FOLFIRINOX in Pancreatic Cancer: Risk Factors for Febrile Neutropenia and Severe Neutropenia - Nationwide Study Analysis.

BACKGROUND/AIM: FOLFIRINOX (FFX) is a standard treatment for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. However, it often causes serious hematological adverse events. This study aimed to identify the risk factors for febrile neutropenia (FN) and grade 4 (G4) neutropenia during treatment with FFX in the real world. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed data obtained from a nationwide multicenter observational study (JASPAC 06) that included 399 patients with unresectable or recurrent pancreatic cancer who received FFX at 27 institutions in Japan. RESULTS: Nadir neutrophil counts occurred from day 8 to day 22 of cycle 1, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor was administered to over a quarter of the patients in the first cycle. Of 399 patients, FN and G4 neutropenia occurred in 51 (13%) and 108 (27%) patients, respectively. Most FN (83%) and G4 neutropenia (75%) occurred in the first or second cycles. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that total bilirubin (TB) > the upper limit of normal range (ULN) and no dose modification from the original regimen were significantly associated with FN, and that TB > ULN, no dose modification from the original regimen, low platelet count (<15×104/µl), and recurrent disease after pancreatectomy were independent risk factors for G4 neutropenia. CONCLUSION: No dose modification from the original regimen and TB > ULN were risk factors for FN and G4 neutropenia.

Effect of systemic inflammatory response on induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer: an exploratory subgroup analysis on systemic inflammatory response in JCOG1106.

OBJECTIVE: JCOG1106, a randomized phase II trial conducted to compare chemoradiotherapy (S-1 concurrent radiotherapy) with (Arm B) or without (Arm A) induction chemotherapy using gemcitabine in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer, showed a more favorable long-term survival in Arm A. This study was aimed at exploring whether some subgroups classified by the systemic inflammatory response might derive greater benefit from either treatment. METHODS: All subjects eligible for JCOG1106 were included in this analysis (n = 51/49 in Arm A/B). This exploratory subgroup analysis was performed by Cox regression analysis to investigate the impact of the systemic inflammatory response, as assessed based on the serum C-reactive protein, serum albumin (albumin), Glasgow Prognostic Score and derived neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, at the baseline on overall survival. P values <0.1 for the interaction were regarded as denoting significant association. RESULTS: Glasgow prognostic score showed significant treatment interactions for overall survival. Hazard ratios of Arm B to Arm A were 1.35 (95% confidence interval, 0.82-2.23) in the Glasgow Prognostic Score 0 (C-reactive protein ≤10 mg/L and albumin ≥35 g/L) (n = 44/34 in Arm A/B) and 0.59 (95% confidence interval, 0.24-1.50) in the Glasgow Prognostic Score 1/2 (C-reactive protein >10 mg/L and/or albumin <35 g/L) (n = 7/15) (P-interaction = 0.06). C-reactive protein alone and albumin alone also showed significant treatment interactions for overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Survival benefits of induction chemotherapy in chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer were observed in patients with elevated Glasgow Prognostic Score, high C-reactive protein and low albumin. These results suggest that systemic inflammatory response might be considered to apply induction chemotherapy preceding chemoradiotherapy.

Clinical significance of circulating-tumour DNA analysis by metastatic sites in pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND: Liquid biopsy is an alternative to tissue specimens for tumour genotyping. However, the frequency of genomic alterations with low circulating-tumour DNA (ctDNA) shedding is shown in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We, therefore, investigated the prevalence of KRAS mutations and ctDNA fraction by the metastatic site in patients with PDAC. METHODS: This study enrolled previously treated PDAC patients from a plasma genomic profiling study; ctDNA analysis was performed using Guardant360 at disease progression before initiating subsequent treatment. RESULTS: In 512 patients with PDAC, KRAS mutations were detected in 57%. The frequency of KRAS mutation in ctDNA differed depending on the metastatic organ; among patients with single-organ metastasis (n = 296), KRAS mutation detection rate was significantly higher in patients with metastasis to the liver (78%). In addition, the median maximum variant allele frequency (VAF) was higher with metastasis to the liver (1.9%) than with metastasis to the lungs, lymph nodes, peritoneum or with locally advanced disease (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.2% and 0.3%, respectively). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of KRAS mutations and maximum VAF were higher in patients with metastasis to the liver than in those with metastasis to other sites. This study indicated the clinical utility of ctDNA analysis, especially in PDAC with liver metastases.

