[Diagnostic and conservative treatment nuances in patients with obstructive jaundice: in the wake of Russian consensus].

The research was performed at the Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center. It is based on Russian obstructive jaundice (OJ) consensus results, considered at the 45th annual Central Research Institute of Gastroenterology Scientific session Oncological issues in the gastroenterologist practice (1 March 2019). The article objective is to note the diagnostic and conservative treatment current issues in patients with OJ. The increase in the number of patients with OJ of different etiology provides problem actuality. In a large number of cases, medical treatment is delayed due to inadequate diagnostic and management, while correct patients routing today can be provided regardless of medical institution level. In this article the examination steps and conservative treatment role in patients with biliary obstruction management are presented.

[Chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction: difficulties in diagnosis and treatment. Case report].

The article presents a clinical case of a 23-year-old patient with an extremely severe congenital form of chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction coupled with a neuromyopathy,colon malrotation, malabsorption, bacterial overgrowth syndrome, cholelithiasis and gastrostasis, which excluded bowel transplantation. Long-term treatment in the intensive care unit with combined, mainly parenteral nutrition for 6 months, using antibiotics, prokinetics, intestinal decompression allowed to achieve partial stabilization of the patients condition and transfer to home treatment with the continuation of adequate complex therapy.

[Treatment of severe post-resection liver failure. Analysis of the specialized center]. / Lechenie postrezektsionnoi pechenochnoi nedostatochnosti tyazheloi stepeni. Analiz spetsializirovannogo tsentra.

Posthepatectomy liver failure is one of the most serious complications of large liver resections. OBJECTIVE: The analyzes the management and results of treatment of patients with severe posthepatectomy liver failure (Grade C ISGLS) in a specialized hepatosurgical department. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the period from January to December 2019, 175 liver resections were performed in the Department of liver and pancreatic surgery at the A.S. Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center. Major-volume liver resections (hemihepatectomies and resections of more than three liver segments) were performed in 80 (45%) patients. In 125 (71%) cases liver resctions were performed for malignant liver and bile duct diseases. Laparoscopic liver resections were performed in 77 (44%) patients. RESULTS: Postresection liver failure developed in 18 (10.2%) patients. Severe (class C according to ISGLS) developed in 6 (3.4%) patients. In the postoperative period (90-day mortality), 4 patients (2.3%) died, while in two patients, mortality was not associated with liver failure. Hyperbilirubinemia was observed for more than 5 days in 2 (33.3%), coagulopathy in 4 (66.6%), ascites in 5 (83.3%), encephalopathy in 5 (83.3%), hypoglycemia in 3 (50%), and uncontrolled sepsis in 2 (33.3%) patients, respectively. Correction of surgical complications was required in 100% of cases, which consisted in drainage of abscesses and abdominal bylomas, and the the bilio-digestive anastomosis fistulas. Inotropic support was required in all 6 (100%) patients, invasive ventilation in 4(66.6%), and extracorporeal detoxification in 5 (83.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Posthepatectomy liver failure is a complex problem even in a specialized center. A comprehensive approach to treatment allows to achieve noticeable results and reduce mortality.

[Russian consensus on current issues in the diagnosis and treatment of obstructive jaundice syndrome]. / Rossiiskii konsensus po aktual'nym voprosam diagnostiki i lecheniya sindroma mekhanicheskoi zheltukhi.

The Russian consensus document on topical issues of the diagnosis and treatment of obstructive jaundice syndrome was prepared by a group of experts in various fields of surgery, endoscopy, interventional radiology, radiological diagnosis and intensive care. The goal of this document is to clarify and consolidate the opinions of national experts on the following issues: timing of diagnosis of obstructive jaundice, features of diagnostic measures, the need and possibility of conservative measures for obstructive jaundice, and strategy of biliary decompression depending on the cause and level of biliary block.

[Intraoperative fluid therapy during esophagectomy followed by repair]. / Intraoperatsionnaia infuzionnaia terapiia pri ézofagéktomii s odnomomentnoi plastikoi pishchevoda.

