Neurosonological parameters may predict the risk of cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid artery stenting.

PURPOSE: Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome (CHS) is a critical complicationin patients underwent carotid artery stenting (CAS). We sought to explore neurosonological parameters and additional risk factors associated with CHS in patients following CAS and further to develop a prediction model for CHS after CAS. METHODS: A total of 197 patients who underwent CAS were included in this observational study. All patients were divided into CHS and non-CHS groups. Demographic, clinical, treatment, and laboratory data were extracted from electronic medical records. Logistic regression analysis and nomogram listing were used to build a CHS prediction model. Machine learning algorithms with five-fold cross-validation were used to further validate the CHS prediction model. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients had clinically manifested CHS. Four parameters were detected as risk factors associated with CHS, including effective collateral circulation (ECC) (p = 0.046), asymmetry ratio of peak systolic velocity of the middle cerebral artery (ARP) (p = 0.001), severe stenosis or occlusion of the contralateral carotid artery (p = 0.010), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (P = 0.025). The area under the curve for the prediction model of CHS in the cohort was 0.835 (95% CI 0.760-0.909). CONCLUSION: In this study, CHS following CAS was associated with ECC, ARP, contralateral ICA severe stenosis or occlusion, as well as LDL-C. Subsequently, the CHS prediction model for CAS was built, which has the potential to facilitate tailored and precise management as well as treatment strategies for patients at high risk of CHS.

Association of sdLDL-C With Incident Carotid Plaques With Stable and Vulnerable Morphology: A Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C) particles are more atherogenic than large and intermediate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) subfractions. We sought to investigate the association of sdLDL-C and the sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio with incident carotid plaques with stable and vulnerable morphology in rural China. METHODS: This community-based cohort study used data from the RICAS study (Rose Asymptomatic Intracranial Artery Stenosis), which enrolled 887 participants (aged ≥40 years) who were living in Kongcun Town, Pingyin County, Shandong, and free of carotid plaques and had no history of clinical stroke or transient ischemic attack at baseline (2017). Incident carotid plaques and their vulnerability were detected by carotid ultrasound at follow-up (2021). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to explore the association of sdLDL-C or sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio with incident carotid plaques while adjusting for demographic factors, vascular risk factors, and follow-up time. RESULTS: Of the 887 participants (mean age [SD], 53.89 [8.67%] years; 54.34% women), 179 (20.18%) were detected with incident carotid plaques during an average follow-up of 3.94 years (SD=0.14). Higher sdLDL-C or sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio, but not LDL-C, was significantly associated with an increased risk of incident carotid plaques. The upper tertile of sdLDL-C (versus lower tertile) was associated with the multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of 2.48 (95% CI, 1.00-6.15; P=0.049; P for linear trend=0.046) for carotid plaques with vulnerable morphology (n=41), and the association remained significant in participants with normal LDL-C (<130 mg/dL; n=693; upper versus lower tertile: odds ratio, 3.38 [95% CI, 1.15-9.90]; P=0.027; P for linear trend=0.025). Moreover, the sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio was associated with a higher odds ratio of incident carotid plaques in participants without diabetes (P for interaction=0.014). CONCLUSIONS: Higher sdLDL-C was associated with an increased risk of incident carotid plaques, especially carotid plaques with vulnerable morphology, even in participants with normal LDL-C. This suggests the potential of sdLDL-C as a therapeutic target for stroke prevention. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.chictr.org.cn; Unique identifier: ChiCTR1800017197.

