Adolescent social anxiety is associated with diminished discrimination of anticipated threat and safety in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.

Social anxiety-which typically emerges in adolescence-lies on a continuum and, when extreme, can be devastating. Socially anxious individuals are prone to heightened fear, anxiety, and the avoidance of contexts associated with potential social scrutiny. Yet most neuroimaging research has focused on acute social threat. Much less attention has been devoted to understanding the neural systems recruited during the uncertain anticipation of potential encounters with social threat. Here we used a novel fMRI paradigm to probe the neural circuitry engaged during the anticipation and acute presentation of threatening faces and voices in a racially diverse sample of 66 adolescents selectively recruited to encompass a range of social anxiety and enriched for clinically significant levels of distress and impairment. Results demonstrated that adolescents with more severe social anxiety symptoms experience heightened distress when anticipating encounters with social threat, and reduced discrimination of uncertain social threat and safety in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), a key division of the central extended amygdala (EAc). Although the EAc-including the BST and central nucleus of the amygdala-was robustly engaged by the acute presentation of threatening faces and voices, the degree of EAc engagement was unrelated to the severity of social anxiety. Together, these observations provide a neurobiologically grounded framework for conceptualizing adolescent social anxiety and set the stage for the kinds of prospective-longitudinal and mechanistic research that will be necessary to determine causation and, ultimately, to develop improved interventions for this often-debilitating illness.

Remapping and Reconnecting the Language Network after Stroke.

Here, we review the literature on neurotypical individuals and individuals with post-stroke aphasia showing that right-hemisphere regions homologous to language network and other regions, like the right cerebellum, are activated in language tasks and support language even in healthy people. We propose that language recovery in post-stroke aphasia occurs largely by potentiating the right hemisphere network homologous to the language network and other networks that previously supported language to a lesser degree and by modulating connection strength between nodes of the right-hemisphere language network and undamaged nodes of the left-hemisphere language network. Based on this premise (supported by evidence we review), we propose that interventions should be aimed at potentiating the right-hemisphere language network through Hebbian learning or by augmenting connections between network nodes through neuroplasticity, such as non-invasive brain stimulation and perhaps modulation of neurotransmitters involved in neuroplasticity. We review aphasia treatment studies that have taken this approach. We conclude that further aphasia rehabilitation with this aim is justified.

Mary has a little chair: Eliciting noun-modifier phrases in individuals with acute post-stroke aphasia.

Background: Aphasia assessment primarily examines an individual's syntax, nouns, and verbs. However, modifiers, such as adjectives and number words, and bound morphemes can be the subject of considerable difficulty for individuals with aphasia. The Morphosyntactic Generation (MorGen) targets nouns, modifiers, and bound inflectional morphemes in two-word phrases among people with aphasia. Aims: The purpose of this work is to provide the first report of the MorGen in hyperacute-acute aphasia. In doing so, we aim to (1) examine the MorGen's concurrent validity with common assessments of aphasia; (2) describe performance in modifiers by people with acute aphasia; and (3) associate MorGen performance with extent of lesioned vascular territories in acute stroke. Methods & Procedures: 62 adult English speakers within the first 14 days of left hemisphere ischemic stroke and 61 healthy control participants completed the MorGen. In addition to receiving the MorGen, participants with stroke received the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB), Boston Naming Test, and Hopkins Action Naming Assessment. Clinical MRIs were analyzed for the extent of lesion in the vascular territory of the left anterior, medial, and posterior cerebral artery, as well as the left posterior choroidal and thalamoperforator arteries. Outcomes & Results: Aim 1: Performance on the MorGen demonstrated consistently high, significant correlations with that on the WAB, Boston Naming Test, and Hopkins Action Naming Assessment. Aim 2: Individuals who had a stroke but were within functional limits (WFL) on the WAB performed significantly worse than healthy controls on the MorGen, driven by differences in adjective performance. When controlling for aphasia severity, those with fluent aphasia performed significantly better in their production of nouns, plurals, number, size, and color than those who had non-fluent aphasia, but both groups were similarly inclined to omit genitive marking. Aim 3: Lesions in the territory of the temporal branch of the posterior cerebral artery were associated with poorer performance in nouns, size, and color. Lesions in the territory of the anterior cerebral artery were associated with poorer performance in numbers. Conclusions: This work highlights the value of the MorGen as a tool for post-stroke language evaluation that complements the skills captured in more widely-used assessments such as the WAB and BNT.

