RESUMO
Cell death in human diseases is often a consequence of disrupted cellular homeostasis. If cell death is prevented without restoring cellular homeostasis, it may lead to a persistent dysfunctional and pathological state. Although mechanisms of cell death have been thoroughly investigated1-3, it remains unclear how homeostasis can be restored after inhibition of cell death. Here we identify TRADD4-6, an adaptor protein, as a direct regulator of both cellular homeostasis and apoptosis. TRADD modulates cellular homeostasis by inhibiting K63-linked ubiquitination of beclin 1 mediated by TRAF2, cIAP1 and cIAP2, thereby reducing autophagy. TRADD deficiency inhibits RIPK1-dependent extrinsic apoptosis and proteasomal stress-induced intrinsic apoptosis. We also show that the small molecules ICCB-19 and Apt-1 bind to a pocket on the N-terminal TRAF2-binding domain of TRADD (TRADD-N), which interacts with the C-terminal domain (TRADD-C) and TRAF2 to modulate the ubiquitination of RIPK1 and beclin 1. Inhibition of TRADD by ICCB-19 or Apt-1 blocks apoptosis and restores cellular homeostasis by activating autophagy in cells with accumulated mutant tau, α-synuclein, or huntingtin. Treatment with Apt-1 restored proteostasis and inhibited cell death in a mouse model of proteinopathy induced by mutant tau(P301S). We conclude that pharmacological targeting of TRADD may represent a promising strategy for inhibiting cell death and restoring homeostasis to treat human diseases.
Assuntos
Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Homeostase/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína de Domínio de Morte Associada a Receptor de TNF/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína de Domínio de Morte Associada a Receptor de TNF/metabolismo , Animais , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína 3 com Repetições IAP de Baculovírus/metabolismo , Proteína Beclina-1/química , Proteína Beclina-1/metabolismo , Bortezomib/antagonistas & inibidores , Bortezomib/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Humanos , Proteína Huntingtina/metabolismo , Proteínas Inibidoras de Apoptose/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Modelos Moleculares , Emaranhados Neurofibrilares/metabolismo , Proteoma/metabolismo , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/química , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/metabolismo , Proteína de Domínio de Morte Associada a Receptor de TNF/química , Proteína de Domínio de Morte Associada a Receptor de TNF/deficiência , Fator 2 Associado a Receptor de TNF/metabolismo , Ubiquitinação , alfa-Sinucleína/metabolismo , Proteínas tau/metabolismoRESUMO
Antimicrobial peptides form part of the first line of defense against pathogens for many organisms. Current treatments for fungal infections are limited by drug toxicity and pathogen resistance. Cm-p5 (SRSELIVHQRLF), a peptide derived from the marine mollusk Cenchritis muricatus peptide Cm-p1, has a significantly increased fungistatic activity against pathogenic Candida albicans (minimal inhibitory concentration, 10 µg/ml; EC50, 1.146 µg/ml) while exhibiting low toxic effects against a cultured mammalian cell line. Cm-p5 as characterized by circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance revealed an α-helical structure in membrane-mimetic conditions and a tendency to random coil folding in aqueous solutions. Additional studies modeling Cm-p5 binding to a phosphatidylserine bilayer in silico and isothermal titration calorimetry using lipid monophases demonstrated that Cm-p5 has a high affinity for the phospholipids of fungal membranes (phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine), only moderate interactions with a mammalian membrane phospholipid, low interaction with ergosterol, and no interaction with chitin. Adhesion of Cm-p5 to living C. albicans cells was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy with FITC-labeled peptide. In a systemic candidiasis model in mice, intraperitoneal administration of Cm-p5 was unable to control the fungal kidney burden, although its low amphiphaticity could be modified to generate new derivatives with improved fungicidal activity and stability.
