The Impact of Social Vulnerability on Substance Use Detection Practices in Pregnancy.

This study aimed to synthesize current literature regarding the impact of social vulnerability on pregnancy-related substance use detection in the United States and highlight disparities in substance use detection practices. Clinicaltrials.gov, Google Scholar, PubMed (includes MEDLINE), and Cochrane Library databases were searched using the following Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): (["pregnancy" or "prenatal"] AND ["substance use screening" or "urine toxicology testing" or "toxicology testing" or "urine drug screening" or "CRAFFT" or "4P's" or "4P's Plus" or "NIDA Quick Screen" or "DAST-10" or "SURP-P" or "WIDUS"], AND ("bias" or "disparities" or "social vulnerability"]). The search included systematic reviews, prospective and retrospective studies, randomized controlled trials, case studies, and qualitative and quantitative research from January 2014 through November 2023. Selected literature was limited to studies published in English, which included a study population of either pregnant individuals or pregnancy health care providers in the United States, and that were focused on inequities in pregnancy substance use detection. Using Covidence, three authors screened abstracts, and two screened full articles for inclusion. The included studies were evaluated for quality of evidence using the mixed methods appraisal tool. The search yielded 4,188 manuscripts; 37 were eligible for full review. A total of 18 manuscripts were included based on the relevancy of the topic. The most common social vulnerability domain identified was minority status (17/18), followed by socioeconomic status (11/18), household characteristics (8/18), and housing type (1/18). Social vulnerability plays a role in substance use detection among pregnant individuals. Most notably, race and ethnicity, age, and public insurance lead to increased rates of detection, though most individual factors need to be studied in greater depth. This study was registered with PROSPERO (PROSPERO ID CRD42022352598), the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. KEY POINTS: · Socially vulnerable pregnant individuals are more likely to receive substance use screening or urine toxicology testing.. · Race, ethnicity, age, and insurance influence substance use detection disparities.. · More research is needed to understand how other characteristics influence disparities in substance use detection..

Variation in Hospital Practices Regarding Marijuana Use in Pregnancy and Lactation.

Background and Objectives: Evidence is lacking on the safety of marijuana (MJ) exposure on the fetus and neonate, and current guidelines vary across professional organizations. We examined variation in hospital practices regarding use of mother's own milk (MOM) in the setting of perinatal MJ exposure based on hospital location and state MJ legal designation. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional electronic survey of U.S. perinatal health care workers on hospital policies and clinical practice regarding maternal MJ use from November 2021 to April 2022. We analyzed responses from those working in states with legal recreational MJ (REC), MJ legal for medical use only (MED), and illegal MJ (NON), based on legalization status as of 2021. Results: Two thousand six hundred eighty-three surveys were analyzed from 50 states and the District of Columbia, with 1,392 respondents from REC states, 524 from NON states, and 668 from MED states. Hospital policies and practices showed significant differences between facilities from REC and NON states. REC states were more likely to have policies allowing use of MOM from mothers using MJ after delivery and less likely to routinely include cannabinoids in toxicology testing. Hospital policies also varied within individual hospitals between well baby nurseries and neonatal intensive care units. Conclusions: Hospital practices vary widely surrounding provision of MOM in the presence of maternal MJ use, based on state legalization status and hospital unit of care. Clear guidelines across professional organizations regarding perinatal MJ exposure, regardless of legality, are warranted to improve consistency of care and patient education.

Maternal Marijuana Exposure and Birth Weight: An Observational Study Surrounding Recreational Marijuana Legalization.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to study the relationship between prenatal marijuana and infant birth weight using natural cohorts established before, during and after the 20-month lapse between legalization and legal recreational sales in Washington State. STUDY DESIGN: Over 5 years, 5,343 pregnant women with documented urine drug screen (UDS) results delivered at Tacoma General Hospital or Good Samaritan Hospital. Maternal medical data were extracted for three delivery cohorts established based on before (T1), during (T2), and after legalization (T3) of recreational marijuana and legalized availability. Univariate and multivariate models were created to study marijuana exposure on infants' birth weight. RESULTS: Marijuana exposure increased the risk of low birth weight (LBW; odds ratio [OR] = 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-2.01). This was more pronounced in full-term babies (OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.10-2.69), and was independently associated with a higher risk for small for gestational age (SGA; OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.49-1.53). The associations between marijuana exposure and SGA were maintained in cohort-specific models (OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.01-2.32 for T2, and OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.01-2.02 for T3, respectively). CONCLUSION: Marijuana exposure verified by UDS was associated with LBW and SGA. However, recreational marijuana legalization and availability did not have direct impact on newborns' risk of LBW or SGA.

