RESUMO
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1326779.].
RESUMO
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by the full mutation in the FMR1 gene on the Xq27.3 chromosome region. It is the most common monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and inherited intellectual disability (ID). Besides ASD and ID and other symptoms, individuals with FXS may exhibit sleep problems and impairment of circadian rhythm (CR). The Drosophila melanogaster models of FXS, such as dFMR1B55, represent excellent models for research in the FXS field. During this study, sleep patterns and CR in dFMR1B55 mutants were analyzed, using a new platform based on continuous high-resolution videography integrated with a highly-customized version of an open-source software. This methodology provides more sensitive results, which could be crucial for all further research in this model of fruit flies. The study revealed that dFMR1B55 male mutants sleep more and can be considered weak rhythmic flies rather than totally arrhythmic and present a good alternative animal model of genetic disorder, which includes impairment of CR and sleep behavior. The combination of affordable videography and software used in the current study is a significant improvement over previous methods and will enable broader adaptation of such high-resolution behavior monitoring methods.
Assuntos
Ritmo Circadiano , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Drosophila melanogaster , Proteína do X Frágil da Deficiência Intelectual , Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil , Sono , Animais , Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil/genética , Ritmo Circadiano/genética , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Sono/fisiologia , Proteína do X Frágil da Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Masculino , Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Comportamento Animal , Mutação , Gravação em Vídeo , FemininoRESUMO
Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common monogenic cause of inherited intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder, is caused by a full mutation (>200 CGG repeats) in the Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1) gene. Individuals with FXS experience various challenges related to social interaction (SI). Animal models, such as the Drosophila melanogaster model for FXS where the only ortholog of human FMR1 (dFMR1) is mutated, have played a crucial role in the understanding of FXS. The aim of this study was to investigate SI in the dFMR1B55 mutants (the groups of flies of both sexes simultaneously) using the novel Drosophila Shallow Chamber and a Python data processing pipeline based on social network analysis (SNA). In comparison with wild-type flies (w1118), SNA analysis in dFMR1B55 mutants revealed hypoactivity, fewer connections in their networks, longer interaction duration, a lower ability to transmit information efficiently, fewer alternative pathways for information transmission, a higher variability in the number of interactions they achieved, and flies tended to stay near the boundaries of the testing chamber. These observed alterations indicate the presence of characteristic strain-dependent social networks in dFMR1B55 flies, commonly referred to as the group phenotype. Finally, combining novel research tools is a valuable method for SI research in fruit flies.
RESUMO
The control of parasitic nematode infections relies mostly on anthelmintics. The potential pharmacotherapeutic application of phytochemicals, in order to overcome parasite resistance and enhance the effect of existing drugs, is becoming increasingly important. The antinematodal effects of carveol was tested on the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the neuromuscular preparation of the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum. Carveol caused spastic paralysis in C. elegans. In A. suum carveol potentiated contractions induced by acetylcholine (ACh) and this effect was confirmed with two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology on the A. suum nicotinic ACh receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes. However, potentiating effect of carveol on ACh-induced contractions was partially sensitive to atropine, indicates a dominant nicotine effect but also the involvement of some muscarinic structures. The effects of carveol on the neuromuscular system of mammals are also specific. In micromolar concentrations, carveol acts as a non-competitive ACh antagonist on ileum contractions. Unlike atropine, it does not change the EC50 of ACh, but reduces the amplitude of contractions. Carveol caused an increase in Electrical Field Stimulation-evoked contractions of the isolated rat diaphragm, but at higher concentrations it caused an inhibition. Also, carveol neutralized the mecamylamine-induced tetanic fade, indicating a possibly different pre- and post-synaptic action at the neuromuscular junction.
RESUMO
Introduction: The present study aimed to establish the role of lipid abnormalities and inflammatory markers for developing cardiovascular risk, as well as to address the importance of obesity as a common comorbidity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods: The study was conducted as a prospective cohort study including 120 patients with newly diagnosed OSA between 2019 and 2020, at University Clinical Hospital Center "Bezanijska kosa", Belgrade, Serbia. The diagnosis was established by polysomnography. In all patients, sociodemographic data, respiratory, lipid, and inflammatory parameters were collected and complete echocardiographic study and 24-h blood pressure monitoring were performed. Results: The mean patient age was 55.7 ± 13.8 years. Study population was mostly male (70.0%) and obese (56.7%). At least 30 apneas or hypopneas per hour were present in 39.0% of patients. A strong positive correlation was found between OSA severity and BMI (r = 0.562, p < 0.001), both associated with lipid, inflammatory and respiratory parameters, and cardiovascular profile of patients with OSA (p < 0.05 for all). Echocardiographic study and 24-h blood pressure monitoring parameters were in turn correlated with lipid and inflammatory markers (p < 0.05 for all). Conclusion: The results of this study support the important role of dyslipidemia and inflammation, as well as coexistence of obesity in the pathogenesis of numerous conditions linked with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with OSA.
