Global One Health post-graduate programmes: a review.

BACKGROUND: The One Health (OH) approach recognises that humans, animals, plants, and the environment are interrelated, and therefore seeks to facilitate collaboration, communication, coordination, and capacity building between relevant stakeholders to achieve a healthier ecosystem. This calls for integrating OH into established governance, policy, health, education, and community structures, and requires OH professionals equipped with the necessary inter and trans-disciplinary skillset. Therefore, numerous OH training programmes are currently being offered globally. However, the coordination and contents of some of these trainings have been criticised as inconsistent and inadequately standardised, and therefore could serve as a barrier to OH implementation. In this study, an up-to-date repository of a subset of OH academic programmes offered globally was provided, and their curricula contents was critically assessed. METHODS: Between December 2022 and April 2023, an online search for key terms 'ONE HEALTH MASTERS COURSES', and 'ONE HEALTH MASTERS PROGRAMMES' together with variations of 'AFRICA', 'NORTH AMERICA', 'ASIA', 'AUSTRALIA', 'EUROPE', 'GLOBAL' was conducted. Details about course title, delivery mode, joint administration status, curricula contents, language of instruction, years to completion, host university, country, and continent were collected. RESULTS: Forty-three programmes met inclusion criteria of the study, and almost all (n = 36, 83.7%) were tailored towards infectious diseases and population/global health, compared to the environmental and conservation perspectives. Compiled curricula contents clustered into one of these 12 sub-headings: 'principles and concepts of OH', 'epidemiology and biostatistics', 'major branches of OH', 'internship/externship/research project', 'infectious diseases, zoonoses, and surveillance', 'risk analysis and crises management', 'food safety, microbiology, immunology, and allied', 'communication', 'ethics', 'economics, policy, and management' and 'others. Of these, infectious disease themes were the most common. Regarding geography and organising institutions, North America and Europe, and veterinary institutions, respectively, were the most represented. CONCLUSION: Despite the multi-level diversity observed, uniformity still exists across the programmes which favours interdisciplinary cross-talks. Future pedagogical studies that objectively assess the alignment of module contents with the OH core competencies and the impacts of these OH programmes is recommended. With this study, a critical information gap that has existed for long in the OH field has been bridged.

Non-Puerperal Adoptive Breastfeeding as Lactational Rescue in the Rohingya Refugee Camp: 2 Case Studies.

INTRODUCTION: Non-puerperal adoptive lactation sometimes requires long preparation and substantial expense for pharmacological intervention to be successful, which are not feasible in refugee camps. Here we report two case studies of non-puerperal adoptive breastfeeding of two infants in the Rohingya Refugee Camp of Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. MAIN ISSUE: Two non-pregnant, non-breastfeeding caregivers with previous experience of breastfeeding brought two adopted infants-one a 12-day-old female with severe acute malnutrition, and the other a 2-day-old male with normal anthropometric measurements-to a nutritional stabilization center for feeding. After counseling, both families opted for adoptive lactation. MANAGEMENT: Both infants were treated with a modified Action Against Hunger protocol of in-patient management of severe acute malnutrition using the supplementary suckling technique, a procedure to feed the baby with supplementary feed. Diluted F100 was used as the supplementary feed; the energy and protein gained from it were just enough to maintain body physiology and were not responsible for any weight gain. When the infants gained weight, indicating that the caregivers were producing milk, we reduced the supplementary feed as per protocol guidelines. The caregivers were prescribed domperidone and counseled on their ability to breastfeed the infants. The cases required 35 days and 20 days, respectively, for the full establishment of breastfeeding. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of successful adoptive breastfeeding in a refugee camp. With proper counseling and motivation of the caregiver, induced lactation can be started without a preparatory period and with very low-cost intervention.