Association between atherogenic index of plasma and asymptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis in middle-aged and elderly women: A cross-sectional study in Shandong, China.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is associated with progression of atherosclerosis and used to describe how pro- or anti-atherogenic components are balanced. However, the association of AIP with asymptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis (aICAS) is uncertain. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between AIP and aICAS in rural China. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 1990 participants aged ≥40 years free of stroke or transient ischemic attack were enrolled in this study. The presence of aICAS was examined by Transcranial Doppler ultrasound and confirmed by magnetic resonance angiography. The adjusted AIP (aAIP) was calculated according to the ratio of TG and HDL-C and further separated into 4 quartiles. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate the association between aAIP and aICAS, and the dose-response relationship was explored by restricted cubic spline. After adjusting for conventional confounders, aAIP was significantly higher in the aICAS group than that in the non-aICAS group. Furthermore, the common odds ratios for aICAS risk increased with increasing aAIP quartiles. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that aAIP was independently associated with aICAS in female or middle-aged and elderly (age ≥50 years), and superior to other lipid profiles. Multiple-adjusted spline regression showed the dose-response association between aAIP levels and aICAS prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: AIP might be independently and positively associated with the prevalence of aICAS in middle-aged and elderly women, which might be superior to traditional and nontraditional lipid profiles in rural China.

Vessel wall MRI characteristics associated with intraprocedural stent thrombosis during angioplasty for intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have so far explored plaque characteristics on high-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging (HR-VWI) associated with intraprocedural stent thrombosis (IPST) during angioplasty for intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS). We aimed to investigate the plaque features on HR-VWI associated with IPST during stenting for ICAS. METHODS: This study recruited 77 patients with ICAS who underwent intracranial stenting using the Gateway-Wingspan system, and were performed with enhanced pre- and post-contrast T1-weighted HR-VWI on a 3.0T MRI scanner before angioplasty. During stenting for ICAS, eight patients (male: 100%, age mean ± standard deviation (SD): 58.7±2.47) developed IPST within 30 minutes after stenting. To ensure comparability, 16 patients who had undergone intracranial stenting but did not develop IPST were matched as controls for this study. Univariable and binary logistic models were used to explore the plaque characteristics on HR-VWI associated with IPST. RESULTS: Patients who developed IPST had less plaque diffusion (37.50% vs 81.25%, p=0.036), a more severe degree of area stenosis (median 96.30% vs 81.65%, p<0.01), and a higher plaque enhancement index (median 37.99 vs 13.12, p<0.01) compared with those who did not. After multivariate adjustment, IPST was independently associated with a more severe degree of area stenosis (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.43, p=0.044) and a higher plaque enhancement index (adjusted OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.36, p=0.036). CONCLUSION: Intraprocedural stent thrombosis during intracranial angioplasty for patients with ICAS may be independently associated with a higher plaque enhancement index and a more severe degree of area stenosis on HR-VWI.

Association of plaque characteristics with long-term stroke recurrence in patients with intracranial atherosclerotic disease: a 3D high-resolution MRI-based cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the predictive ability of plaque characteristics for long-term stroke recurrence among patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD). METHODS: This cohort study included 132 patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) attributed to ICAD who were recruited between July 2017 and December 2020 and followed until stroke recurrence or December 2021. Plaque surface irregularity, degree of stenosis, plaque burden, remodeling ratio, enhancement ratio, and intraplaque hemorrhage were assessed with 3-dimensional high-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging (3D HR-MRI). Data were analyzed using Cox models, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS: Of the 132 patients, during a median follow-up of 2.8 years, stroke recurrence occurred in 35 patients. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of stroke recurrence was 3.15 (1.34-7.42) per 10% increase in plaque burden and 2.17 (1.27-3.70) for enhancement ratio. The area under the curve (AUC) to predict stroke recurrence was 0.725 (95% CI 0.629-0.822) for plaque burden, 0.692 (95% CI 0.593-0.792) for enhancement ratio, and only 0.595 (95% CI 0.492-0.699) for the Essen stroke risk score. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis further demonstrated significant differences in survival of free recurrent stroke between patients with plaque burden or enhancement ratio below and above the optimum cut-offs (both p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Higher plaque burden and enhancement ratio are independent risk factors for long-term stroke recurrence among patients with symptomatic ICAD, and valuable imaging markers for predicting and stratifying risk of stroke recurrence. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: In patients with symptomatic ICAD, the results of this high-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging study have potential implications for optimal management of intracranial plaques and secondary prevention of stroke recurrence based on plaque burden and enhancement ratio. KEY POINTS: • Identification of intracranial plaque characteristics responsible for stroke recurrence is essential to preventing stroke recurrence in patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease. • Higher plaque burden and enhancement ratio are independent risk factors for stroke recurrence. • Plaque burden and enhancement ratio are valuable imaging markers in the prediction and stratification of the risk of stroke recurrence.