RESUMO
Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a serious condition linked with various metabolic disorders and associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Although the potential mechanisms of pathophysiological processes related to OSA are relatively well known, the data regarding the correlation between obstructive sleep apnea, dyslipidemia, and systemic inflammation are still inconclusive. Methods: The study was conducted as a retrospective cohort study including 328 patients with newly diagnosed obstructive sleep apnea during the period between April 2018, and May 2020, in University Clinical Hospital Center "Bezanijska kosa", Belgrade, Serbia. Polysomnography was performed in all patients according to the protocol. Numerous demographic, antropometric, laboratory, and clinical data were correlated to Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) as a dependent variable, with a particular review on the relation between lipid abnormalities, inflammatory parameters, and obstructive sleep apnea severity. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess predictors of severe OSA (AHI ≥30 per hour). Results: A total of 328 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 54.0 ± 12.5 years and more than two-thirds were male (68.8%). The majority of the patients had an AHI of at least 30 events per hour. Patients with severe OSA were more frequently male, obese, hypertensive and hyperlipidemic, and had increased neck circumference (both male and female patients). One hundred and thirty-two patients had metabolic syndrome. Patients with severe OSA more frequently had metabolic syndrome and significantly higher levels of glucose, creatinine, uric acid, AST, ALT, CK, microalbumine/creatinine ratio, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL, total cholеsterol to HDL-C ratio, CRP, and ESR. In the multivariate linear regression model with AHI (≥30 per hour) as a dependent variable, of demographic and clinical data, triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L and CRP >5 mg/L were significantly associated with AHI≥30 per hour. Conclusion: The present study on 328 patients with newly diagnosed obstructive sleep apnea revealed significant relation of lipid abnormalities, inflammatory markers, and other clinically important data with obstructive sleep apnea severity. These results can lead to a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiological processes and open the door to a new world of potentially useful therapeutic modalities.
RESUMO
Fragile X syndrome is the most common monogenetic cause of inherited intellectual disability and syndromic autism spectrum disorder. Fragile X syndrome is caused by an expansion (full mutation ≥200 CGGs repeats, normal 10-45 CGGs) of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene, epigenetic silencing of the gene, which leads to reduction or lack of the gene's product: the fragile X mental retardation protein. In this cross-sectional study, we assessed general and pharmacotherapy knowledge (GK and PTK) of fragile X syndrome and satisfaction with education in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) among senior medical students in Serbia (N=348), Georgia (N=112), and Colombia (N=58). A self-administered 18-item questionnaire included GK (8/18) and PTK (7/18) components and self-assessment of the participants education in NDDs (3/18). Roughly 1 in 5 respondents had correct answers on half or more facts about fragile X syndrome (GK>PTK), which ranged similarly 5-7 in Serbia, 6-8 in Georgia, and 5-8 in Colombia, respectively. No cohort had an average value greater than 9 (60%) that would represent passing score "cut-off." None of the participants answered all the questions correctly. More than two-thirds of the participants concluded that they gained inadequate knowledge of NDDs during their studies, and that their education in this field should be more intense. In conclusion, there is a major gap in knowledge regarding fragile X syndrome among senior medical students in these three developing countries. The finding could at least in part be generalized to other developing countries aimed toward increasing knowledge and awareness of NDDs and fostering an institutional collaboration between developed and developing countries.
Assuntos
Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil , Transtorno do Espectro Autista , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Países em Desenvolvimento , Proteína do X Frágil da Deficiência Intelectual , Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil/epidemiologia , Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil/genética , República da Geórgia/epidemiologia , Humanos , Mutação , Sérvia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of different treatments on the physicochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of honeydew honey. Honeydew honey was subjected to heat treatment and 9 different ultrasound treatments. Our results showed that the following parameters were significantly changed: water content, pH, electrical conductivity, diastase activity, HMF content and water activity. The ultrasound resulted in an increase in the total phenol content and the antioxidant capacity (DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS tests) in comparison with the conventional thermal technique. In most cases, the samples subjected to ultrasound improved the antibacterial activity; the heat treatment resulted in a significant reduction of the antibacterial activity, and sample 4 (ultrasound 30 °C, 5 min) showed the best antibacterial activity. The ultrasound treatment, especially at lower temperatures, represents a technique that enables the preservation and improvement of the biological properties of honeydew honey.