AIM: To optimize fluid therapy in transhiatal eshophagectomy by using of goal-oriented infusion therapy based on stroke volume variation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Our trial enrolled 30 patients who underwent transhiatal esophagectomy followed by repair for the period 2011-2014. Patients were divided into 2 groups. The first group (LT) included 16 patients with liberal fluid therapy. The second group (GDT) consisted of 14 patients in whom goal-oriented fluid therapy was performed. Goal-oriented fluid therapy was implemented via stroke volume variation (SVV). RESULTS: Infusion rate was 6.7 ml/kg/h and 11.5 ml/kg/h in the main and control groups, respectively. Morbidity rate was 28.6% (n=4) and 62.5% (n=10) in the main and control groups respectively. Clavien-Dindo IV complications were lung atelectasis (n=2, 14%), pneumonia (n=1, 7%). Hydrothorax required puncture was noted in 1 (7%) case. Acute respiratory failure as complication IVa was in 1 (9%) patient. In the control group complications were registered in 10 (62.5%) patients. Complications I-II degree included lung atelectasis (n=4, 25%), cervical anastomosis failure (n=1, 6%); complications IVa were observed in 8 cases (50%). It was significant respiratory failure with reduced PO2/FiO2<300. Patients of the main group required less time for postoperative mechanical ventilation (120 [90-300] vs. 315 [215-810] min (p=0.02) and ICU-stay (0.83 [0.7-0.8] vs. 1.75 [1.25-2.75] (p=0.0022).

[SUPPORT LUNG VENTILATION IN COMPLEX OF ANESTETIC MANAGEMENT DURING HIGH TRAUMATIC OPERATIONS IN VASCULAR SURGERY.]

BACKGROUND: Rejection from prolonged mechanical ventilation with conversion to support ventilation modes during the surgery and subsequent immediate extubation at the end of the surgery could be the method ofprophylaxis ofpostoperative respiratory complications. THE AIM: To improve the results of surgical treatment of patients with infrarenal aorta injury due to the development and implementation to the anesthetic management complex the modes of support ventilation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 2-staged clinical trial on patients undergoing surgery on infrarenal aorta was conducted. At the 1st stage patients were assessed for opportunity of immediate or early extubation and support ventilation initiation. At the 2nd stage support modes during the intraoperative ventilation were introducted into clinical praxis. RESULTS: Based on received data we concluded that not everyone patient needed intra- and postoperative mechanical ventilation in spite ofprolonged duration of the surgery and large surgical trauma. Inclusion in the protocol of anesthesia support ventilation strategy decreases requirement ofparalytic agents and their side effects. CONCLUSION: Applying the support ventilation modes during the anesthesia gives a chance of immediate and early extubation after the surgery and decreases the number of critical events and respiratory complications.

[Liver resection in patient with hcc and right atrium thrombosis].

Presented herein is a case report concerning tumorous thrombosis of the inferior vena cava and right atrium, which is rather an uncommon but severe complication of primary hepatic cancer. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate successful surgical management of locally disseminated hepatic carcinoma complicated by tumorous thrombosis of the inferior vena cava and portal vein, as well as thrombosis of the right atrium. The patient was subjected to dextral hemihepatectomy with thrombectomy from the right portal vein, resection of the right cupola of the diaphragm, marginal resection of the lower lobe of the right lung, thrombectomy from the inferior vena cava and right atrium. The outcome of our case report, as well as literature data suggest that in case of resectability of hepatic tumour complicated by thrombosis of major vessels and even the heart, surgical intervention is justified if there is a possibility to completely remove thrombotic masses along with the primary tumour.

[PERIOPERATIVE CARE FOR PATIENTS WITH UNDERLYING ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION (CLINICAL GUIDELINES)].

These clinical guidelines apply to the implementation of health care for all patients with concomitant hypertension in the perioperative period in a hospital. The guidelines specify the method of stratifying the risk of perioperative cardiac complications. We described methods for the treatment of urgent conditions with hypertension and hypertensive crises and identified the main features of the preoperative evaluation and preparation of patients with concomitant hypertension. The clinical guidelines contain recommendations on the management of intra- and postoperative period

[Angiodysplasias of the head and neck: present-day principles of treatment using elements of plastic surgery].