Derivation of pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma cell line HS-1 as a patient-derived tumor organoid.

Acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) of the pancreas is a malignant tumor of the exocrine cell lineage with a poor prognosis. Due to its rare incidence and technical difficulties, few authentic human cell lines are currently available, hampering detailed investigations of ACC. Therefore, we applied the organoid culture technique to various types of specimens, such as bile, biopsy, and resected tumor, obtained from a single ACC patient. Despite the initial propagation, none of these organoids achieved long-term proliferation or tolerated cryopreservation, confirming the challenging nature of establishing ACC cell lines. Nevertheless, the biopsy-derived early passage organoid developed subcutaneous tumors in immunodeficient mice. The xenograft tumor histologically resembled the original tumor and gave rise to infinitely propagating organoids with solid features and high levels of trypsin secretion. Moreover, the organoid stained positive for carboxylic ester hydrolase, a specific ACC marker, but negative for the duct cell marker CD133 and the endocrine lineage marker synaptophysin. Hence, we concluded the derivation of a novel ACC cell line of the pure exocrine lineage, designated HS-1. Genomic analysis revealed extensive copy number alterations and mutations in EP400 in the original tumor, which were enriched in primary organoids. HS-1 displayed homozygous deletion of CDKN2A, which might underlie xenograft formation from organoids. Although resistant to standard cytotoxic agents, the cell line was highly sensitive to the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, as revealed by an in vitro drug screen and in vivo validation. In summary, we document a novel ACC cell line, which could be useful for ACC studies in the future.

Development and validation of a five-level developmental model for new graduate employees.

The aim of this research was to create a developmental model for new graduate employees according to improvements in their performance. The model's scope covered the period when employees take part in apprenticeship training after graduation from college or university. The process of developing and validating the model referred to the International Board of Standards for Training, Performance, and Instruction's competency development model as a framework and involved six steps. This research analyzed 111 freshly graduated recruits who had recently been hired by a leading travel company in Japan. The final model includes five apprenticeship levels, namely beginning, elementary, intermediate, advanced, and end of apprenticeship, with criteria for performance in planning and implementation. To validate the model, three transitions in the developmental levels over six months in 2017 and nine months in 2020 were examined using the model's performance criteria. The results show that the transitions for the three companies reflect the characteristics of their new graduate employees. This indicates that the proposed model may be valid for determining the development levels of new graduate recruits and can have a certain level of discriminative power. This model can serve as a helpful tool for planning on-the-job and off-the-job training to support new employee development, comprehending their current development levels, and providing a guideline for the next step for further development.

The clinical outcomes of combination chemotherapy in elderly patients with advanced biliary tract cancer: an exploratory analysis of JCOG1113.

In the FUGA-BT trial (JCOG1113), gemcitabine plus S-1 (GS) showed non-inferiority to gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GC) in overall survival (OS) with good tolerance for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer (BTC). We performed a subgroup analysis focused on the elderly cohort of this trial. All 354 enrolled patients in JCOG1113 were classify into two groups; < 75 (non-elderly) and ≥ 75 years (elderly) group. We investigated the influence of age on the safety analysis, including the incidence of chemotherapeutic adverse events and the efficacy analysis, including OS. There were no remarkable differences in OS between the elderly (n = 60) and the non-elderly groups (n = 294). In the elderly group, median OS was 12.7 and 17.7 months for those who received GC (n = 20) and GS (n = 40), respectively. The prevalence of all-grade adverse events was similar between the elderly and the non-elderly groups. However, among the elderly group, Grade ≥ 3 hematological adverse events were more frequently observed in the GC arm than in the GS arm. The clinical outcomes of combination chemotherapy in elderly patients with advanced BTC were comparable to non-elderly patients. GS may be the more favorable treatment for elderly patients with advanced BTC.

Comparison of gemcitabine-based chemotherapies for advanced biliary tract cancers by renal function: an exploratory analysis of JCOG1113.