Association of visceral adiposity index with asymptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis: a population-based study in Shandong, China.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The visceral adiposity index (VAI), as a composite indictor to evaluate visceral adipose function, has been demonstrated to be correlated with atherosclerosis. The study objective was to explore the association between asymptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis (aICAS) and VAI in Chinese rural dwellers. METHODS: The cross-sectional study consisted of 1942 participants ≥ 40 years old who were living in Pingyin County, Shandong Province and free from history of clinical stroke and transient ischemic attack. The aICAS in the study was diagnosed by transcranial doppler ultrasound combined with magnetic resonance angiography. The multivariate logistic regression models were deployed to explore the correlation of VAI with aICAS, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were plotted to compare the performance of models. RESULTS: The participants with aICAS comparing to those without had a significantly higher VAI. After adjusting for confounding factors including age, hypertension, DM, sex, drinking habit, LDL-C, hsCRP, and smoking habit, the VAI-Tertile 3 (vs. VAI-Tertile 1) was positively associated with aICAS (OR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.25-3.65; P = 0.005). The VAI-Tertile 3 was still markedly associated with aICAS among the underweight and normal weight (BMI ≤ 23.9 kg/m2) participants (OR, 3.17; 95% CI, 1.15-8.71; P = 0.026) with an AUC = 0.684. A similar relationship between VAI and aICAS was obtained among the participants with no abdominal obesity (WHR < 1, OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.14-3.62; P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: The possible correlation between VAI and aICAS was found to be positive for the first time among Chinese rural residents over 40 years old. A higher VAI was found to be significantly associated with aICAS among the participants who were underweight or normal weight, and these results may provide additional risk stratification information for aICAS.

Differences in left and right carotid plaque vulnerability in patients with bilateral carotid plaques: a CARE-II study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Atherosclerosis is a very complex process influenced by various systemic and local factors. Therefore, in patients with bilateral carotid plaques (BCPs), there may be differences in carotid plaque vulnerability between the sides. We aimed to investigate the differences in BCP characteristics in patients with BCPs using magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging (MR-VWI). METHODS: Participants with BCPs were selected for subanalysis from a multicentre study of Chinese Atherosclerosis Risk Evaluation II. We measured carotid plaque burden, identified each plaque component and measured their volume or area bilaterally on MR-VWI. Paired comparisons of the burden and components of BCPs were performed. RESULTS: In all, 540 patients with BCPs were eligible for analysis. Compared with the right carotid artery (CA), larger mean lumen area (p<0.001), larger mean wall area (p=0.025), larger mean total vessel area (p<0.001) and smaller normalised wall index (p=0.006) were found in the left CA. Regarding plaque components, only the prevalence of lipid-rich necrotic core (LRNC) in the left CA was higher (p=0.026). For patients with a vulnerable plaque component coexisting on both sides, only the intraplaque haemorrhage (IPH) volume (p=0.011) was significantly greater in the left CA than in the right CA. CONCLUSIONS: There were asymmetries in plaque growth and evolution between BCPs. The left carotid plaques were more likely to have larger plaque burden, higher prevalence of LRNC and greater IPH volume, which may contribute to the lateralisation of ischaemic stroke in the cerebral hemispheres.

Editorial comment: Changes in high-resolution vessel wall imaging features before and after PTAS for severe intracranial artery stenosis: predicting clinical outcomes within one year.

KEY POINTS: • Periprocedural HR-VWI plays an important role in the prediction of one-year outcomes of SICAS patients who underwent PTAS.• The study further expands the application of lesion wall enhancement on HR-VWI as a predictor of RCIS after PTAS.

Monogenic basis of young-onset cryptogenic stroke: a multicenter study.