New Picture Stimuli for the NIH Stroke Scale: A Validation Study.

BACKGROUND: The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale is a widely accepted tool for structured graded neurological examination of stroke or suspected stroke in the hyperacute setting. Concerns have arisen about the use of its picture stimuli in a contemporary and global health context. Here, we present new stimuli prepared to serve the needs of stroke providers worldwide: the precarious painter image description and updated objects for naming. METHODS: This was a validation study of 101 healthy fluent English speakers. Participants were reached by the Johns Hopkins Outpatient Center, the University of South Carolina, and Prisma Health from 2022 to 2023 and included residents of the United States, Germany, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Zambia. Participants were recorded in person or via video conferencing when asked to describe the new picture, while a subset named seven illustrations. Multivariate analyses of variance were used for primary analyses. In a complementary investigation, 299 attendees of the 2023 International Stroke Conference were asked about their preference for the existing or new stimuli and why. RESULTS: Each of the 44 content units from the picture description was included by at least 5% of respondents in the demographically representative subsample. Performance was similar across healthy participants irrespective of age, sex, race, ethnicity, or education. Typical descriptions were characterized by an average of 23 content units (SD=5) conveyed with 167 syllables (SD=79). The new naming stimuli were recognized by 100% of participants from many countries as being familiar and identifiable, and names provided in response to the task were highly convergent. The majority of stroke health care providers preferred both the precarious painter and naming stimuli. CONCLUSIONS: The description of the new National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale picture, the precarious painter, results in rich samples among healthy speakers that will provide an appropriate basis for the detection of language deficits.

White Matter Hyperintensities as a Predictor of Aphasia Recovery.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between baseline white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and change in naming, content production, and efficiency after treatment in subacute aphasia. We hypothesized that more severe baseline WMH would result in less improvement with treatment. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of a cohort from a double-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT). SETTING: Outpatient clinical setting or participant home. PARTICIPANTS: We retrospectively reviewed imaging and behavioral data for 52 participants with subacute aphasia due to left-hemisphere ischemic stroke enrolled in the RCT. RCT inclusion criteria: English proficiency, normal/corrected-to-normal hearing/vision, and no history of neurologic conditions other than the stroke resulting aphasia. One participant with a chronic right-hemisphere lesion was retained as she presented with no residual deficits on neurologic examination. Individuals with scalp sensitivities or on medications that lower seizure threshold or any N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists were excluded. Of the 52 participants, for this analysis, 2 were excluded for not having a magnetic resonance imaging, and 7 were excluded for not participating in treatment or pre/post assessment for at least 1 outcome, resulting in final sample of 43 participants (20 women sex, M [SD] age=64.4 [11.9] and M [SD] education=14.9 [3.1] years). INTERVENTIONS: Participants received 15 sessions (2-3 times/week) of computerized lexical-semantic (ie, verification) treatment with [sham/active] transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Sessions were approximately 45 minutes each (tDCS for first 20 minutes). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Naming accuracy, content units (CUs, a measure of semantically accurate production), and efficiency (ie, syllables/CU) on a picture description task. RESULTS: Periventricular WMH severity was independently associated with recovery in picture naming for the active tDCS group. Deep WMH severity was associated with recovery for CU production for the sham tDCS group. CONCLUSION: Baseline periventricular and deep WMH, among other factors, may be an important consideration for prognosis and treatment planning, especially when considered in conjunction with tDCS treatment.

Verb Frequency and Density Drive Naming Performance in Primary Progressive Aphasia.

Background: Recent work has highlighted the utility of the Boston Naming Test and Hopkins Action Naming Assessment (HANA) for distinguishing between semantic (svPPA), logopenic (lvPPA) and non-fluent agrammatic (nfavPPA) variants of primary progressive aphasia (PPA). Aims: To determine whether item level differences between variants on when naming verbs on the HANA were able to be accounted for using common variables of lexical interest: word frequency, semantic density, concreteness, or valency. We also examined three specific hypotheses: (1) svPPA and lvPPA may result in increased difficulty with decreased semantic density compared to nfavPPA; (2) svPPA may result in increased difficulty with decreased concreteness; and (3) nfavPPA may result in increased difficulty with high syntactic valency. Methods & Procedures: 268 patients with PPA were evaluated using the HANA. A hierarchical Bayesian regression approach was adopted to account for effects of repeated measurement within participants and items. Outcomes & Results: The main effects of variant and verb trait were significant in all models, as was the interaction for frequency, semantic density, and valency. Increasing frequency, semantic density, and concreteness led to better performance, while increasing valency led to poorer performance. Low semantic density contributed to greater difficulty in svPPA and lvPPA, but low concreteness did not uniquely impact verb naming in svPPA. Those with nfavPPA had no particular difficulty as a result of valency. Conclusions: Prior studies have identified the independent effects of frequency and semantic density on verb naming in PPA, which were confirmed by our analyses, and the best predictions of the data were achieved by combining these dimensions. This investigation complements our previous work highlighting the value of the HANA for efficiently demonstrating verb performance in PPA.

