Metagenomic insights into nitrogen cycling functional gene responses to nitrogen fixation and transfer in maize-peanut intercropping.

The fixation and transfer of biological nitrogen from peanuts to maize in maize-peanut intercropping systems play a pivotal role in maintaining the soil nutrient balance. However, the mechanisms through which root interactions regulate biological nitrogen fixation and transfer remain unclear. This study employed a 15N isotope labelling method to quantify nitrogen fixation and transfer from peanuts to maize, concurrently elucidating key microorganisms and genera in the nitrogen cycle through metagenomic sequencing. The results revealed that biological nitrogen fixation in peanut was 50 mg and transfer to maize was 230 mg when the roots interacted. Moreover, root interactions significantly increased nitrogen content and the activities of protease, dehydrogenase (DHO) and nitrate reductase in the rhizosphere soil. Metagenomic analyses and structural equation modelling indicated that nrfC and nirA genes played important roles in regulating nitrogen fixation and transfer. Bradyrhizobium was affected by soil nitrogen content and DHO, indirectly influencing the efficiency of nitrogen fixation and transfer. Overall, our study identified key bacterial genera and genes associated with nitrogen fixation and transfer, thus advancing our understanding of interspecific interactions and highlighting the pivotal role of soil microorganisms and functional genes in maintaining soil ecosystem stability from a molecular ecological perspective.

Border row effects improved the spatial distributions of maize and peanut roots in an intercropping system, associated with improved yield.

Background: Border row effects impact the ecosystem functions of intercropping systems, with high direct interactions between neighboring row crops in light, water, and nutrients. However, previous studies have mostly focused on aboveground, whereas the effects of intercropping on the spatial distribution of the root system are poorly understood. Field experiments and planting box experiments were combined to explore the yield, dry matter accumulation, and spatial distribution of root morphological indexes, such as root length density (RLD), root surface area density (RSAD), specific root length (SRL), and root diameter (RD), of maize and peanut and interspecific interactions at different soil depths in an intercropping system. Results: In the field experiments, the yield of intercropped maize significantly increased by 33.45%; however, the yield of intercropped peanut significantly decreased by 13.40%. The land equivalent ratio (LER) of the maize-peanut intercropping system was greater than 1, and the advantage of intercropping was significant. Maize was highly competitive (A = 0.94, CR=1.54), and the yield advantage is mainly attributed to maize. Intercropped maize had higher RLD, RSAD, and SRL than sole maize, and intercropped peanut had lower RLD, RSAD, and SRL than sole peanut. In the interspecific interaction zone, the increase in RLD, RSAD, SRL, and RD of intercropped maize was greater than that of intercropped peanut, and maize showed greater root morphological plasticity than peanut. A random forest model determined that RSAD significantly impacted yield at 15-60 cm, while SRL had a significant impact at 30-60 cm. Structural equation modeling revealed that root morphology indicators had a greater effect on yield at 30-45 cm, with interactions between indicators being more pronounced at this depth. Conclusion: These results show that border-row effects mediate the plasticity of root morphology, which could enhance resource use and increase productivity. Therefore, selecting optimal intercropping species and developing sustainable intercropping production systems is of great significance.

Complete mitochondrial genome of an oleaginous microalga Vischeria punctata (Eustigmatophyceae: Chlorobotryaceae) and phylogenetic analysis.

Vischeria punctata, as first described by Vischer in 1945, is a member of the family Chlorobotryaceae, within the order Eustigmatales. This species is recognized for its potential as a source of biofuels and other high-value products. In the present investigation, the whole genome of V. punctata was sequenced utilizing the Illumina HiSeq 4000 platform, enabling the assembly and annotation of its complete mitochondrial genome. The resulting circular genome spans 41,528 base pairs (bp) with a guanine-cytosine (GC) content of 27.3%. This genome encompasses 36 protein-coding genes, alongside 28 transfer RNA (tRNA), and three ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. The evolutionary trajectory of V. punctata was further explored by constructing a phylogenetic tree derived from the mitochondrial 33 gene dataset of 16 Ochrophyta species. Comparative analysis reveals that V. punctata bears closer ties to Vischeria sp. CAUP Q202 than to Vischeria stellata strain SAG 33.83, suggesting shared evolutionary pathways and phenotypic traits. This investigation constitutes the inaugural study into the mitochondrial evolution and phylogenetic patterning of the mitogenome in V. punctata. The outcomes from this research bolster our understanding of the genetic diversity and evolutionary processes within the class Eustigmatophyceae. In particular, the mitochondrial genome of V. punctata serves as a valuable resource in elucidating these aspects.