Background: The prevalence of stroke in young adults is increasing. We investigated the monogenic basis of young adult cryptogenic stroke patients. Methods: This multicenter study enrolled cryptogenic stroke patients under 55 years old, and individuals with nonstroke diseases were included as controls. Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) was applied with a custom-designed gene panel that included 551 genes. Rare variants were classified into 2 groups: pathogenic variants and variants of unknown significance. Results: A total of 153 individuals, including 30 (21 males, 70%; mean age 36.1±10.2 years) in the disease group and 123 (59 males, 48.0%; mean age 40.4±13.1 years) in the control group, were recruited. In the disease group, 32 rare variants were identified. Among these individuals, 18 pathogenic variants in 16 patients were detected, with a 53.3% (16/30) diagnostic yield of monogenic causes for cryptogenic stroke. None of these mutations were observed in the control group. Among the mutant genes, the most prevalent were Notch receptor 3 (NOTCH3), protein kinase AMP-activated noncatalytic subunit gamma 2 (PRKAG2), and ryanodine receptor 2 (RYR2). Genes associated with cardiogenic diseases showed the highest mutation frequency (10/18, 55.6%) followed by genes associated with small-vessel diseases (SVDs) and coagulation disorders. None of the patients with mutations had evident abnormalities in the heart or other systems checked by routine tests. For the imaging phenotype-genotype association analysis, infarctions in both the anterior and posterior cerebral circulation were only observed in patients with genes related to cardiogenic disease. Conclusions: In this study, pathogenic variants were identified in nearly half of the young-onset cryptogenic stroke patients, with genes related to cardiogenic diseases being the most frequently mutated. This may have implications for future clinical decision-making, including the development of finer and more sensitive examinations.

High Prevalence of Asymptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerosis in Elder Women With Tubal Ligation: Result From a Community-Based Study in Shandong, China.

Background: In addition to traditional cardiovascular risk factors, gender-specific factors may also contribute to intracranial atherosclerosis. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the association between asymptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis (aICAS) and menstrual or reproductive history (MRH), namely, menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth, menopause, and contraception. Methods: Participants in this study were selected from the Kongcun town aICAS study. MRH was collected through structured case report forms, in which menarche age, menstrual regularity, dysmenorrhea, number of pregnancies, number of childbirths, age of first pregnancy, breastfeeding, menopause, menopause age, and contraceptive methods were all involved. All characteristics were compared by chi-squared and nonparametric tests as applicable. Logistic regression model and sensitivity analysis were used to analyze the association between aICAS and MRH. Results: A total of 1,052 female participants were involved in this study, of which 5.7% had moderate to severe aICAS. Tubal ligation was significantly associated with aICAS in univariate analysis [crude odds ratio (OR), 2.85; 95% CI, 1.22-6.62; P = 0.015]. This association was still significant among female participants over 60 years old after multivariate adjustment (adjusted OR, 4.36; 95% CI, 1.55-12.24; P = 0.005). Sensitivity analysis showed a similar result (adjusted OR, 3.76; 95% CI, 1.24-11.41; P = 0.020). Menopause lost significant association with aICAS after multivariate adjustment (adjusted OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 0.66-4.24; P = 0.275). No other MRH factors were found to be associated with aICAS. Conclusion: Tubal ligation may be associated with a higher prevalence of aICAS in Chinese elderly women. This provides a new perspective to study the epidemiological characteristics of ICAS.

A retrospective study of drug-coated balloon angioplasty for vertebral artery origin stenosis.

PURPOSE: Angioplasty using drug-coated balloon (DCB) for treatment of symptomatic vertebral artery origin stenosis (VAOS) is promising, but of uncertain benefit. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of using DCB in the treatment of severe VAOS. METHODS: This study included 20 patients with severe VAOS treated with DCB alone between April 2018 and December 2019. Vascular death, transient ischemic attack (TIA), and stroke related to the responsible artery within 30 days after procedure were recorded as primary endpoints. Restenosis, late TIA, and stroke related to VAOS and satisfied clinical outcome [modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≤ 2] were documented at follow-up visit as secondary endpoints. RESULTS: Of 20 patients, 16 were performed DCB dilation successfully, and 4 were excluded due to further bailout stenting. After the procedure, no adverse event occurred within 30 days. Ten of 16 patients achieved residual VAOS (rVAOS) < 50% (lower rVAOS group), and the remaining 6 patients achieved rVAOS ≥ 50% but < 70% (higher rVAOS group). During follow-up, vertebral artery origin restenosis was detected in 3 (18.8%) of 16 patients by ultrasound. Among the 3 patients with restenosis, 2 were belonged to the higher rVAOS group, which might indicate a tendency that the more severe the residual stenosis, the higher the restenosis rate. All patients had no complaint in the whole follow-up period (median, 7 months; InterQuartile Range, 1-18 months). CONCLUSIONS: Angioplasty using DCB for VAOS may be feasible, safe, and effective. The degree of residual stenosis after using DCB alone may affect the restenosis rate.