Corticocerebellar White Matter Integrity Is Related to Naming Outcome in Post-Stroke Aphasia.

Studies have shown that the integrity of white matter tracts connecting different regions in the left cerebral hemisphere is important for aphasia recovery after stroke. However, the impact of the underlying structural connection between the cortex and the cerebellum in post-stroke aphasia is poorly understood. We studied the microstructural integrity of the cerebellum and the corticocerebellar connections and their role in picture naming. Fifty-six patients with left cerebral infarcts (sparing the cerebellum) underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and Boston Naming Test. We compared the fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) values of the right and the left cerebellum (lobular gray and white matter structures) and cerebellocortical connections. Recursive feature elimination and Spearman correlation analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship between naming performance and the corticocerebellar connections. We found that the right, relative to left, cerebellar structures and their connections with the left cerebrum showed lower FA and higher MD values, both reflecting lower microstructural integrity. This trend was not observed in the healthy controls. Higher MD values of the right major cerebellar outflow tract were associated with poorer picture naming performance. Our study provides the first DTI data demonstrating the critical importance of ascending and descending corticocerebellar connections for naming outcomes after stroke.

Individual Differences in Response to Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation With Language Therapy in Subacute Stroke.

BACKGROUND: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can be used to improve post-stroke aphasia. However, given the mixed evidence for its efficacy, individual differences may moderate the relative benefit of this strategy. In planned exploratory subgroup analyses, we examined whether age, education, sex, brain-derived neurotrophic factor status, and baseline performance individually impacted improvement in picture naming between baseline and 1 week after the end of the therapy, then whether the combination of factors that predicted recovery of naming and discourse differed for those who received concurrent tDCS. OBJECTIVE: Examine whether individual differences influenced the effect of tDCS on language recovery. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled, efficacy study of tDCS combined with language therapy for subacute post-stroke aphasia, patients completed an evaluation including the Philadelphia Naming Test and Cookie Theft picture description, which was analyzed for Content Units (CU) and Syllables/CU. Individual factors were examined using linear models including the interaction between treatment group and subgroup. RESULTS: Significant interactions were observed between tDCS group and both age and education. The predictors of a positive response to tDCS differed from the predictors of a positive response to language treatment alone. While baseline performance was an important predictor of future performance regardless of treatment group, responses to treatment without tDCS were influenced by age whereas responses to treatment with tDCS were not. CONCLUSIONS: Age and education influence the efficacy of different treatment strategies. Refinement of treatment selection is important to the overall individualization and optimization of post-stroke patient care. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02674490.

Subacute aphasia recovery is associated with resting-state connectivity within and beyond the language network.

OBJECTIVE: To examine changes to connectivity after aphasia treatment in the first 3 months after stroke. METHODS: Twenty people experiencing aphasia within the first 3 months of stroke completed MRI before and immediately following 15 hours of language treatment. They were classified based on their response to treatment on a naming test of nouns as either high responders (10% improvement or more), or low responders (<10% improvement). Groups were similar in age, gender distribution, education, days since stroke, stroke volume, and baseline severity. Resting-state functional connectivity analysis was limited to the connectivity of the left fusiform gyrus with the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, and superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyrus, based on previous studies showing the importance of left fusiform gyrus in naming performance. RESULTS: Baseline ipsilateral connectivity between the left fusiform gyrus and the language network was similar between high and low responders to therapy when controlling for stroke volume. Following therapy, change in connectivity was significantly greater among high responders between the left fusiform gyrus and the ipsilateral and contralateral pars triangularis, ipsilateral pars opercularis and superior temporal gyrus, and contralateral angular gyrus when compared with low responders. INTERPRETATION: An account of these findings incorporates primarily proximal connectivity restoration, but also potentially reflects select contralateral compensatory reorganization. The latter is often associated with chronic recovery, reflecting the transitional nature of the subacute period.