Beyond the regulatory radar: knowledge and practices of rural medical practitioners in Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: Informal and unregulated rural medical practitioners (RMPs) provide healthcare services to about two-thirds of people in Bangladesh, although their service is assumed to be substandard by qualified providers. As the RMPs are embedded in the local community and provide low-cost services, their practice pattern demands investigation to identify the shortfalls and design effective strategies to ameliorate the service. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 2015-16 using a convenient sample from all 64 districts of Bangladesh. Personnel practising modern medicine, without any recognized training, or with recognized training but practising outside their defined roles, and without any regulatory oversight were invited to take part in the study. Appropriateness of the diagnosis and the rationality of antibiotic and other drug use were measured as per the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness guideline. RESULTS: We invited 1004 RMPs, of whom 877 consented. Among them, 656 (74.8%) RMPs owned a drugstore, 706 (78.2%) had formal education below higher secondary level, and 844 (96.2%) had informal training outside regulatory oversight during or after induction into the profession. The most common diseases encountered by them were common cold, pneumonia, and diarrhoea. 583 (66.5%) RMPs did not dispense any antibiotic for common cold symptoms. 59 (6.7%) and 64 (7.3%) of them could identify all main symptoms of pneumonia and diarrhoea, respectively. In pneumonia, 28 (3.2%) RMPs dispensed amoxicillin as first-line treatment, 819 (93.4%) dispensed different antibiotics including ceftriaxone, 721 (82.2%) dispensed salbutamol, and 278 (31.7%) dispensed steroid. In diarrhoea, 824 (94.0%) RMPs dispensed antibiotic, 937 (95.4%) dispensed ORS, 709 (80.8%) dispensed antiprotozoal, and 15 (1.7%) refrained from dispensing antibiotic and antiprotozoal together. CONCLUSIONS: Inappropriate diagnoses, irrational use of antibiotics and other drugs, and polypharmacy were observed in the practising pattern of RMPs. The government and other stakeholders should acknowledge them as crucial partners in the healthcare sector and consider ways to incorporate them into curative and preventive care.

Unpacking COVID-19 Vaccine Attitudes: Exploring Hesitancy and Acceptance Among Undergraduate Students in Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: Vaccine hesitancy is a significant global health concern, and mass vaccination is essential in preventing the spread of COVID-19. Undergraduate students need to be prioritized for vaccination as they continue their academic curriculum physically. However, limited research explores vaccine hesitancy and acceptance among undergraduate students in Bangladesh. Therefore, this study evaluated vaccine hesitancy and acceptance among this population. METHOD: A web-based cross-sectional study was conducted between May and June 2021 using a structured questionnaire to assess COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and acceptance among undergraduate students in Bangladesh. The Oxford Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Scale was used to measure vaccine hesitancy. The study used convenient sampling. RESULT: Across the country, 334 undergraduate students participated in this study on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, with a mean age of 22.4 years. Most participants were male and unmarried, most having spent four years at university. 89.52% of participants would accept a COVID-19 vaccine if it were suggested by educational institutions or available, while 4.49% refused to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Participants showed low levels of vaccine hesitancy, with a mean score of 10.77 on the Oxford COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Scale. Most participants had a positive attitude towards receiving the vaccine, with the majority wanting to get it as soon as it becomes available. No association was found between vaccine acceptance and participants' background characteristics. CONCLUSION: Our study found a high level of vaccine acceptance among undergraduate students in Bangladesh, indicating that this group can be vaccinated quickly, significantly accelerating vaccination goals. However, further large-scale studies are recommended among vulnerable groups, including school and college students, to ensure vaccine preparedness.

Smokeless tobacco consumption and its association with risk factors of chronic kidney disease in rural and peri-urban Bangladesh.

INTRODUCTION: Compared to smoking, which has major consequences in chronic kidney disease (CKD) initiation and progression, smokeless tobacco (SLT) consumption is considered to have fewer health consequences. We investigated the prevalence of SLT consumption and its association with risk factors of CKD in a rural and peri-urban Bangladeshi population. METHODS: Using random sampling we recruited 872 adults in 2020, from the Mirzapur Demographic Surveillance System of Bangladesh, who had resided in the area for at least five years. Interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire, physical examination and anthropometric measurements were done, followed by blood and urine testing. The blood and urine tests were repeated in selected participants after three months as per the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration equation. RESULTS: The prevalence of SLT consumption was 29%. Being aged ≥46 years (OR=7.10; 95% CI: 4.79-10.94), female (OR=1.64; 95% CI: 1.21-2.22), housewife (OR=1.82; 95% CI: 1.35-2.45), farmer (OR=1.71; 95% CI: 1.06-2.76), widow (OR=3.40; 95% CI: 2.24-5.17), and having no formal schooling (OR=4.91; 95% CI: 3.59-6.72), family income of <$100/month (OR=1.66; 95% CI: 1.13-2.43), sleeping duration <7 hours per day (OR=2.33; 95% CI: 1.70-3.19), were associated with a significantly higher odds of SLT consumption. However, being aged 31-45 years (OR=0.25; 95% CI: 0.16-0.38) had significantly lower odds of being an SLT consumer. Among the diseases investigated, undernutrition (OR=1.63; 95% CI: 1.15-2.33), hypertension (OR=1.52; 95% CI: 1.13-2.05), anemia (OR=1.94; 95% CI: 1.39-2.71) and CKD (OR=1.62; 95% CI: 1.15-2.27) were significantly associated with SLT consumption. In the multivariable analysis, being aged 31-45 years (AOR=3.06; 95% CI: 1.91-4.90), ≥46 years (AOR=15.69; 95% CI: 4.64-53.09) and having no formal schooling (AOR=2.47; 95% CI: 1.72-3.55) were found to have a significant association with being an SLT consumer. CONCLUSIONS: SLT consumption is associated with most of the established risk factors of CKD within the studied population.