Association Between Intracranial Pulsatility and White Matter Hyperintensities in Asymptomatic Intracranial Arterial Stenosis: A Population-Based Study in Shandong, China.

OBJECTIVES: The effects of increased intracranial pulsatility on the severity of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in participants with asymptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis (aICAS) remain uncertain. We aimed to investigate whether an increased pulsatility index (PI) is associated with WMH volume (WMHV) in individuals with aICAS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All participants were recruited from the Kongcun Town aICAS Study, including a total of 103 participants with aICAS and 98 healthy controls (age- and sex-matched). PI was assessed using transcranial Doppler ultrasound. The WMHV was calculated through the lesion segmentation tool system for the Statistical Parametric Mapping package based on magnetic resonance imaging. The association between PI and lnWMHV was analyzed by linear regression models adjusting for demographics, lifestyle, and vascular risk factors. RESULTS: The lnWMHV and PI between the aICAS and control groups showed no significant differences (P = 0.171 and 0.287, respectively). In a multivariable model, age ≥ 60 years and male sex (P = 0.000 and 0.006, respectively) were significant predictors of lnWMHV in the aICAS group. In sex-stratified analyses, there was a significant association between PI and lnWMHV in males with aICAS (P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggest there might be a likely association between increased intracranial pulsatility and WMH burden in males with aICAS.

Evaluation of intracranial artery stenosis using time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography: new wine in an old bottle.

KEY POINTS: • TOF MRA is very important in the evaluation of cerebrovascular stenosis, and a novel evaluation system can further enhance its strengths.• This evaluation system is more accurate based on the fact that cerebral vascular stenosis alters hemodynamics and leads to different imaging presentations.

Predictors for symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after intravenous thrombolysis with acute ischemic stroke within 6 h in northern China: a multicenter, retrospective study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This study assessed the predictive factors for symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) after receiving intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) within 6 h in northern China. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed ischemic stroke patients who were treated with IVT between November 2016 and December 2018 in 19 hospitals in Shandong Province, China. Potential predictors of sICH were investigated using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Of the 1293 enrolled patients (845 men, aged 62 ± 11 years), 33 (2.6%) developed sICH. The patients with sICH had increased coronary heart disease (36.4% vs. 13.7%, P = 0.001), more severe stroke (mean National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] score on admission of 14 vs.7, P < 0.001), longer door-to-needle time [DNT] (66 min vs. 50 min, P < 0.001), higher blood glucose on admission, higher white blood cell counts (9000/mm3 vs. 7950/mm3, P = 0.004) and higher neutrophils ratios (73.4% vs. 67.2%, P = 0.006) et al. According to the results of multivariate analysis, the frequency of sICH was independently associated with the NIHSS score (OR = 3.38; 95%CI [1.50-7.63]; P = 0.003), DNT (OR = 4.52; 95%CI [1.69-12.12]; P = 0.003), and white blood cell count (OR = 3.59; 95%CI [1.50-8.61]; P = 0.004). When these three predictive factors were aggregated, compared with participants without any factors, the multi-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of sICH for persons concurrently having one, two or three of these factors were 2.28 (0.25-20.74), 15.37 (1.96-120.90) and 29.05 (3.13-270.11), respectively (P for linear trend < 0.001), compared with participants without any factors. CONCLUSION: NIHSS scores higher than 10 on admission, a DNT > 50 min, and a white blood cell count ≥9000/mm3 were independent risk factors for sICH in Chinese patients within 6 h after IVT for AIS.