Demographic Discrepancies in Prenatal Urine Drug Screening in Washington State Surrounding Recreational Marijuana Legalization and Accessibility.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated demographic patterns related to prenatal cannabinoid urine drug screening (UDS) over a 5-year period during which recreational marijuana was legalized and became accessible in Washington State. METHODS: Using electronic health record data, we performed a retrospective analysis for deliveries occurring over a 5-year period that encapsulated the transitions to marijuana legalization and legal access. For three cohorts of women delivering prior to legalization, between legalization and accessibility, and following accessibility, the UDS completion rate and screening demographic characteristics were assessed using Chi-squared tests and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: 25,514 deliveries occurred between March 2011 and March 2016. A significantly higher percentage of women underwent UDS post-accessibility (24.5%) compared to pre-legalization (20.0%, p < 0.001). A corresponding increase was not observed in the percentage of marijuana-positive UDS in tested patients (22.7% vs. 23.3%, p = 0.86). African American women had 2.8 times higher odds than Latinas of being tested, 2.1 times higher odds than Asian women, 1.7 times higher odds than White women, and 1.4 times higher odds than women of other races (all p < 0.001). Subsidized insurance status was also strongly associated with increased likelihood of testing (aOR = 3.5, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE: Prenatal UDS testing patterns changed as recreational marijuana possession and accessibility became legal. Demographic discrepancies in testing reveal biases related to race and insurance status, which may be a proxy for socioeconomic status. As such discrepancies are potential contributors to health outcome disparities, it is important for providers and health care systems to examine their practices and ensure they are being appropriately, equally, and justly applied.

Evidence for a Complex Relationship Among Weight Retention, Cortisol and Breastfeeding in Postpartum Women.

Objective To assess the relationship between cortisol slope, a biologic marker of stress, and postpartum weight retention. Methods We included 696 women in a secondary analysis from a multi-site study conducted using principles of community-based participatory research to study multi-level sources of stress on pregnancy outcomes. As a stress marker, we included salivary cortisol slope; the rate of cortisol decline across the day. Pre-pregnancy weight and demographic data were obtained from the medical records. At 6 months postpartum, patients were weighed and returned saliva samples. We built stepwise regression models to assess the effect of demographic variables, cortisol slope and cortisol covariates (wake time, tobacco use and breastfeeding) on postpartum weight retention. Results 45.5 % of participants were African American, 29.2 % White, and 25.3 % Hispanic. Of the Hispanic women 62.5 % were Spanish speaking and 37.5 % were English speaking. In general, participants were young, multiparous, and overweight. Postpartum, almost half (47.6 %) of women studied retained >10 lbs. In multivariable analysis including age, pre-pregnancy BMI and public insurance, cortisol slope was significantly associated with weight retention (ß = -1.90, 95 % CI = 0.22-3.58). However, when the model was adjusted for the cortisol covariates, breastfeeding (ß = -0.63, 95 % CI = -1.01 to -0.24) and public insurance (ß = 0.62, 95 % CI = 0.20-1.04) were the two strongest correlates of weight retention. Conclusions for Practice The association between cortisol slope and postpartum weight retention appears to be influenced breastfeeding status.

Perinatal and obstetric outcomes of dichorionic vs trichorionic triplet pregnancies.