Pan-genome of Citrullus genus highlights the extent of presence/absence variation during domestication and selection.

The rich genetic diversity in Citrullus lanatus and the other six species in the Citrullus genus provides important sources in watermelon breeding. Here, we present the Citrullus genus pan-genome based on the 400 Citrullus genus resequencing data, showing that 477 Mb contigs and 6249 protein-coding genes were absent in the Citrullus lanatus reference genome. In the Citrullus genus pan-genome, there are a total of 8795 (30.5%) genes that exhibit presence/absence variations (PAVs). Presence/absence variation (PAV) analysis showed that a lot of gene PAV were selected during the domestication and improvement, such as 53 favorable genes and 40 unfavorable genes were identified during the C. mucosospermus to C. lanatus landrace domestication. We also identified 661 resistance gene analogs (RGAs) in the Citrullus genus pan-genome, which contains 90 RGAs (89 variable and 1 core gene) located on the pangenome additional contigs. By gene PAV-based GWAS, 8 gene presence/absence variations were found associated with flesh color. Finally, based on the results of gene PAV selection analysis between watermelon populations with different fruit colors, we identified four non-reference candidate genes associated with carotenoid accumulation, which had a significantly higher frequency in the white flesh. These results will provide an important source for watermelon breeding.

Nomograms predict survival benefits of radical prostatectomy and chemotherapy for prostate cancer with bone metastases: A SEER-based study.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify independent prognosis-associated factors of bone-metastatic prostate cancer. The nomograms were further developed to obtain indicators for the prognostic evaluation. Methods: A total of 7315 bone-metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) patients from 2010 to 2016 were retrospectively collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Patients were randomly divided into the training cohort (n=5,120) and test cohort (n=2,195) in a ratio of 7:3. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were applied to evaluate potential risk factors. A 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) was further performed to decrease the confounding effect and re-evaluate the influence of radical prostatectomy and chemotherapy on prognosis. Combining these potential prognosis factors, the nomograms of cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) at different times were established. C-indexes, calibration curves, and decision curves were developed to evaluate the discrimination, calibration, and clinical benefit of the nomograms. Results: Eleven independent prognosis factors for CSS and twelve for OS were utilized to conduct the nomograms respectively. The C-indexes of nomograms for CSS and OS were 0.712 and 0.702, respectively. A favorable consistency between the predicted and actual survival probabilities was demonstrated by adopting calibration curves. Decision curves also exhibited a positive clinical benefit of the nomograms. Conclusions: Nomograms were formulated successfully to predict 3-year and 5-year CSS and OS for bone-metastatic PCa patients. Radical prostatectomy and chemotherapy were strongly associated with the bone-metastatic PCa prognosis.

A cross-sectional study on the effect of dietary zinc intake on the relationship between serum vitamin D3 and HOMA-IR.