Safety of endovascular therapy for symptomatic intracranial artery stenosis: a national prospective registry.

INTRODUCTION: The safety outcomes of endovascular therapy for intracranial artery stenosis in a real-world stetting are largely unknown. The Clinical Registration Trial of Intracranial Stenting for Patients with Symptomatic Intracranial Artery Stenosis (CRTICAS) was a prospective, multicentre, real-world registry designed to assess these outcomes and the impact of centre experience. METHODS: 1140 severe, symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis (ICAS) patients treated with endovascular therapy were included from 26 centres, further divided into three groups according to the annual centre volume of intracranial angioplasty and stent placement procedures over 2 years: (1) high volume for ≥25 cases/year; (2) moderate volume for 10-25 cases/year and (3) low volume for <10 cases/year. RESULTS: The rate of 30-day stroke, transient ischaemic attack or death was 9.7% (111), with 5.4%, 21.1% and 9.7% in high-volume, moderate-volume and low-volume centres, respectively (p<0.05). Multivariable logistic regression confirmed high-volume centres had a significantly lower primary endpoint compared with moderate-volume centres (OR=0.187, 95% CI: 0.056 to 0.627; p≤0.0001), while moderate-volume and low-volume centres showed no significant difference (p=0.8456). CONCLUSION: Compared with the preceding randomised controlled trials, this real-world, prospective, multicentre registry shows a lower complication rate of endovascular treatment for symptomatic ICAS. Non-uniform utilisation in endovascular technology, institutional experience and patient selection in different volumes of centres may have an impact on overall safety of this treatment.

Association of triglyceride-glucose index and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein with asymptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) have been shown to play important roles in the pathophysiological mechanisms of atherogenesis. However, the cumulative value of TyG and hsCRP in identifying asymptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis (aICAS), as well as its severity and numerical burden, is uncertain. This study seeks to fill this knowledge gap. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study included 1938 participants aged ≥40 years who were free of stroke or transient ischemic attack. All participants were classified into four groups based on the participants' TyG and hsCRP levels, including low-TyG and low-hsCRP, low-TyG and high-hsCRP, high-TyG and low-hsCRP, and high-TyG and high-hsCRP groups. The presence of aICAS was screened via transcranial Doppler ultrasound and confirmed by magnetic resonance angiography. The TyG was calculated as ln [fasting triglyceride (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2]. We used multinomial logistic regression analysis to investigate the cumulative value of TyG and hsCRP on identifying the severity of aICAS or its numerical burden. After adjustment for conventional confounders, isolated high-hsCRP, isolated high-TyG, and high-TyG combined with high-hsCRP were independently associated with moderate-to-severe aICAS. Compared with the low-TyG and low-hsCRP group, participants with high-TyG and high-hsCRP had a 2.6 times higher odds ratio (OR) of having a single moderate-to-severe aICAS and a 3.3 times higher OR of having multiple moderate-to-severe aICASs. CONCLUSION: The cumulative value of TyG and hsCRP may better identify moderate-to-severe aICAS as well as its numerical burden.

A Retrospective Study Comparison Between Stenting and Standardized Medical Treatment for Intracranial Vertebrobasilar Stenosis in a Real-World Chinese Cohort.

Background: To date, there has been no consensus regarding the benefits of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting (PTAS) vs. those of standardized medical treatment (SMT) for patients with symptomatic intracranial vertebrobasilar stenosis (IVBS). The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare the effects of PTAS or SMT on symptomatic IVBS in a real-world Chinese population. Methods: We included 238 patients with ischemic stroke caused by IVBS stenosis who were admitted to Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University between September 2012 and May 2018; 62 of these patients were treated with SMT and 176 underwent PTAS. Ischemic stroke in the territory of the responsible artery, hemorrhage, and death within 1 year were recorded as primary endpoints. Secondary endpoints included assessment of stroke severity and the incidence of re-stenosis. The primary endpoint rates were compared between the PTAS and SMT groups at 7 days, 1, 6 months, and 1 year. Results: In the PTAS group, the success rate of stent placement was 98.9%. During the entire trial, except for 7 days, the SMT group had a higher frequency of primary endpoint events than did the PTAS group. The primary endpoint was 17.7% (11/62) vs. 8.6% (15/174) at 1 month (p = 0.049), 29% (18/62) vs. 14.4% (25/174) at 6 months (p = 0.01), and 32.2% (20/62) vs. 17.2% (30/174) at 1 year (p = 0.013). The restenosis rate of the target lesion was 13.8%; 60% were symptomatic restenosis and 40% were asymptomatic restenosis. The rate of severe stroke at 1 year after PTAS was 0%, while that in the SMT group was 9.7%. Conclusions: In a real-world Chinese cohort, PTAS for patients might be superior to SMT, and provide better long-term neurological function recovery and lower disability rate.