Changing Water-Sanitation Determinants of Cholera over Two Decades in Bangladesh.

Cholera is a leading global public health threat, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the changing determinants of cholera related to water-sanitation practices between 1994-1998 and 2014-2018 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data of all cause diarrhea cases were extracted from the Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, and analysis was performed among three groups: Vibrio cholerae detected as sole pathogen, V. cholerae detected as mixed infection, and detection of no common enteropathogen in stool specimens (reference). Using sanitary toilet, drinking tap water, drinking boiled water, family size greater than five, and slum dwelling were the main exposures. Overall, 3,380 (20.30%) and 1,290 (9.69%) patients were positive for V. cholerae during 1994-1998 and 2014-2018, respectively. In 1994-1998, use of sanitary toilet (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.76-0.97) and drinking tap water (aOR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.72-0.92) were found to be negatively associated and in 2014-2018, drinking tap water (aOR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.21-1.78) and slum dwelling (aOR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.10-1.86) were found to be positively associated with V. cholerae infection after adjusting for age, sex, monthly income, and seasonality. Because the determinants of cholera such as drinking tap water can change over time in developing cities, ameliorating the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) situation is of paramount importance. In addition, in settings such as urban slums, where long-term WASH monitoring might be difficult to achieve, mass vaccination with oral cholera vaccine should be introduced to control cholera.

Medical Waste Management: An Assessment of District-Level Public Health Facilities in Bangladesh.

Background Due to the huge patient load and different types of services, public health facilities produce a bulk of medical waste (MW) in Bangladesh. Improper disposal of MW increases the risk of infection among healthcare service personnel, patients, and attendants. To ensure quality services, this study aimed to assess the practices of MW management and quantify those to find out the shortcomings in the specific steps of waste management. Methodology As part of a larger interventional study, a facility assessment was conducted from February to April 2016 at a District Hospital (DH) and a Mother and Child Welfare Centre (MCWC) in one district. Non-participatory observation of MW management was done using a checklist that was developed following the Guideline for Medical Waste Management of Bangladesh. Scoring was applied for various activities of MW management performed in the study facilities. Results The overall scores for bin management, segregation, and collection of waste were 64.5%, 58.1%, and 62.0% in DH and 53.1%, 41.5%, and 48.0% in MCWC, respectively. The performance of operation theater in MCWC was the lowest among different corners (16.7% to 36.0%). Reusable waste was segregated poorly (32% in DH and 0% in MCWC), and almost none was shredded (4% in DH and 0% in MCWC). Waste was transported from in-house to out-house temporary storage area in an open bin without any trolley or specific route. The storage area was accessible to unauthorized persons, for example, a waste picker in DH. While DH segregated 84% of its infectious waste at the source, it eventually got mixed up with other waste in the storage area and delivered to the municipality to be dumped. MCWC could segregate only 40% of its infectious waste at the source and disposed of them using the pit method. Both the facilities disposed of sharp MW by open-air burning and liquid waste through sewerage without any treatment. Conclusions The performance of MW management was poor in both study facilities. Advocacy to the healthcare personnel and refresher training along with supportive supervision and monitoring may improve the situation. Moreover, a larger study is needed to find out the reasons behind such poor MW management.