When words first fail: Predicting the emergence of primary progressive aphasia variants from unclassifiable anomic performance in early disease.

Background: The majority of patients with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) can be distinguished into one of three variants: semantic, non-fluent/agrammatic, or logopenic. However, many do not meet criteria for any one variant. Aim: To identify aspects of cognitive-linguistic performance that yield an early unclassifiable PPA designation that predicted the later emergence of a given variant. Methods & Procedures: Of 256 individuals with PPA evaluated, 19 initially were unclassifiable and later met criteria for a variant. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the binary ability of a given task to predict eventual classification as a given variant. Tasks with a high area under the curve were examined using regression analyses to determine their ability to predict variant. Outcomes & Results: High mean predictive value was observed for multiple naming assessments targeting nouns and verbs. The Boston Naming Test (BNT) was the only test that, in isolation, resulted in a significant model and high classification accuracy. Conclusions: Although naming impairment is common across PPA variants, very low initial BNT scores emerged as a uniquely accurate basis for predicting eventual semantic variant, and normal BNT scores predicted eventual nonfluent/agrammatic variant. High performance on picture-verb verification was useful in identifying future lvPPA.

Supporting Post-Stroke Language and Cognition with Pharmacotherapy: Tools for Each Phase of Care.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: There is enormous enthusiasm for the possibility of pharmacotherapies to treat language deficits that can arise after stroke. Speech language therapy remains the most frequently utilized and most strongly evidenced treatment, but the numerous barriers to patients receiving the therapy necessary to recover have motivated the creation of a relatively modest, yet highly cited, body of evidence to support the use of pharmacotherapy to treat post-stroke aphasia directly or to augment traditional post-stroke aphasia treatment. In this review, we survey the use of pharmacotherapy to preserve and support language and cognition in the context of stroke across phases of care, discuss key ongoing clinical trials, and identify targets that may become emerging interventions in the future. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent trials have shifted focus from short periods of drug therapy supporting therapy in the chronic phase to longer terms approaching pharmacological maintenance beginning more acutely. Recent innovations in hyperacute stroke care, such as tenecteplase, and acute initiation of neuroprotective agents and serotonin reuptake inhibitors are important areas of ongoing research that complement the ongoing search for effective adjuvants to later therapy. Currently there are no drugs approved in the United States for the treatment of aphasia. Nevertheless, pharmacological intervention may provide a benefit to all phases of stroke care.

Association of inferior division MCA stroke location with populations with atrial fibrillation incidence.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Considering the anatomical features of Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) bifurcation, larger emboli are more likely to enter the inferior division over the superior division. Since emboli of cardiac origin are larger on average than emboli of arterial origin, we hypothesize that the infarcts in temporal and parietal lobes are more likely associated to atrial fibrillation than those in the frontal lobes, therefore occurring more often in populations with higher incidence of atrial fibrillation, such as male (compared to women) and white (compared to black) patients. METHODS: We included 197 patients with MCA "temporoparietal predominant" infarcts and 105 with "frontal predominant" infarcts. Variations between stroke location (frontal or temporoparietal), sex, and race were examined via Chi-square test. RESULTS: Male patients were more likely than female patients to be afflicted by temporoparietal strokes versus frontal strokes, while white patients had greater likelihood than black patients to be afflicted by temporoparietal strokes versus frontal strokes. Patients with confirmed diagnosis of atrial fibrillation display more temporoparietal strokes compared to frontal strokes. CONCLUSION: Temporoparietal MCA ischemic strokes occur more frequently in male and white patients: populations with known increased incidence of atrial fibrillation. In addition, population-specific anatomical characteristics of the MCA bifurcation might favor the larger cardiac emboli to enter the inferior division and cause temporoparietal infarcts. This association can help guide search for the most likely etiology of infarcts.

Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation in Subacute Aphasia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) is a promising adjunct to therapy for chronic aphasia. METHODS: This single-center, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled efficacy trial tested the hypothesis that anodal tDCS augments language therapy in subacute aphasia. Secondarily, we compared the effect of tDCS on discourse measures and quality of life and compared the effects on naming to previous findings in chronic stroke. Right-handed English speakers with aphasia <3 months after left hemisphere ischemic stroke were included, unless they had prior neurological or psychiatric disease or injury or were taking certain medications (34 excluded; final sample, 58). Participants were randomized 1:1, controlling for age, aphasia type, and severity, to receive 20 minutes of tDCS (1 mA) or sham-tDCS in addition to fifteen 45-minute sessions of naming treatment (plus standard care). The primary outcome variable was change in naming accuracy of untrained pictures pretreatment to 1-week posttreatment. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were similar between the tDCS (N=30) and sham (N=28) groups: patients were 65 years old, 53% male, and 2 months from stroke onset on average. In intent-to-treat analysis, the adjusted mean change from baseline to 1-week posttreatment in picture naming was 22.3 (95% CI, 13.5-31.2) for tDCS and 18.5 (9.6-27.4) for sham and was not significantly different. Content and efficiency of picture description improved more with tDCS than sham. Groups did not differ in quality of life improvement. No patients were withdrawn due to adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: tDCS did not improve recovery of picture naming but did improve recovery of discourse. Discourse skills are critical to participation. Future research should examine tDCS in a larger sample with richer functional outcomes. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov; Unique identifier: NCT02674490.

Socialize, Eat More, and Feel Better: Communal Eating in Acute Neurological Care.

OBJECTIVE: Stroke commonly leads to feelings of isolation and loneliness, especially during the hospital period. The aim of the Communal Eating program was to support patient well-being through introducing opportunities for patients to eat lunch together. DESIGN: Patients admitted to the Brain Rescue Unit who were identified as appropriate by their attending physicians, nurses, or other clinicians were recruited to attend communal lunch. Their mood, quality of life, loneliness, communication, swallowing safety, and eating behavior were examined. RESULTS: Those who attended two or more sessions tended to have been lonelier and more psychosocially impaired at baseline. Patients who had one or fewer lunch showed no significant differences from baseline to posthospitalization on any measure. However, for those who ate two or more lunches, changes in loneliness and quality of life trended toward improvement. There was scant evidence of changes to communication or eating habits. CONCLUSION: Implementing a communal eating program in the acute hospital setting was very feasible and widely supported by patients, families, and staff. The results thus far show modest trends toward fulfilling the goal of supporting emotional well-being, while potentially supporting increased intake and, importantly, do not evidence any measurable harm.

Emotional and qualitative outcomes among patients with left and right hemisphere stroke.

The differences in mental health outcomes of right and left hemisphere strokes are well studied; however, there is a long-standing controversy surrounding whether depression is associated with lateralization of stroke or not. In this investigation, we examined the effect of lesion location on post-stroke depression controlling for lesion size and hemiparesis in a longitudinal sample assessed at acute, subacute, and chronic timepoints. As a secondary aim, we further examined the effect of lesion location on self-reported difficulties across a wide array of domains. A series of 134 patients with left hemisphere strokes and 79 with right hemisphere strokes completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and an inventory of post-stroke abilities at within acute, subacute, and chronic windows following stroke. When controlling for hemiparesis and overall lesion volume, we found no difference in depression between groups at any timepoint. Additional exploratory analyses provided a further look at differing challenges associated with depression in each group.

Reversing the Ruin: Rehabilitation, Recovery, and Restoration After Stroke.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Stroke is a common cause of disability in aging adults. A given individual's needs after stroke vary as a function of the stroke extent and location. The purpose of this review was to discuss recent clinical investigations addressing rehabilitation of an array of overlapping functional domains. RECENT FINDINGS: Research is ongoing in the domains of movement, cognition, attention, speech, language, swallowing, and mental health. To best assist patients' recovery, innovative research has sought to develop and evaluate behavioral approaches, identify and refine synergistic approaches that augment the response to behavioral therapy, and integrate technology where appropriate, particularly to introduce and titrate real-world complexity and improve the overall experience of therapy. Recent and ongoing trials have increasingly adopted a multidisciplinary nature - augmenting refined behavioral therapy approaches with methods for increasing their potency, such as pharmaceutical or electrical interventions. The integration of virtual reality, robotics, and other technological advancements has generated immense excitement, but has not resulted in consistent improvements over more universally accessible, lower technology therapy.

Clinical Guidelines for Eliciting Discourse Using the RHDBank Protocol.