Association Between Metabolic Syndrome and Asymptomatic Cerebral Arterial Stenosis: A Cross-Sectional Study in Shandong, China.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) can worsen cerebral arterial atherosclerosis stenosis in patients with stroke; however, its effect on patients without stroke remains ambiguous. This study explored the association of MetS and its individual components with asymptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis (aICAS) and asymptomatic extracranial arterial stenosis (aECAS) among older Chinese adults. A total of 1988 participants from the Kongcun Town study aged ≥40 years and without a history of stroke were enrolled. The baseline data were obtained via face-to-face interviews. MetS was defined according to International Diabetes Federation criteria. Detection of aICAS was conducted using transcranial Doppler ultrasound, followed by diagnosis via magnetic resonance angiography. The evaluation of aECAS was performed using bilateral carotid ultrasonography. The aICAS and aECAS groups were 1:1 matched separately to the non-stenosis group by age and sex. The association between MetS and aICAS or aECAS was analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Among the 1988 participants, 909 were diagnosed with MetS. The prevalence of MetS was higher in the aICAS group than in the non-stenosis group (P <0.001), but did not differ significantly between the aECAS and non-stenosis groups. The prevalence of aICAS increased with the number of MetS components from 3.4% in the ≤ 1 component group to 12.7% in the ≥4 components group (P for trend <0.001). After adjusting for confounding factors, MetS components associated with aICAS included central obesity, elevated triglyceride levels, and elevated blood pressure. None of the MetS components was associated with aECAS. MetS was positively associated with aICAS, but not with aECAS. Further, different components play different roles in the pathological process leading to aICAS.

Association between homocysteine and white matter hyperintensities in rural-dwelling Chinese people with asymptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis: A population-based study.

PURPOSE: Although homocysteine (Hcy) has been proven to be associated with the incidence of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in patients with stroke, this association remains unclear in participants with asymptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis (aICAS). This study aimed to investigate the association of Hcy with WMH in participants with aICAS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study based on the Kongcun Town Study. Participants diagnosed with aICAS by magnetic resonance angiography in the Kongcun Town Study were enrolled in this study. Data on demographics, lifestyle, medical histories, and Hcy levels were collected via interviews, clinical examinations, and laboratory tests. The volume of WMH was calculated using the lesion segmentation tool system for the Statistical Parametric Mapping package based on magnetic resonance imaging. The association between Hcy and WMH volume was analyzed using linear and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 137 aICAS participants were enrolled in the present study. Hcy was associated with the incidence of severe WMH (4th quartile, ≥4.20 ml) after adjustment for certain covariates [Hcy as a continuous variable, odds ratio (95% confidence interval) (OR (95% CI)): 1.09 (1.00, 1.19), p = .047; as a categorical variable (Hcy ≥15 µmol/L), OR (95% CI): 3.74 (1.37, 10.19), p = .010)]. After stratification according to the degree of aICAS, this relationship remained significant only in the moderate-to-severe stenosis group (stenosis ≥50%). (Hcy as continuous variable, OR (95% CI): 1.14 (1.02, 1.27), p = .025; as a categorical variable (Hcy ≥15 µmol/L), OR (95% CI): 5.59 (1.40, 15.25), p = .015). CONCLUSION: Serum Hcy concentration may be positively associated with the volume of WMH in rural-dwelling Chinese people with moderate-to-severe (stenosis ≥50%) aICAS.