JCOG1113 is a randomized phase III trial in patients with advanced biliary tract cancers (BTCs) (UMIN000001685), and gemcitabine plus S-1 (GS) was not inferior to gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GC). However, poor renal function often results in high toxicity of S-1. Therefore, we examined whether GS can be recommended for patients with low creatinine clearance (CCr). Renal function was classified by CCr as calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula: high CCr (CCr ≥ 80 ml/min) and low CCr (80 > CCr ≥ 50 ml/min). Of 354 patients, 87 patients on GC and 91 on GS were included in the low CCr group, while there were 88 patients on GC and 88 patients on GS in the high CCr group. The HR of overall survival for GS compared with GC was 0.687 (95% CI 0.504-0.937) in the low CCr group. Although the total number of incidences of all Grade 3-4 non-haematological adverse reactions was higher (36.0% vs. 11.8%, p = 0.0002), the number of patients who discontinued treatment was not different (14.1% vs. 16.9%, p = 0.679) for GS compared with GC in the low CCr group. This study suggests that GS should be selected for the treatment of advanced BTC patients with reduced renal function.

Molecular detection and clinicopathological characteristics of advanced/recurrent biliary tract carcinomas harboring the FGFR2 rearrangements: a prospective observational study (PRELUDE Study).

BACKGROUND: Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) rearrangement is expected to be a novel therapeutic target in advanced/recurrent biliary tract cancer (BTC). However, efficient detection and the exact frequency of FGFR2 rearrangements among patients with advanced/recurrent BTC have not been determined, and the clinical characteristics of FGFR2 rearrangement-positive patients have not been fully elucidated. We aimed to determine the frequency of FGFR2 rearrangement-positive patients among those with advanced/recurrent BTC and elucidate their clinicopathological characteristics. METHODS: Paraffin-embedded tumor samples from formalin-fixed surgical or biopsy specimens of patients with advanced/recurrent BTC were analyzed for positivity of FGFR2 rearrangement by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). RNA sequencing was performed on samples from all FISH-positive and part of FISH-negative patients. RESULTS: A total of 445 patients were enrolled. FISH was performed on 423 patients (272 patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), 83 patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PCC), and 68 patients with other BTC). Twenty-one patients with ICC and four patients with PCC were diagnosed as FGFR2-FISH positive. Twenty-three of the 25 FISH-positive patients (20 ICC and 3 PCC) were recognized as FGFR2 rearrangement positive by targeted RNA sequencing. Younger age (≤ 65 years; p = 0.018) and HCV Ab- and/or HBs Ag-positivity (p = 0.037) were significantly associated with the presence of FGFR2 rearrangement (logistic regression). CONCLUSIONS: FGFR2 rearrangement was identified in ICC and PCC patients, and was associated with younger age and history of hepatitis viral infection.

FOLFIRINOX as second-line chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer: A subset analysis of data from a nationwide multicenter observational study in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Data on FOLFIRINOX as a second-line chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer are limited. In the JASPAC06 study-a nationwide, multicenter, observational study-FOLFIRINOX for patients with unresectable or recurrent pancreatic cancer as any line of treatment showed favorable efficacy and safety in Japanese clinical practice. METHODS: We performed exploratory analyses of patients with unresectable or recurrent pancreatic cancer who received FOLFIRINOX as the second-line chemotherapy in Japanese clinical settings. RESULTS: Of the 399 evaluable patients, 44 were eligible for inclusion in the analysis. The patients' characteristics were as follows: median age, 62 years; men, 26 (59%); Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group-Performance status 0/1, 30 (68%)/14 (32%); disease status, recurrent/local/metastatic: 4 (9%)/8 (18%)/32 (73%). The initial dose was reduced in 28 (64%) patients. The median time to treatment failure and number of cycles were 4.5 (range, 0.2-19.1) months and 6 cycles (range, 1-13 or more), respectively. The major grade 3/4 adverse events were neutropenia in 29 (66%), leucopenia in 17 (39%), anorexia in 7 (16%), febrile neutropenia in 5 (11%), and anemia in 5 (11%) patients. The median overall survival, progression-free survival, and 1-year survival rates were 10.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.2-13.3), 4.1 (95% CI, 2.6-5.5) months, and 30%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that FOLFIRINOX as a second-line chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer was effective in patients with a good performance status. It displayed toxicity similar to that observed with its use as a first-line treatment.

Gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel for locally advanced or borderline resectable pancreatic cancer.

