCT at age 9 years. At 17 years of age, he was diagnosed with secondary AML for which he underwent a second allogeneic HSCT. He presented with acute-onset worsening neurological deficits on day +226 after the second transplant and a post-mortem diagnosis of Acanthamoeba encephalitis was established, with the aid of the CDC.

Nasopharyngeal rhabdomyosarcoma mimicking a peritonsillar abscess.

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue malignancy seen in childhood and frequently occurs in the head and neck region. Pediatric head and neck RMS is often misdiagnosed as common benign conditions. Here we describe an embryonal RMS that presented as a peritonsillar abscess (PTA). Due to an incorrect initial diagnosis and lack of imaging, the patient received unnecessary medical therapy and diagnosis of RMS was delayed.

Hereditary spherocytosis: Consequences of delayed diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether patients with undiagnosed hereditary spherocytosis hospitalized for transfusions might have avoided hospitalization via earlier diagnosis. STUDY DESIGN: Charts of all (N = 30) patients with hereditary spherocytosis seen in pediatric hematology at West Virginia University-Charleston were reviewed. Family and transfusion history and presence of neonatal jaundice were recorded. Complete blood count and reticulocyte values during infancy were available for 20 of 30 patients, while baseline steady-state values were available for all 30. RESULTS: Transfusions were given to 22 patients; 12 of 14 with an aplastic crisis were undiagnosed. In 10 of 12, the severity of anemia led to hospitalization (3 to intensive care). All 10 had prior mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and/or red cell distribution width elevations and a history of neonatal jaundice; 7 of 10 had a positive family history. CONCLUSIONS: Undiagnosed hereditary spherocytosis may lead to inpatient transfusions for severe anemia. Earlier detection of hereditary spherocytosis is easily achievable and may reduce hospitalizations via closer monitoring.