The authors assessed the outcomes of treatment of fifty-one patients presenting with angiodysplasias of the head and neck. Of these, 24 patients suffered from the venous form and 27 had the arteriovenous form. The 51 patients accounted for 23.5% of the total number of patients with congenital vascular malformations over a five-year period. The topicity and angioarchitectonics of the lesion were specified by means of the standard diagnostic complex (i. e., duplex scanning of the vessels, ultrasonographic study of the soft tissues and osseous structures, computed and magnetic resonance tomography, echocardiography, and angiography). Radical excision of the angiomatous tissues was performed in 15 patients and palliative one - in 36 cases. Eight patients were subjected to stagewise resection interventions, ten patients underwent stagewise sessions of laser coagulation, and seven patients endured stagewise roentgenoendovascular embolisations of the afferent arteries. Two patients with the venous form were postoperatively subjected to sessions of sclerotherapy of the residual venous caverns. Two patients in the remote period (7-10 days) underwent autodermoplasty with a free perforated cutaneous flap. This technique was used while closing the wound surface after removing the angiomatous tissues of the parotid region and hairy portion of the head. In five patients the wound surface was closed with a mobilized cervical fat-cutaneous flap. Taking into consideration the importance of the cosmetic outcome after excising the angiomatous tissues on the face and neck, it is necessary to seek for wide application of plastic methods of closing the wound. These methods simultaneously allow of making operative interventions for angiodysplasias more radical.

[EEG bispectral index as an indicator of the electrical activity of the central nervous system in children during anesthetic maintenance and intensive care].

The paper presents different investigators' data on the use of the bispectral (BIS) index in children during anesthetic maintenance and intensive care. The most of publications deal with the use of the BIS index during anesthesia with sevoflurane, which shows its high efficiency in estimating the depth of sleep. There are positive aspects in the use of the BIS index in the evaluation of sedative tolerance and central nervous system function, when brain death is diagnosed, cerebral oxygenation adequateness, etc. Data are given on the ambiguity of BIS index values in infants less than a year of age.

[The concept of training anesthesia-resuscitation specialists for high-technology medical aid-delivering health care facilities].

The paper presents the concept of training specialists in anesthesia-resuscitation for high-technology-delivering facilities. This concept is based on the module-axial type of education based on two basic principles: from complex to simple (from general to particular) (the so-called axis) and the modular organization of an educational process. Education implies the obligatory teaching of the axis (the structuring of the already available knowledge) and specialized programs (modules) are incorporated into a course of subjects if there is a practical need, which permits a student to achieve the necessary level of knowledge and skills.

Surgical management of multiple posttraumatic arteriovenous fistulas of femoral vessels.

Presented herein are two case reports concerning surgical management of posttraumatic arteriovenous fistulas of femoral vessels. Case 1. A 45-year-old female patient attended with a history of a shotgun injury wound of her left femur and crus sustained when a girl of eight. She sought medical attention for a progressively deteriorating condition, accompanied by pain, and breathlessness dyspnea at rest. Detected were multiple fistulas between the deep femoral artery and superficial femoral artery and femoral vein. Management consisted in separation of the arteriovenous fistulas, followed by prosthetic repair of the deep femoral artery. Case 2. A 32-year-old male patient after an accidentally inflicted shotgun injury of the his left femur underwent within a time period of 3 year three vascular operations including ligation of the deep femoral artery and femoral vein followed by having later on developed secondary lymphedema of his left lower limb and pronounced manifested chronic venous insufficiency. Management included dissociation of the numerous arteriovenous fistulas between the branches of the deep femoral artery and the common femoral artery, as well as between the superficial femoral artery and femoral vein.

[Noninvasive cardiac output determinations].