Introduction: Serum vitamin D3 concentration is associated with the risk of insulin resistance. Zinc has also been reported to be associated with a lower risk of insulin resistance. In addition, zinc is an essential cofactor in the activation of vitamin D3. However, the effect of dietary zinc intake on the relationship between vitamin D3 and insulin resistance risk has not been fully studied. Therefore, we designed this cross-sectional study to assess the impact of changes in zinc intake on the relationship between vitamin D3 and insulin resistance risk. Study design and methods: This study analyzed data from the national Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2005 to 2018, involving 9,545 participants. Participants were stratified by zinc intake category (low zinc intake <9.58 mg/ day; High zinc intake: ≥9.58 mg/ day). Results: In this cross-sectional study, serum vitamin D3 levels were independently associated with the risk of insulin resistance in both the low and high Zinc intakes (ß: -0.26, 95%Cl: -0.56~0.04 vs. ß: -0.56, 95%Cl: -1.01~-0.11). In addition, this association was influenced by different dietary zinc intakes (interaction P < 0.05). Conclusions: Our results suggest that zinc intake may influence the association between serum vitamin D3 and the risk of insulin resistance. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to provide more evidence of this finding.

The main component of the aphid alarm pheromone (E)-ß-farnesene affects the growth and development of Spodoptera exigua by mediating juvenile hormone-related genes.

The (E)-ß-farnesene (EßF) is one of the most important secondary metabolites in some plants and provides indirect defense against aphids. However, the direct effect of EßF against pests is still unclear. In this study, various concentrations of EßF (0.16, 0.8, and 4 g/kg) were provided in an artificial diet to determine the direct effects of EßF on Spodoptera exigua. The results showed that an artificial diet containing 4 g/kg of EßF reduced the final survival of the S. exigua larvae and per female fecundity of adults significantly when compared with CK and SC controls (p < 0.05), then ultimately it also significantly affected the intrinsic rate of increase (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the results of the EßF bioassay in an artificial diet also indicated that the proliferation of the S. exigua population was inhibited by the ingestion of EßF in a dose-dependent manner. Combined differential RNA-seq data and RT-qPCR analysis, it was found that four key genes involved in juvenile hormone degradation significantly upregulated in S. exigua larvae treated by EßF at a dose of 0.8 and 4 g/kg when compared with two controls (p < 0.05). This indicated that EßF could disturb the normal function of juvenile hormones and reduce the survival rate of S. exigua larvae. Additionally, two key genes that regulate per fecundity of S. exigua females, including SeVg and SeVgR, were significantly downregulated in adult females (p < 0.05) when they were treated with 0.8 and 4 g/kg of EßF at the larval stage, relative to the expression of these genes after treatment with controls. These findings suggested that EßF first disturbed the normal function of juvenile hormone by upregulating key degradation genes, and then inhibited the expression of SeVg/SeVgR genes and proteins, thus reducing the population size of S. exigua by increasing larval mortality and inhibiting per female fecundity.

1α,25(OH)2D3(VD3) promotes Raddeanin A-induced anti-proliferative effects on HeLa cell apoptosis and autophagy through negative regulation of HPV18E6-E7/PD-L1/VDR axis.

Raddeanin A (RA) has indicated suppressive effects on various human tumor cells, and insufficient vitamin D was associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) persistence and gynecological tumors. However, combined effects of RA and vitamin D on HPV-positive cells remain elusive. Herein, we aimed to investigate the combined effects of RA and 1ɑ,25(OH)2D3 (VD3) on cellular viability and modulation of HPV18E6/E7, programmed cell death 1 ligand (PD-L1) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression in HeLa cells in vitro. HeLa cells were treated with RA alone or VD3 combined with RA. Cell viability was measured using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), and apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were used to determine the gene/protein expression levels. The autophagosomes were observed by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The result showed that cell viability was inhibited by RA, and apoptosis in HeLa cells treated with RA was elevated accordingly. The expression of Bax, Cleaved-caspase-3, Cleaved-caspase-9 and Cleaved-PARP increased, and Bcl-2 decreased. The autophagy was induced by RA, as evidenced by elevated autophagosomes and the increased LC3-II/I ratio and Beclin-1. The expression of HPV18E6/E7, PD-L1 and VDR was reduced by RA. Moreover, RA combined with VD3 had a stronger effect on HeLa cells than RA alone. In conclusion, RA inhibits HeLa proliferation and induces apoptosis and autophagy via suppressing HPV18E6/E7, PD-L1 and VDR, and VD3 showed reinforced effects of RA on HeLa cells. Therefore, combined usage of VD3 with RA might be a potential novel immunotherapy strategy for HPV-related diseases.