Overall survival in a phase III study for metastatic pancreatic cancer has significantly improved with gemcitabine (GEM) plus nab-paclitaxel. However, to date, there is limited data on the efficacy and safety of its use for patients with locally advanced (LA) or borderline resectable pancreatic cancer (BRPC). Here, we investigated the efficacy and safety of first-line GEM plus nab-paclitaxel for LA or BRPC. We retrospectively analysed consecutive patients with pathologically confirmed, untreated LA or BRPC who started receiving first-line GEM plus nab-paclitaxel. A total of 30 patients (LA, n = 22; BRPC, n = 8) were analysed. Twelve patients (40%) without distant metastasis received additional chemoradiotherapy using S-1. Laparotomy was performed on 8 patients and 6 (20%; LA, n = 3; BR, n = 3) achieved R0 resection. Objective response rate was 44.8%. For all patients, median progression-free survival and overall survival were 14.8 and 29.9 months, respectively. Median overall survival for LA was 24.1 months with a 2-year survival rate of 50.8%. The most frequently observed grade 3 or 4 toxicities were neutropenia (73%) and biliary infection (13%). First-line GEM plus nab-paclitaxel was well-tolerated and feasible with an encouraging survival for LA or BRPC.

A double-blind randomized comparative clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of dendritic cell vaccine loaded with WT1 peptides (TLP0-001) in combination with S-1 in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer refractory to standard chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer is a refractory malignancy, and the development of a new effective treatment strategy is needed. We generated a dendritic cell vaccine by culturing monocytes obtained by apheresis of blood from each patient, inducing their differentiation into dendritic cells, and pulsing with tumor antigen peptides. However, the clinical efficacy of the vaccine has not been established. We therefore decided to conduct an exploratory clinical trial of dendritic cell vaccine loaded with Wilms' tumor gene 1 peptides (TLP0-001) as a potential new treatment for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer refractory to standard chemotherapy. METHODS: This is an investigator-initiated, double-blind, comparative trial. The patients were allocated to two groups in a 1:1 ratio through a central registration by dynamic allocation. A total of 185 patients with inoperable or metastatic pancreatic cancer who were refractory or intolerant to standard primary chemotherapy with gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel will be allocated to secondary treatment either with placebo in combination with S-1 (the control group) or TLP0-001 in combination with S-1 (the investigational product group). The primary objective of this trial is to evaluate the safety and efficacy (as measured by overall survival) of the investigational product by comparing the two groups. This clinical trial will be performed in accordance with Japanese Good Clinical Practice guidelines. DISCUSSION: Clinical trials of the standard regimen, including gemcitabine, for advanced pancreatic cancer are ongoing worldwide. However, a strategy for after the primary treatment has not been established. We therefore decided to conduct this study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of TLP0-001 as a secondary treatment for pancreatic cancer in anticipation of the approval of this new drug in Japan. This trial is conducted with full consideration of safety, as it is the first-in-human clinical trial of TLP0-001; thus, the trial will be conducted only at the Second Department of Surgery at Wakayama Medical University until the safety is confirmed by interim analysis. We plan to conduct a multicenter trial at 18 institutions in Japan after confirmation of the safety. TRIAL REGISTRATION: University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry, UMIN000027179 . Registered on 9 April 2017.

Impact of UGT1A1 genetic polymorphism on toxicity in unresectable pancreatic cancer patients undergoing FOLFIRINOX.