RESUMO
Lipids play an essential role in both tissue protection and damage. Tissue ischemia creates anaerobic conditions in which enzyme inactivation occurs, and reperfusion can initiate oxidative stress that leads to harmful changes in membrane lipids, the formation of aldehydes, and chain damage until cell death. The critical event in such a series of harmful events in the cell is the unwanted accumulation of fatty acids that leads to lipotoxicity. Lipid analysis provides additional insight into the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) disorders and reveals new targets for drug action. The profile of changes in the composition of fatty acids in the cell, as well as the time course of these changes, indicate both the mechanism of damage and new therapeutic possibilities. A therapeutic approach to reperfusion lipotoxicity involves attenuation of fatty acids overload, i.e., their transport to adipose tissue and/or inhibition of the adverse effects of fatty acids on cell damage and death. The latter option involves using PPAR agonists and drugs that modulate the transport of fatty acids via carnitine into the interior of the mitochondria or the redirection of long-chain fatty acids to peroxisomes.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Lipidômica/métodos , Lipídeos/análise , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/terapia , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Animais , Carnitina/metabolismo , Humanos , Lipídeos/química , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/diagnóstico , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/metabolismoRESUMO
Lipids play an essential role in platelet functions. It is known that polyunsaturated fatty acids play a role in increasing platelet reactivity and that the prothrombotic phenotype plays a crucial role in the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events. The ongoing increase in cardiovascular diseases' incidence emphasizes the importance of research linking lipids and platelet function. In particular, the rebound phenomenon that accompanies discontinuation of clopidogrel in patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy has been associated with changes in the lipid profile. Our many years of research underline the importance of reduced HDL values for the risk of such a rebound effect and the occurrence of thromboembolic events. Lipids are otherwise a heterogeneous group of molecules, and their signaling molecules are not deposited but formed "on-demand" in the cell. On the other hand, exosomes transmit lipid signals between cells, and the profile of such changes can be monitored by lipidomics. Changes in the lipid profile are organ-specific and may indicate new drug action targets.
Assuntos
Plaquetas/efeitos dos fármacos , Plaquetas/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Lipídeos , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/farmacologia , Animais , Humanos , Lipídeos/química , Lipoproteínas HDL/metabolismo , Agregação Plaquetária/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/química , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/uso terapêutico , Antagonistas do Receptor Purinérgico P2Y/química , Antagonistas do Receptor Purinérgico P2Y/farmacologia , Antagonistas do Receptor Purinérgico P2Y/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Acute ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) liver injury is a clinical condition challenging to treat. Meldonium is an anti-ischemic agent that shifts energy production from fatty acid oxidation to less oxygen-consuming glycolysis. Thus, we investigated the effects of a 4-week meldonium pre-treatment (300 mg/kg b.m./day) on the acute I/R liver injury in Wistar strain male rats. Our results showed that meldonium ameliorates I/R-induced liver inflammation and injury, as confirmed by liver histology, and by attenuation of serum alanine- and aspartate aminotransferase activity, serum and liver high mobility group box 1 protein expression, and liver expression of Bax/Bcl2, haptoglobin, and the phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. Through the increased hepatic activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, meldonium improves the antioxidative defence in the liver of animals subjected to I/R, as proved by an increase in serum and liver ascorbic/dehydroascorbic acid ratio, hepatic haem oxygenase 1 expression, glutathione and free thiol groups content, and hepatic copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activity. Based on our results, it can be concluded that meldonium represent a protective agent against I/R-induced liver injury, with a clinical significance in surgical procedures.
Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepatopatias/tratamento farmacológico , Fígado/metabolismo , Metilidrazinas/farmacologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/tratamento farmacológico , Doença Aguda , Animais , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/patologia , Fígado/patologia , Hepatopatias/metabolismo , Hepatopatias/patologia , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/metabolismo , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/patologiaRESUMO
Acute renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a clinical condition that is challenging to treat. Meldonium is an anti-ischemic agent that shifts energy production from fatty acid oxidation to less oxygen-consuming glycolysis. Thus, in this study we investigated the effects of a four-week meldonium pre-treatment (300 mg/kg b.m./day) on acute renal I/R in male rats (Wistar strain). Our results showed that meldonium decreased animal body mass gain, food and water intake, and carnitine, glucose, and lactic acid kidney content. In kidneys of animals subjected to I/R, meldonium increased phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 and protein kinase B, and increased the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and haeme oxygenase 1, causing manganese superoxide dismutase expression and activity to increase, as well as lipid peroxidation, cooper-zinc superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities to decrease. By decreasing the kidney Bax/Bcl2 expression ratio and kidney and serum high mobility group box 1 protein content, meldonium reduced apoptotic and necrotic events in I/R, as confirmed by kidney histology. Meldonium increased adrenal noradrenaline content and serum, adrenal, hepatic, and renal ascorbic/dehydroascorbic acid ratio, which caused complex changes in renal lipidomics. Taken together, our results have confirmed that meldonium pre-treatment protects against I/R-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis/necrosis.