Two Isostructural Titanium Metal-Organic Frameworks for Light Hydrocarbon Separation.

Presented here is the light hydrocarbon separation of titanium metal-organic frameworks (Ti-MOFs). Compared with the cyclic Ti-oxo cluster (Ti8O8(CO2)16, Ti8Ph), porous structures of FIR-125 and FIR-126 (FIR = Fujian Institute Research) can effectively improve the adsorption amounts of light hydrocarbons. The introduction of different functional groups and Ti-oxo clusters with small window sizes enables them to exhibit the highly selective separation of C2 and C3 hydrocarbons versus methane in an ambient atmosphere. The results show that Ti-MOFs are potential porous adsorbents for the separation of light hydrocarbons.

The JAK2/STAT3 pathway inhibitor, AG490, suppresses the abnormal behavior of keloid fibroblasts in vitro.

AG490 is a selective inhibitor of the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. The present study examined its effects on the abnormal behavior of human keloid fibroblasts (HKFs) and evaluated its potential use in the treatment of keloids. Human normal fibroblasts (HNFs) and HKFs were treated with increasing concentrations of AG490. The proliferation of HNFs and HKFs was inhibited by AG490 in both a time­ and concentration­dependent manner by increasing apoptosis and inducing G1 cell cycle arrest. The downregulation of cyclin D1 and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression was associated with a decrease in STAT3 expression in response to AG490. The effects of AG490 on TGF­ß­stimulated fibroblasts, including HNFs, HKFs and hypertrophic scar fibroblasts (HSFs) were also evaluated. The TGF­ß1­stimulated excessive proliferation and CTGF production were markedly inhibited by the application of AG490 in the HNFs, HSFs and HKFs. In addition, the STAT3­specific decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (SODNs) were transfected into HKFs. The invasive ability of the SODN­transfected HKFs was determined and the expression of extracellular matrix components was quantified. Similarly, SODNs blocked the constitutive activation of STAT3. SODNs inhibited the invasion and progression of HKFs, possibly via the upregulation of the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase­2 (TIMP­2), and the downregulation of the expression of matrix metalloproteinase­2 (MMP­2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). On the whole, the findings of the present study demonstrate that STAT3­specific elimination, such as the application of AG490 and decoy ODNs, may serve as promising therapeutic strategies for the treatment of keloids.

Sonochemical preparation of folic acid-decorated reductive-responsive ε-poly-L-lysine-based microcapsules for targeted drug delivery and reductive-triggered release.

In this work, a versatile folic acid (FA) decorated reductive-responsive ε-poly-l-Lysine (ε-PL)-based microcapsules (FA-ε-PLMCs) were designed and facilely assembled by using sonochemical technique. Cellular uptake experiment of FA-ε-PLMCs loaded with Coumarin 6 (C6) as a model of hydrophobic drugs implied that hydrophobic drugs encapsulated inside FA-ε-PLMCs could be delivered selectively into Hela cells via folate-receptor (FR)-mediated endocytosis due to FA decorated on microcapsules. Furthermore, the shells of FA-ε-PLMCs cross-linked by disulfide bonds were derived from sulfhydryl groups (-SH) under ultrasonication. Under reductive environment, the hydrophobic drugs loaded in FA-ε-PLMCs would be easily released due to the cleavage of disulfide bonds. Benefiting from their suitable particle size, good loading capacity for hydrophobic drugs, remarkable targetability and reductive-triggered release, the obtained FA-ε-PLMCs could be a promising hydrophobic drugs carrier for the cancer treatment.

Fabrication of folic acid decorated reductive-responsive starch-based microcapsules for targeted drug delivery via sonochemical method.