Electronic decision support and diarrhoeal disease guideline adherence (mHDM): a cluster randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Acute diarrhoeal disease management often requires rehydration alone without antibiotics. However, non-indicated antibiotics are frequently ordered and this is an important driver of antimicrobial resistance. The mHealth Diarrhoea Management (mHDM) trial aimed to establish whether electronic decision support improves rehydration and antibiotic guideline adherence in resource-limited settings. METHODS: A cluster randomised controlled trial was done at ten district hospitals in Bangladesh. Inclusion criteria were patients aged 2 months or older with uncomplicated acute diarrhoea. Admission orders were observed without intervention in the pre-intervention period, followed by randomisation to electronic (rehydration calculator) or paper formatted WHO guidelines for the intervention period. The primary outcome was rate of intravenous fluid ordered as a binary variable. Generalised linear mixed-effect models, accounting for hospital clustering, served as the analytical framework; the analysis was intention to treat. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03154229) and is completed. FINDINGS: From March 11 to Sept 10, 2018, 4975 patients (75·6%) of 6577 screened patients were enrolled. The intervention effect for the primary outcome showed no significant differences in rates of intravenous fluids ordered as a function of decision-support type. Intravenous fluid orders decreased by 0·9 percentage points for paper electronic decision support and 4·2 percentage points for electronic decision support, with a 4·2-point difference between decision-support types in the intervention period (paper 98·7% [95% CI 91·8-99·8] vs electronic 94·5% [72·2-99·1]; pinteraction=0·31). Adverse events such as complications and mortality events were uncommon and could not be statistically estimated. INTERPRETATION: Although intravenous fluid orders did not change, electronic decision support was associated with increases in the volume of intravenous fluid ordered and decreases in antibiotics ordered, which are consistent with WHO guidelines. FUNDING: US National Institutes of Health.

An ethnographic exploration of diarrheal disease management in public hospitals in Bangladesh: From problems to solutions.

INTRODUCTION: Diarrheal disease is one of the most common causes of hospital admission globally. The barriers that influence guideline-adherent care at resource limited hospitals are poorly defined, especially during diarrheal disease outbreaks. The objective of this study was to characterize challenges faced in diarrheal disease management in resource-limited hospitals and identify opportunities to improve care. METHODS: The study was conducted during a diarrheal disease outbreak period at ten public district hospitals distributed across Bangladesh. A rapid ethnographic approach included observations and informal interviews with clinicians, staff nurses and patients. In the first phase, observations identified common and unique challenges in diarrheal management at the ten sites. In the second phase, four hospitals were purposively selected for additional ethnographic study. Systematic observations over 420 total hours were collected from patient-clinician interactions (n = 76) and informal interviews (n = 138). Applied thematic analysis identified factors that influenced hospitalbased diarrhea management. RESULTS: Normalization of guideline deviation was observed at all ten sites, including prescription of non-indicated antibiotics and intravenous (IV) fluids. Conflict between 'what should be done' and 'what can be done' was the most common challenge identified. Clinical assessments and patient treatment plans were established at admission in a median of 2 minutes (n = 76), often without a physical examination (57%; n=43/76). Factors that prevented adherence to clinical guidelines included human resource constraints, conflicts of interests, overcrowding, and inadequate hygiene and sanitation in the emergency department and wards. CONCLUSION: This study identified challenges in hospital-based management of diarrheal disease and opportunities to improve care in seemingly change-resilient hospital settings. The results reveal important areas for intervention and policy engagement that may have additive benefit for both hospitals and their patients. These interventions include targeting barriers to clean-water, sanitation and hygiene that prevent clinicians from adopting guidelines out of concern for hospital acquired infections.

Quality of maternal and newborn healthcare services in two public hospitals of Bangladesh: identifying gaps and provisions for improvement.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare service delivery systems need to ensure standard quality of care (QoC) for achieving expected health outcomes. Although Bangladesh has a good healthcare service delivery system, there are major concerns about the quality of maternal and newborn health (MNH) care services, which is imperative for achievements in health. The study aimed to measure the QoC for different MNH services in two selected public health facilities of Bangladesh. This study also documented the specific areas of each care which needs intervention. METHODS: The study was conducted in two district-level public health facilities-a district hospital (DH) and a mother and child welfare centre (MCWC). A total of 228 cases of MNH services were observed by using contextualized checklist 'Standards-based Management and Recognition (S-BMR)' for 8 selected MNH care services. For scoring, performed activities were calculated as percentages of the total recommended activities and categorized as high (> 80%), moderate (50 to 80%), and low (< 50%). RESULTS: Overall QoC scores were moderate for each DH (54.8%), and MCWC (56.1%). In DH, the QoC score was high for blood transfusion (80.3%); moderate for maternal complications management (77.0%), caesarean section (CS) (65.6%), infection prevention (64.3%), sick newborn care (54.1%), and normal vaginal delivery (NVD) (52.6%); and low for antenatal care (ANC) (25.6%) and postnatal care (PNC) (19.0%). In MCWC, the QoC scores were high for infection prevention (83.0%); moderate for CS (76.5%) and NVD (59.8%); and low for ANC (36.9%) and PNC (24.5%). CONCLUSIONS: In the study facilities, the QoC for MNH services is found to be unsatisfactory, particularly for ANC and PNC. Urgent initiative needs to be taken by introducing contextualized quality monitoring tools at health facilities, along with training of the care providers and introducing a quality monitoring system.