BACKGROUND: Clinical management and outcome of multiple gestation can be affected by chorionicity. In triplet pregnancies, fetal death has been associated with dichorionic (DC) and monochorionic placentation. Studies evaluating triplet pregnancy outcomes in relation to chorionicity have been few and may not reflect contemporary antenatal and neonatal care. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare obstetric and perinatal outcomes in DC and trichorionic (TC) triplet pregnancies. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective cohort study of triplet pregnancies that delivered at ≥20 weeks' gestation at 2 Chicago area hospitals from January 1999 through December 2010. Chorionicity was determined by pathology specimen. Maternal and infant charts were reviewed for obstetric and perinatal outcomes. RESULTS: The study population included 159 pregnancies (477 neonates) of which 108 were TC (67.9%) and 51 were DC (32.1%). Over 94% of mothers in this study had all 3 infants survive to discharge regardless of chorionicity. No difference was found in perinatal mortality rate between DC and TC triplets (3.3% vs 4.6%; P = .3). DC triplets were significantly more likely to be very low birthweight (41.8% vs 22.2%; odds ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-4.2; P = .02) and to deliver at <30 weeks (25.5% vs 8.3%; odds ratio, 6.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-19.4; P = .002) compared to TC triplets. Criteria for twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) were present in 3 DC triplet pregnancies (5.9%). Neonates in pregnancies complicated by TTTS were less likely to survive 28 days as compared to neonates from DC pregnancies that were not affected by TTTS (P = .02) or TC neonates (P = .02) Neonatal survival was similar in DC pregnancies not affected by TTTS and TC pregnancies (98.6% and 96.6%; P = .7). CONCLUSION: Although perinatal mortality did not correlate with chorionicity, DC pregnancies were more likely to deliver <30 weeks' gestational age and have very low birthweight neonates. Neonatal mortality appears to be mediated by the presence or absence of TTTS as 28-day survival was worse in DC pregnancies complicated by TTTS, but similar between DC pregnancies not affected by TTTS and TC pregnancies.

Postpartum weight retention risk factors and relationship to obesity at 1 year.

OBJECTIVE: To explore risk factors for postpartum weight retention at 1 year after delivery in predominantly low-income women. METHODS: Data were collected from 774 women with complete height and weight information from participants in the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Community Child Health Network, a national five-site, prospective cohort study. Participants were enrolled primarily in the hospitals immediately after delivery. Maternal interviews conducted at 1, 6, and 12 months postpartum identified risk factors for weight retention and included direct measurement of height and weight at 6 and 12 months. Logistic regression assessed the independent contribution of postpartum weight retention on obesity. RESULTS: Women had a mean prepregnancy weight of 161.5 lbs (body mass index [BMI] 27.7). Women gained a mean of 32 lbs while pregnant and had a 1-year mean postpartum weight of 172.6 lbs (BMI 29.4). Approximately 75% of women were heavier 1 year postpartum than they were prepregnancy, including 47.4% retaining more than 10 lbs and 24.2% more than 20 lbs. Women retaining at least 20 lbs were more often African American, younger, poor, less educated, or on pubic insurance. Race and socioeconomic disparities were associated with high prepregnancy BMI and excessive weight gain during pregnancy, associations that were attenuated by breastfeeding at 6 months and moderate exercise. Of the 39.8 with normal prepregnancy BMI, one third became overweight or obese 1 year postpartum. CONCLUSION: Postpartum weight retention is a significant contributor to the risk for obesity 1 year postpartum, including for women of normal weight prepregnancy. Postpartum, potentially modifiable behaviors may lower the risk. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Evaluation of ethics education in obstetrics and gynecology residency programs.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to assess the current status of ethics education in obstetrics-gynecology residency programs. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional, web-based survey was designed in conjunction with a professional survey laboratory at the University of Chicago. The survey was piloted with a convenience sample of clinical medical ethics fellows to assess question content and clarity. The survey was deployed by e-mail to all obstetrics-gynecology residency program directors. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze participant responses. The University of Chicago's Institutional Review Board deemed this study exempt from institutional review board formal review. RESULTS: Of 242 eligible obstetrics-gynecology residency program directors, 118 (49%) completed the survey. Most respondents were from university-based programs (n = 78, 66%) that were not religiously affiliated (n = 98, 83%) and trained 4-6 residents per postgraduate year (n = 64, 70%). Although 50% of program directors (n = 60) reported having ethics as part of their core curriculum, most programs teach ethics in an unstructured manner. Fifty-seven percent of respondents (n = 66) stated their program dedicated 5 or fewer hours per year to ethics. The majority of program directors (n = 80, 73%) responded they would like more to a lot more ethics education and believed that ethics education should be required (n = 93, 85%) for residents to complete their training. Respondents identified that crowding in the curriculum was a significant barrier to increased ethics training (n = 50, 45%) and two-thirds (n = 74, 67%) reported a lack of faculty expertise as a moderate barrier to providing ethics education in the residency curriculum. CONCLUSION: This study found that a lack of structured curricula, inadequate faculty expertise, and limited time were important barriers for ethics education in obstetrics-gynecology programs across the nation. Despite these existing challenges, program directors have a strong interest in increasing ethics education in residency training. Therefore, additional resources are needed to assist program directors in enhancing resident ethics education.