The thermodilution determination of cardiac output (CO) by pulmonary arterial catheterization is considered to be the gold standard. However, a diversity of complications associated with the insertion and use of a catheter has made for the design of CO-measuring devices in a mini- or noninvasive mode. This prospective controlled study has been conducted to compare various CO determination techniques by the shape of the arterial curve (ART), as shown by the use of a transesophageal Doppler ultrasonic sensor (TEDUS) determining the blood flow velocity in the descending thoracic aorta by the Fick's backward equation with partial CO2 recirculation, by measuring thoracic bioimpedance (Tbio) by bolus thermodilution as the reference method (CO BT). In all the study examined, the mean CO values are lower than those in the reference method. In addition, there was a wide scatter of the CO values calculated by alternative methods. The mean difference and its standard deviation are 1.27 +/- 2.26 (ART); 0.87 +/- 1.57 (TEDUS); 1.01 +/- 1.46 (Fick); and 1.46 +/- 1.70 (Tbio). The errors of the methods, as compared to CO BT have the following values: APT, 27% (24-31% conference interval (CI)); TEDUS, 19% (17-21% CI); Fick, 20% (19-22%); Tbio, 25% (22-27%). By taking into account the findings, it should be stated that there is not any accurate mini- or noninvasive CO determination method that could completely substitute for the classical thermodilution technique.

[Work and health state of working population in Moscow].

The article shows changes in employed population of Moscow over a period of economic changes, in employment structure by economicbranches withsubsequent reduction of individuals employed in industrial branches. Based on analysis of health parameters of employed population according to official statistics, the authors demonstrated trends in those parameters change, with the accent that those changes are less negative in Moscow than generally in Russia.

[Problem of occupational risk criteria and of evaluating compensations for workers].

The article covers problem of occupational risk criteria and compensation of health damage, with consideration of domestic and international experience.

[Prediction of cardiac complications during operations on the brachiocephalic arteries].

The development of myocardial or brain ischemia is a major hazard to patients operated on the brachiocephalic arteries. The purpose of the present study was to reveal a risk factor or its group of factors whose correction would improve the prediction of surgical interventions as a whole. A preliminary study included 105 patients (among them there were males (80%), whose mean age was 60 +/- 0.77 years; females (20%) whose mean age was 64 +/- 1.38 years). It has shown that a significant individual impact on the occurrence of cardiac complications was produced by the following factors: the severity of angina pectoris (p = 0.01); diabetes mellitus (p = 0.01); transesophageal stimulation test (the presence of a low or moderate coronary circulatory reserve) (p = 0.02), hypertensive disease (p = 0.04). The likelihood of development of cardiological complications drastically increases with a rise in the number of significant risk factors of concomitant diseases. Their determining risk factors are hypertensive disease and postoperative arterial hypertension, which, in combination with other risk factors, provokes cardiac complications in the postoperative period. In the patients with the high predictable likelihood of cardiac complications during operations on the brachiocephalic arteries, the priority task is to stabilize blood pressure when the patients are prepared for surgery and to prevent unstable hemodynamics in the postoperative period.

[To the effective concentration of xenon].

The present literature discusses what effective concentration of xenon may be used to induce adequate anesthesia. To examine the analgesic properties of the substance, 38 patients undergone laparoscopic operations for calculous cholecystitis under informational saturation EEG (INEEG) monitoring were included into this study. All the patients were divided into 3 groups in accordance to the mode of anesthesia maintenance and INEEG monitoring. In Groups 1 and 2, the concentration of xenon was maintained at 70%; INEEG monitoring was made in the of-line mode. In Group 3, the concentration of xenon was gradually decreased from 70% to the minimum value at which the level of INEEG was 40-50%, which corresponds to the adequate depth of anesthesia. The use of 70% xenon concentration and the standard doses offentanyl (3.1 +/- 1.6 microg/kg/h) resulted in excessively deep anesthesia (38 +/- 4% INEEG). Reduction of the dose of fentanyl on an average to 1.5 +/- 0.8 microg/kg/h permitted more adequate anesthesia; however, an excessively deep anesthesia is encountered in 40% of cases, as evidenced by INEEG. The active use of INEEG monitoring in Group 3 makes it possible to perform an adequate anesthesia (46 +/- 4% INEEG) and to determine the xenon concentration necessary for this, which is equivalent to 42 +/- 11% with the dose of fentanyl of 0.9 +/- 0.8 microg/kg/h.