RESUMO
Available genetically defined cancer models are limited in genotypic and phenotypic complexity and underrepresent the heterogeneity of human cancer. Here, we describe a combinatorial genetic strategy applied to an organoid transformation assay to rapidly generate diverse, clinically relevant bladder and prostate cancer models. Importantly, the clonal architecture of the resultant tumors can be resolved using single-cell or spatially resolved next-generation sequencing to uncover polygenic drivers of cancer phenotypes.
Assuntos
Neoplasias , Masculino , Humanos , Genótipo , Fenótipo , Neoplasias/genética , Estudos de Associação GenéticaRESUMO
Available genetically-defined cancer models are limited in genotypic and phenotypic complexity and underrepresent the heterogeneity of human cancer. Herein, we describe a combinatorial genetic strategy applied to an organoid transformation assay to rapidly generate diverse, clinically relevant bladder and prostate cancer models. Importantly, the clonal architecture of the resultant tumors can be resolved using single-cell or spatially resolved next-generation sequencing to uncover polygenic drivers of cancer phenotypes.
RESUMO
The complement system is a major component of the innate immune system that works through the cytolytic effect of the membrane attack complex (MAC). Complement component 7 (C7) is essential for MAC assembly and its precisely regulated expression level is crucial for the cytolytic activity of MAC. We show that C7 is specifically expressed by the stromal cells in both mouse and human prostates. The expression level of C7 inversely correlates with clinical outcomes in prostate cancer. C7 is positively regulated by androgen signaling in the mouse prostate stromal cells. The androgen receptor directly transcriptionally regulates the mouse and human C7. Increasing C7 expression in the C57Bl/6 syngeneic RM-1 and Pten-Kras allografts suppresses tumor growth in vivo. Conversely, C7 haploinsufficiency promotes tumor growth in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. Interestingly, replenishing C7 in androgen-sensitive Pten-Kras tumors during androgen depletion only slightly enhances cellular apoptosis, highlighting the diverse mechanisms employed by tumors to counteract complement activity. Collectively, our research indicates that augmenting complement activity could be a promising therapeutic approach to impede the development of castration resistance in prostate cancer.
Assuntos
Androgênios , Neoplasias da Próstata , Masculino , Camundongos , Humanos , Animais , Complemento C7/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/metabolismo , Camundongos Transgênicos , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Receptores Androgênicos/genética , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismoRESUMO
Six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1) is a cell surface antigen for therapeutic targeting in prostate cancer. Here, we report broad expression of STEAP1 relative to prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in lethal metastatic prostate cancers and the development of a STEAP1-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. STEAP1 CAR T cells demonstrate reactivity in low antigen density, antitumor activity across metastatic prostate cancer models, and safety in a human STEAP1 knock-in mouse model. STEAP1 antigen escape is a recurrent mechanism of treatment resistance and is associated with diminished tumor antigen processing and presentation. The application of tumor-localized interleukin-12 (IL-12) therapy in the form of a collagen binding domain (CBD)-IL-12 fusion protein combined with STEAP1 CAR T cell therapy enhances antitumor efficacy by remodeling the immunologically cold tumor microenvironment of prostate cancer and combating STEAP1 antigen escape through the engagement of host immunity and epitope spreading.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Próstata , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos , Masculino , Camundongos , Animais , Humanos , Linfócitos T , Interleucina-12 , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Imunoterapia , Microambiente Tumoral , Antígenos de Neoplasias , OxirredutasesRESUMO
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is a critical mutation surveillance system for recognizing and repairing erroneous insertion, deletion, and disincorporation of base. Major components of mismatch repair system consist of MutH, MutL, and MutS. Dam methylates adenine to distinguish newly synthesized daughter strands from the parent strands. Employing a tyrosine-auxotrophic E. coli FX-11 strain, the mutation frequency can be determined by the number of tyrosine revertants and the cell viability of FX-11 with deficiencies in dam and mismatch repair proteins. This study showed that mutS defect produced a higher mutation frequency than mutH did. Interestingly, double defects in dam and mutS synergistically produced a dramatically higher spontaneous mutation frequency than the summation of mutation frequencies of FX-11 strains with individual deficiency of dam or mutS, suggesting that Dam may work with MutHL to partially accomplish the task of recognizing the mismatch sites to retain partial mismatch repair capacity.
Assuntos
Metilação de DNA/genética , Reparo de Erro de Pareamento de DNA/genética , Metilases de Modificação do DNA/metabolismo , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Endodesoxirribonucleases/metabolismo , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Proteína MutS de Ligação de DNA com Erro de Pareamento/metabolismo , Metilases de Modificação do DNA/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Endodesoxirribonucleases/genética , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Escherichia coli/genética , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica , Genes Bacterianos , Proteína MutS de Ligação de DNA com Erro de Pareamento/genética , Mutagênese , Taxa de MutaçãoRESUMO
Pten (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10), a kind of tumor suppressor gene, plays important roles in female reproductive system. But its expression and roles in the formation of polycystic ovaries are yet to be known. In this study, we constructed a rat model of PCOS using norethindrone and HCG injections and found the expressions of pten mRNA and PTEN protein increased significantly in the polycystic ovary tissue by immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and western blot. Furthermore, the results showed that in vivo ovaries could be effectively transfected by lentiviral vectors through the ovarian microinjection method and indicated that pten shRNA may inhibit the formation of polycystic ovaries by pten down-regulation. Our study provides new information regarding the role of PTEN in female reproductive disorders, such as polycystic ovary syndrome.