PURPOSE: Examining discourse after right hemisphere brain damage (RHD) can provide invaluable clinical data and insight into functional communication capabilities. Yet, clinicians preparing to enter the field may have limited experience eliciting and analyzing discourse for therapeutic purposes. The purpose of this work is to present a practical guide for the clinical use of the RHDBank protocol. METHOD: Following a brief overview of the RHDBank protocol, elicitation guidelines and protocol administration considerations are offered. Measures that should be considered when analyzing RHDBank-elicited discourse are summarized. The RHDBank protocol is positioned as an accessible resource for discourse elicitation in the clinical setting, and examples for the clinical use of the protocol are provided. CONCLUSIONS: Discourse production can be a key source of information regarding communication ability following RHD. The RHDBank provides a structured and scripted approach to the clinical elicitation of language and consideration of discourse production. Its immediate clinical utility will assist developing clinicians with the acquisition of a clinically relevant elicitation approach and more comprehensive view of the RHD communication impairments. Application of the protocol can aid in collective knowledge advancement that will promote a better understanding of RHD language production as a clinical entity with an array of possible characteristics.

Left Hemisphere Bias of NIH Stroke Scale Is Most Severe for Middle Cerebral Artery Strokes.

NIHSS score is higher for left vs. right hemisphere strokes of equal volumes. However, differences in each vascular territory have not been evaluated yet. We hypothesized that left vs. right differences are driven by the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory, and there is no difference between hemispheres for other vascular territories. This study is based on data from 802 patients with evidence of acute ischemic stroke in one major arterial territory (MCA, n = 437; PCA, n = 209; ACA, n = 21; vertebrobasilar, n = 46). We examined differences in patients with left or right strokes regarding to lesion volume, NIHSS, and other covariates (age, sex, race). We used linear models to test the effects of these covariates on NIHSS. We looked at the whole sample as well as in the sample stratified by NIHSS (≤5 or >5) and by lesion location (MCA or PCA). Patients with left MCA strokes had significantly higher NIHSS than those with right strokes. Only patients with MCA strokes showed NIHSS score affected by the hemisphere when controlling for stroke volume and patient's age. This difference was driven by the more severe strokes (NIHSS>5). It is important to consider this systematic bias in the NIHSS when using the score for inclusion criteria for treatment or trials. Patients with right MCA stroke may be under-treated and left with disabling deficits that are not captured by the NIHSS.

No evidence of impediment by three common classes of prescription drugs to post-stroke aphasia recovery in a retrospective longitudinal sample.

A number of pharmaceuticals have been identified as potential adjuvants to speech language therapy following stroke, but it is also important to consider which pharmaceuticals may result in a less robust recovery. Here we examine whether post-stroke language recovery was meaningfully impeded by cholinergic, GABAergic, or dopaminergic medications patients received. Eighty participants with left hemisphere stroke were examined retrospectively to see whether the use of one of these three classes of medication prior to admission for acute stroke, during their inpatient stay, or at discharge was associated with differences in recovery on three common measures of language. While prescription of any of the candidate drugs was relatively uncommon, groups were very well matched for many common factors that impact performance. When age, education, and acute lesion volume were controlled, there were no significant differences in performance among those taking cholinergic, GABAergic, or dopaminergic medications and those who were not. Those who experienced a "good recovery" of language (≥10% improvement on any one language measure over time) had similar exposure to these drugs to those with a poor recovery. This work represents a first look at these drug classes with regard to their effects on the recovery of language after stroke and should not be interpreted as resolving all potential for concern, but these results do offer modest reassurance that these common classes of pharmacotherapy, when given for short periods in this population, do not appear to have marked deleterious effects on post-stroke recovery of language.

Concussion in Women's Flat-Track Roller Derby.

Concussions are common among flat-track roller derby players, a unique and under-studied sport, but little has been done to assess how common they are or what players can do to manage injury risk. The purpose of this study is to provide an epidemiological investigation of concussion incidence and experience in a large international sampling of roller derby players. Six hundred sixty-five roller derby players from 25 countries responded to a comprehensive online survey about injury and sport participation. Participants also responded to a battery of psychometric assessment tools targeting risk-factors for poor injury recovery (negative bias, social support, mental toughness) and players' thoughts and feelings in response to injury. Per 1,000 athletes, 790.98 concussions were reported. Current players reported an average of 2.2 concussions, while former players reported 3.1 concussions. However, groups were matched when these figures were corrected for differences in years of play (approximately one concussion every 2 years). Other frequent injuries included fractures in extremities and upper limbs, torn knee ligaments, and sprained ankles. We found no evidence that players' position, full-contact scrimmages, or flooring impacted number of concussions. However, neurological history and uncorrected vision were more influential predictors of an individual's number of concussions during roller derby than years of participation or age, though all four contributed significantly. These findings should assist athletes in making informed decisions about participation in roller derby, though more work is needed to understand the nature of risk.