Studies have indicated an association between UDP-glucuronosyltransferase-1A1 (UGT1A1) genetic polymorphisms and irinotecan-induced toxicity. We undertook this study to investigate the association between UGT1A1 genetic polymorphisms and toxicity in patients treated with the FOLFIRINOX (comprising oxaliplatin, irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin) chemotherapy regimen in the JASPAC 06 study. Patients screened for UGT1A1*6 and UGT1A1*28, and treated with either the original FOLFIRINOX (oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2 , irinotecan 180 mg/m2 , leucovorin 200 mg/m2 , bolus 5-fluorouracil [5-FU] 400 mg/m2 , and continuous 5-FU 2400 mg/m2 ) or a modified FOLFIRINOX (oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2 , irinotecan 150 mg/m2 , leucovorin 200 mg/m2 , and continuous 5-FU 2400 mg/m2 ) as first-line chemotherapy were included. Of 199 patients eligible for this analysis, 79 patients were treated with the original FOLFIRINOX regimen and 120 patients were treated with the modified FOLFIRINOX regimen. In the original FOLFIRINOX group, 54 were UGT1A1 WT, and 25 were UGT1A1 heterozygous type (-/*6, 12 patients; -/*28, 13 patients). In the modified FOLFIRINOX group, 64 were UGT1A1 WT and 56 were UGT1A1 heterozygous type (-/*6, 33 patients; -/*28, 23 patients). In the original FOLFIRINOX group, the incidence of diarrhea was significantly higher among patients with UGT1A1 heterozygous type than among those with UGT1A1 WT and the incidence of leukopenia and diarrhea was significantly higher among patients with UGT1A1 -/*6 than among those with UGT1A1 -/*28. Patients with UGT1A1 heterozygous type, especially those with UGT1A1 -/*6, tended to show a higher incidence rate of severe adverse events, but this was not statistically significant. However, for patients who received the modified FOLFIRINOX, there was no difference in the frequency of adverse events due to UGT1A1 status. In conclusion, patients with heterozygous UGT1A1 polymorphisms treated with the original FOLFIRINOX regimen experienced severe toxicity more frequently than patients with WT UGT1A1.

Nationwide Multicenter Observational Study of FOLFIRINOX Chemotherapy in 399 Patients With Unresectable or Recurrent Pancreatic Cancer in Japan.

OBJECTIVES: FOLFIRINOX (oxaliplatin, irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin) is the standard therapy worldwide for unresectable pancreatic cancer; however, clinical data for Japanese patients are limited. Therefore, the observational study of FOLFIRINOX for patients with pancreatic cancer was conducted. METHODS: The study included 399 patients with unresectable or recurrent pancreatic cancer, from 27 institutions in Japan, treated with FOLFIRINOX and surveyed until December 2015. RESULTS: The median age was 63 years; in most patients, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status was 1 or lower. The initial dose was reduced in 270 patients (68%). The main grade 3/4 toxicities were neutropenia (64%), anorexia (14%), and febrile neutropenia (13%). Fatal adverse events occurred in 5 patients, 4 of whom did not satisfy the main inclusion criteria of a previous Japanese phase II FOLFIRINOX study. The median overall survival and progression-free survival times were 10.8, and 4.5 months, respectively. The objective response rate was 21%, and the disease control rate was 61%. The median overall survival times were 11.1, 18.5, and 4.9 months in chemotherapy-naïve patients with metastatic, locally advanced, and recurrent disease, respectively. CONCLUSION: When carefully managed, FOLFIRINOX is acceptably safe and efficacious in Japanese patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer.

Phase II study of induction gemcitabine and S-1 followed by chemoradiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy using S-1 for locally advanced pancreatic cancer.

PURPOSE: S-1 has systemic activity for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). Here, the efficacy and safety of induction gemcitabine (GEM) and S-1 (GS) followed by chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and systemic chemotherapy using S-1 for LAPC were assessed. METHODS: The treatment consisted of four cycles of induction GS (S-1 60, 80, or 100 mg/day based on body surface area for 14 days every 3 weeks plus GEM 1000 mg/m2 on days 8 and 15), followed by S-1 (80, 100, or 120 mg/day based on body surface area on days 1-14 and 22-35) and concurrent radiotherapy (50.4 Gy in 28 fractions). Maintenance chemotherapy with S-1 was started 1-4 weeks after CRT until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity was observed. The primary endpoint was 1-year survival. RESULTS: A total of 30 patients with LAPC were enrolled. The median survival and progression-free survival were 21.3 and 12.7 months, respectively. Overall survival rates at 1, 2, 3, and 4 years were 73.3, 36.7, 23.3, and 16.7%, respectively. The median survival of 23 patients who received CRT was 22.9 months, with a 3-year survival rate of 30.4%. The two most common grade 3 or 4 adverse events during induction GS were neutropenia (63.3%) and biliary tract infection (20%). Toxicities during CRT or maintenance chemotherapy were generally mild. CONCLUSIONS: This regimen was feasible and highly active resulting in encouraging survival in patients with LAPC. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the effectiveness of this treatment strategy in future studies. Clinical trials information: UMIN000006332.