Stress and stress reduction.

Chronic stress contributes to preterm birth (PTB), through direct physiological mechanisms or behavioral pathways. This review identified interventions to prevent PTB through decreased maternal stress. Studies were grouped according to intervention: group prenatal care (11 studies), care coordination (8 studies), health insurance expansion (4 studies), expanded prenatal education/support in the clinic (8 studies), home visitation (9 studies), telephone contact (2 studies), or stress-reduction strategies (5 studies). Group prenatal care had the most evidence for PTB prevention. Comparative studies of PTB prevention through different models of prenatal care and maternal support, education, empowerment, stress-reduction, and coping strategies are needed.

Can an electronic health record system be used for preconception health optimization?

To explore the potential of an integrated outpatient electronic health record (EHR) for preconception health optimization. An automated case-finding EHR-derived algorithm was designed to identify women of child-bearing age having outpatient encounters in an 85-site, integrated health system. The algorithm simultaneously cross-referenced multiple discrete data fields to identify selected preconception factors (obesity, hypertension, diabetes, teratogen use including ACE inhibitors, multivitamin supplementation, anemia, renal insufficiency, untreated sexually transmitted infection, HIV positivity, and tobacco, alcohol or illegal drug use). Surveys were mailed to a random sample of patients to obtain their self-reported health profiles for these same factors. Concordance was assessed between the algorithm output, survey results, and manual data abstraction. Between 8/2010-2/2012, 107,339 female outpatient visits were identified, from which 29,691 unique women were presumed to have child-bearing potential. 19,624 (66 %) and 8,652 (29 %) had 1 or ≥2 health factors, respectively while only 1,415 (5 %) had none. Using the patient survey results as a reference point, health-factor agreement was similar comparing the algorithm (85.8 %) and the chart abstraction (87.2 %) results. Incorrect or missing data entries in the EHR encounters were largely responsible for discordances observed. Preconception screening using an automated algorithm in a system-wide EHR identified a large group of women with potentially modifiable preconception health conditions. The issue most responsible for limiting algorithm performance was incomplete point of care documentation. Accurate data capture during patient encounters should be a focus for quality improvement, so that novel applications of system-wide data mining can be reliably implemented.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of rubella screening strategies using electronic medical records.

OBJECTIVE: The redundancy of routine laboratory tests in medicine has become increasingly more apparent in the age of electronic medical records (EMRs). The purpose of this study was to determine whether targeted screening strategies are more cost-effective than the current standard of universal screening of pregnant women for immunity to rubella. STUDY DESIGN: A decision analysis model was used to evaluate three strategies: universal screening, screening if a previous titer was not available, and use of an "alert" in the EMR to prompt screening. Cost, probability, and utility values were derived from the literature and institutional data from Lyndon B. Johnson General Hospital. One-way sensitivity analyses were performed on all cost and probability values. RESULTS: The strategy of an EMR alert was most cost-effective, with a cost of $0.27 per quality-adjusted life years (QALY). The model was robust to all costs and probability values over their respective ranges. CONCLUSIONS: Although all strategies were cost-effective compared with traditional industry benchmarks of $50,000/QALY, the EMR alert strategy is most cost-effective. Implementing an EMR alert may lead to a more cost-effective approach to prenatal evaluation of rubella immunity.

