Traditional social learning predicts cyber deviance? Exploring the offending versatility thesis in social learning theory.

Social learning theory has been widely implemented to understand cyber deviance. Nevertheless, the antecedent scholarship homogenously nested in the perspective of offending specification, leaving the offending versatility thesis unattained. The lack of such studies may undermine the capability of comprehensively understanding the social learning patterns of online offending. Using a sample of 3741 Chinese college students, this study estimated an array of binary logistic regressions to compare the effects of traditional and online social learning in four types of online offending (online sexual harassment, cyberbullying, hacking, and digital piracy). The results suggest that offending versatility and offending specification co-exist in the social learning process of cyber deviance, while offending specification explains a marginally greater variance. Besides, online learning variables act as potential mediators in the relationships between traditional learning and cyber deviance. Furthermore, traditional social learning shows greater predictive power in cyber-enabled crimes than in cyber-dependent crimes. Our study provides fresh empirical evidence for the non-exclusive association between offending versatility and offending specification in the social learning process of cyber deviance.

Supportive Interventions of Chinese Police in Domestic Violence: Do Officer Knowledge and Training Matter?

Policing domestic violence (DV) poses significant challenges in China due to cultural, legal, and organizational complexities. Policing DV in China favors mediation over assertive interventions, complicating law enforcement's role. While previous research has focused on coercive interventions by Chinese police, there is limited information on non-coercive, supportive approaches. This study investigates the relationship between police officers' knowledge and training regarding the Anti-DV law and their willingness to provide supportive services to DV victims in China. It also considers various individual and organizational factors. The data used in this study are derived from the Policing DV in China project, with a sample of 1,353 respondents who had experience dealing with DV cases within the past 3 years. The study focuses on three dependent variables representing supportive approaches to DV cases: Referral, Counseling, and Protection orders. Independent variables include officers' knowledge of the Anti-DV law and agency training. Control variables include the use of body-worn cameras (BWC) and attitudes toward Violence Tolerance, Male Dominance, and Gender Equality. Additionally, demographic variables, working environment, length of service, and police rank are considered. The analytical approach involves a three-step strategy, incorporating descriptive, bivariate analyses, and regression analyses. The results are interpreted using odds ratios and average marginal effects, and statistical software such as SPSS by IBM and R by Open-Source Model is utilized for data analysis. Key findings indicate that more than half of the officers referred intimate partner violence survivors to shelters and assisted victims in filing protection orders. Counseling practices varied across provinces and between male and female officers. Agency training and the use of BWC were positively associated with non-coercive and supportive approaches, while knowledge of the DV Act, male dominance score, and gender equality score did not predict the use of such approaches. Demographic characteristics, including police rank, length of service, and province of employment, influenced the utilization of non-coercive and supportive approaches. This study examines the challenges faced by Chinese police officers when responding to DV cases and their willingness to provide supportive interventions. The study highlights the complexities surrounding the initiation of protection orders due to officers' legal knowledge and discretion. The study emphasizes the importance of police support in addressing DV in China and the role of agency training in promoting non-coercive responses. It highlights regional variations in police support and underscores the need for addressing disparities in service provision across different provinces.

More than race? Intragroup differences by gender and age in perceptions of police among street-identified Black men and women.

OBJECTIVE: Whereas studies have documented racial differences in attitudes toward police between White and Black Americans, relatively little is known about the intragroup, gender-based variations among urban Black residents involved in criminal activity (i.e., street-identified men and women). HYPOTHESES: We hypothesized Black women would be more likely to believe in police legitimacy and positive intent than men (Hypothesis 1), especially among the younger segment of the sample (Hypothesis 2). We also expected this relationship to be moderated by contact with police (Hypothesis 3) and experiences with victimization (Hypothesis 4). METHOD: Using survey data, this Street Participatory Action Research project examined the direct and interactional relationships between gender, age, involuntary police contact, personal victimization, and participants' perceptions of police legitimacy and positive intent. Participants included 515 street-identified Black men (40.4%; n = 208) and women (59.6%; n = 307), ages 18-35 years, from two high-crime neighborhoods in Wilmington, Delaware. RESULTS: Women had significantly higher perceptions of police legitimacy than did men (Hypothesis 1). While older participants tended to have lower perceptions that the police behave with positive intent, age did not moderate the relationship between gender and perceptions of police (Hypothesis 2). The relationship between gender and perceptions of positive police intent was moderated by involuntary police contact (Hypothesis 3) and experiences of victimization (Hypothesis 4). CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to existing literature, prior involuntary police contact mattered more for street-identified Black women than men in predicting perceptions of police. Experiences of victimization were also more impactful for these perceptions for street-identified Black women than men. Men's perceptions of positive police intent were consistent, regardless of the frequency of police contact, whereas women's favorable perceptions declined with more police contact and victimization experiences, and they eventually became more critical of the police than their male counterparts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Telehealth Utilization and Good Care among Informal Caregivers: Health Information National Trends Survey, 2022.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of telehealth services. Informal caregivers provide vital support to family and friends. Studying telehealth among informal caregivers is crucial to understanding how technology can support and enhance their caregiving responsibilities, potentially enhancing telehealth services for them as well as their patients. The present study aims to nationally investigate telehealth utilization and quality among informal caregivers. METHODS: This cross-sectional investigation employed the 2022 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) dataset. Informal caregivers, telehealth variables (utilization, good care, technical problems, convenience, and concerns about infection exposure), and sociodemographic factors (age, gender, race/ethnicity, income, education, health insurance, and census regions) were identified based on questions in the survey. Weighted multivariable logistic regression models were employed to calculate odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and p-values. RESULTS: Significant disparities in telehealth utilization were detected among informal caregivers (N = 831), when telehealth users were compared to non-users. Those aged 50-64 (OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.20-0.65) and 65+ (OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.21-0.74) had significantly lower odds of using telehealth than those aged 35-49. Men had significantly lower odds of telehealth utilization (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.25-0.87). Black caregivers compared to Whites had significantly lower odds (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.24-0.99), while health insurance increased odds (OR = 5.31, 95% CI = 1.67-16.86) of telehealth utilization. Informal caregivers who used telehealth were more likely to be perceived as good telehealth caregivers if they had no telehealth technical issues compared to caregivers who had (OR = 4.61, CI = 1.61-13.16; p-value = 0.0051) and if they were from the South compared to the West (OR = 2.95, CI = 1.18-7.37, p-value = 0.0213). CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, we have nationally investigated telehealth utilization and quality among informal caregivers. Disparities in telehealth utilization among informal caregivers are evident, with age, gender, race, and health insurance being significant determinants. Telehealth quality is significantly influenced by technical problems and census regions, emphasizing the importance of addressing these aspects in telehealth service development for informal caregivers.