In this present study, original, biodegradable, biocompatible, non-immunogenic and non-poisonous folic acid (FA) decorated reductive-responsive starch-based microcapsules (FA-RSMCs) were designed and fabricated via the sonochemical method for targeted delivery and controlled release of hydrophobic drugs. A green hydrophobic fluorescent dye, Coumarin 6 (C6), was encapsulated into the FA-RSMCs as a substitute of hydrophobic drugs. The as-synthesized C6-loaded FA-RSMCs were characterized by DLS, SEM and TEM. The results indicated that the obtained C6-loaded FA-RSMCs had an appropriate size range and could enter into the bloodstream with their splendid stability. Moreover, C6-loaded FA-RSMCs showed a high selectivity to Hela cells, and a brilliant targeted drugs delivery and reductive-responsive release ability for hydrophobic drugs, particularly for hydrophobic anti-cancer drugs.

Sonochemical fabrication of reduction-responsive magnetic starch-based microcapsules.

In this work, a novel, biocompatible, non-immunogenic and reductive-responsive magnetic starch-based microcapsules (RMSMCs) were designed and fabricated successfully via a facile sonochemical method for targeted delivery and triggered release of hydrophobic drugs. TEM image indicated that oleic acid (OA) modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles (OA-Fe3O4 NPs) were encapsulated into RMSMCs. The obtained RMSMCs were endowed with magnetism for drug targeted delivery because that the superparamagnetic OA-Fe3O4 NPs were encapsulated into RMSMCs. Moreover, Coumarin 6 (C6), a green fluorescent dye, was used as a model hydrophobic drug and loaded into RMSMCs. As drug carriers, the obtained spherical RMSMCs with the average size of 2 µm presented excellent reductive-responsive release ability for hydrophobic drugs. Accordingly, the obtained RMSMCs would be promising carriers for targeted delivery and triggered release of hydrophobic drugs in biomedical applications.

Fabrication of redox and pH dual-responsive magnetic graphene oxide microcapsules via sonochemical method.

In this study, the biocompatible redox and pH dual-responsive magnetic graphene oxide microcapsules (MGOMCs) were prepared by a simple sonochemical method. The disulfide bonds cross-linked the wall of MGOMCs were formed from the hydrosulfuryl on the surface of thiolated graphene oxide, which was synthesized by functionalizing graphene oxide with cysteine, showed an excellent redox-responsive property to control drugs release. Moreover, oleic acid modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles were encapsulated into the microcapsules successfully with the hydrophobic drugs dispersed in the hydroxy silicone oil. The MGOMCs possess distinguished magnetic property and pH-responsive ability. Besides, the microcapsules could be engulfed by Hela cells successfully due to the appropriate size and flexible shell. The MGOMCs could be a good carrier for hydrophobic drugs, especially the anticancer drugs.

[Application value of Provider-Initiated HIV Testing and Counseling in dermatology].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical application value of Provider-Initiated HIV Testing and Counseling (PITC) by analyzing the positive rate of HIV tests for people in need of PITC and that of routine HIV tests. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the demographic and epidemiologic data about the patients seeking PITC services or undergoing routine HIV tests in Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital between January and December 2013. RESULTS: The positive rate of initial HIV screening was 1.98% in the PITC group and 0.24% in the routine test group, while that of confirmed HIV was 0. 40% in the former and 0.07% in the latter, both with statistically significant differences between the two groups (P < 0.01). The positive rate of HIV was markedly higher in males than in females, particularly in the PITC group. CONCLUSION: PITC has a high clinical value in HIV detection for targeted subjects and therefore deserves general application in dermatology.

[Identification of Puumala like viruses in China].

BACKGROUND: To confirm if Puumala like viruses exist in China. METHODS: RNA was extracted from lungs of bank voles captured in the Northeast China, partial S segments genome of Puumala viruses were amplified and sequenced. RESULTS: 926 bp cDNA of S segments of Puumala like virus was amplified and sequenced. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Puumala like viruses found in China were most close to that found in Far East region of Russia. CONCLUSIONS: Puumala like virus does exist in Northeast China, and the nucleotides sequence of the viruses have high homolog to Puumala viruses found in Russia.