Signet ring cell carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct diagnosed by preoperative biopsy: a case report.

A 73-year-old woman was admitted because of obstructive jaundice. Computed tomography revealed a stricture in the lower bile duct with enhanced bile duct wall. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) revealed a tapering stenosis at the lower bile duct. Transpapillary histological biopsy using biopsy forceps through ERCP was performed; the diagnosis of signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) of the bile duct was established. Regional lymph node enlargement and distant metastases were not detected on diagnostic imaging. Pancreaticoduodenectomy with pylorus preservation was performed. Histological examination of the resected specimen confirmed SRCC of the extrahepatic bile duct coexisting with adenocarcinoma (ADC) of the extrahepatic bile duct with negative resection margins. However, tumor cells directly invaded the pancreatic parenchyma and the muscle layer of the duodenum, prompting us to administer adjuvant chemotherapy to the patient, with no sign of tumor recurrence at 1-year follow-up. Almost all tumors originating from the extrahepatic bile duct are ADC and other histological variants are rare. Of these, SRCC is extremely rare and only four cases have been reported. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report regarding the preoperative diagnosis of SRCC of the bile duct. Current reports indicate that younger age and Asian ethnicity are the clinical features of SRCC of the extrahepatic bile duct. Immunohistochemical staining of CK7, CK20 and MUC2 may be useful for predicting prognosis. Chemotherapy has not resulted in increased survival rates and only surgical resection currently serves as a curative treatment.

S-1 in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

S-1 is an oral 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) prodrug, which is designed to improve the antitumor activity of 5-FU by inhibiting dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, the key enzyme of 5-FU catabolism. Recently, two important studies on the clinical use of S-1 for pancreatic cancer have been reported from Japan. In the first study (GEST study), S-1 demonstrated non-inferiority to gemcitabine (GEM) in overall survival (OS) for metastatic or locally advanced pancreatic cancer, but combination chemotherapy with GEM and S-1 did not show superiority to GEM in OS. In the second study (JASPAC-01 study), S-1 showed superiority to adjuvant chemotherapy with GEM in OS in patients with resected pancreatic cancer. In addition to GEM, S-1 is now regarded as the key drug in the management of pancreatic cancer in Japan. To date, many studies have investigated the effectiveness of S-1 in various settings, such as first-line chemotherapy for metastatic or locally advanced pancreatic cancer, second-line chemotherapy after GEM failure, and chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced disease. In this review, we focus on recent clinical trials of S-1-based chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer.

Multicenter retrospective analysis of systemic chemotherapy for advanced neuroendocrine carcinoma of the digestive system.

This study analyzed outcomes of systemic chemotherapy for advanced neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) of the digestive system. Clinical data from 258 patients with unresectable or recurrent NEC of the gastrointestinal tract (GI) or hepato-biliary-pancreatic system (HBP), who received chemotherapy, were collected from 23 Japanese institutions and analyzed retrospectively. Patients had primary sites in the esophagus (n = 85), stomach (n = 70), small bowel (n = 6), colorectum (n = 31), hepato-biliary system (n = 31) and pancreas (n = 31). Median overall survival (OS) was 13.4 months the esophagus, 13.3 months for the stomach, 29.7 months for the small bowel, 7.6 months for the colorectum, 7.9 months for the hepato-biliary system and 8.5 months for the pancreas. Irinotecan plus cisplatin (IP) and etoposide plus cisplatin (EP) were most commonly selected for GI-NEC and HBP-NEC. For patients treated with IP/EP (n = 160/46), the response rate was 50/28% and median OS was 13.0/7.3 months. Multivariate analysis among patients treated with IP or EP showed that the primary site (GI vs HBP; hazard ratio [HR] 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35-0.97) and baseline serum lactate dehydrogenase levels (not elevated vs elevated; HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.46-0.94) were independent prognostic factors for OS, while the efficacy of IP was slightly better than for EP (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.48-1.33; P = 0.389). IP and EP are the most common treatment regimens for NEC of the digestive system. HBP primary sites and elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels are unfavorable prognostic factors for survival. A randomized controlled trial is required to establish the appropriate chemotherapy regimen for advanced NEC of the digestive system. This study was registered at UMIN as trial number 000005176.