Antenatal depressive symptoms increase the likelihood of preterm birth.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the relationship between antenatal depressive symptoms and preterm birth. STUDY DESIGN: Patients completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale between 24-28 weeks of gestation. A score ≥ 12 (or thoughts of self-harm) indicated an at-risk woman. Symptomatic women were compared to risk-negative patients for relevant demography, historical variables, and pregnancy outcome. RESULTS: After screening 14,175 women we found a screen positive rate of 9.1% (n = 1298). At-risk women had a significant increase in preterm birth at <37, <34, <32, and <28 weeks of gestation. Multivariable analysis adjusting for maternal age, race/ethnicity, prior preterm delivery, and insurance status revealed a persistent association between antenatal depressive symptoms and preterm birth (adjusted odds ratio, 1.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-1.35), which was also observed after multiple gestations were excluded from the analysis (odds ratio, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.38-1.99). CONCLUSION: In this large cohort of prenatally screened women, those with depressive symptoms had an increased likelihood of preterm birth.

Genital herpes.

INTRODUCTION: Genital herpes is an infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2), and is among the most common sexually transmitted diseases. METHODS AND OUTCOMES: We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of interventions to prevent sexual transmission of herpes simplex virus? What are the effects of interventions to prevent transmission of herpes simplex virus from mother to neonate? What are the effects of antiviral treatment in people with a first episode of genital herpes? What are the effects of interventions to reduce the impact of recurrence? What are the effects of treatments in people with genital herpes and HIV? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to January 2010 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). RESULTS: We found 35 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions. CONCLUSIONS: In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: antivirals, caesarean delivery, condoms, oral aciclovir, psychotherapy, recombinant glycoprotein vaccines, serological screening, and counselling.

Computerized physician order entry reduces medication turnaround time of labor induction agents.

We sought to determine whether computerized physician order entry (CPOE) improves the induction agent turnaround time on the labor and delivery unit (L&D) compared with paper-based order entry (PBOE). We conducted a retrospective study of singleton, term pregnancies admitted to L&D for induction of labor. Outcomes of women who delivered 3 months before or 3 months after universal CPOE implementation were compared including induction agent turnaround time. The induction agent turnaround time was significantly shorter in the CPOE group ( N = 83) compared with PBOE group ( N = 71) [71 (range 8 to 411) versus 100 (2 to 442) minutes, P = 0.004]. There were no differences in cesarean section rate or length of hospital stay. After controlling for time of day of induction, induction agent, and type of order entry, CPOE continued to significantly decrease the induction agent turnaround time by 25 minutes ( P = 0.042). CPOE improved the process of induction of labor and efficiency of care of pregnant women.

Cervical and prolapsed submucosal leiomyomas complicating pregnancy.

UNLABELLED: Cervical and prolapsed submucosal leiomyomas are rarely seen in pregnancy. Depending on the size threshold used to diagnose a leiomyoma, the prevalence of uterine leiomyomas in pregnancy is approximately 3% to 10%. The prevalence of clinically evident cervical leiomyomas in pregnancy is less than 1%. Contrary to prior thought, the majority of uterine leiomyomas in pregnancy do not usually lead to complications. Indications for surgical intervention in pregnancy for cervical leiomyomas include bleeding, infection, degeneration, pain, and urinary stasis. Preoperative imaging with ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging may help to delineate the location and nature (e.g., pedunculated) of the cervical leiomyoma when clinical examination is inconclusive. We reviewed the current literature in regard to cervical leiomyomas in pregnancy and summarize the major findings. After completing this CME activity, readers should be better able to evaluate the prevalence and natural history of uterine and cervical leiomyomas in pregnancy, assess indications for surgical intervention in pregnant patients, manage surgical complications, and select imaging modalities that may determine their origin. TARGET AUDIENCE: Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians Learning Objectives: After completion of this educational activity, the reader should be better able to evaluate the prevalence and natural history of uterine leiomyomas in pregnancy; assess indications for surgical intervention in pregnant patients; manage surgical complications; and select imaging modalities that may determine their origin.