A practical approach to demonstrate the circular economy in remediation of textile dyes using nutraceutical industrial spent.

We used Nutraceutical Industrial Coriander Seed Spent (NICSS), a readily available, cheap, eco-friendly, and ready-to-use material, as an innovative adsorbent for the bioremediation of a bisazo Acid Red 119 (AR 119) dye, which is likely a mutagen from textile industrial effluents (TIE). A laboratory-scale experiment was tailored to demonstrate the framework of the circular economy (CE) in the remediation of textile dyes using Nutraceutical Industrial Spent to align with the principles of sustainability and valorization. An experimental q e value of 97.00 mg g-1 was obtained. For the practicality and effectiveness of the method, a two-level fractional factorial experimental design (FFED) was employed to determine variables that influence the adsorption capacity of NICSS. At optimal settings (pH of 1.4, adsorbent dosage of 6.000 g L-1, adsorbent particle size of 96 µm, initial dye concentration of 599 mg L-1, adsorption duration of 173 min, orbital shaking speed of 165 rpm, and temperature of 35 °C), the maximum adsorption efficiency achieved through statistical optimization was 614 mg g-1. Six factors influencing the adsorption process were examined experimentally and were considered important for commercialization. Three orders of magnitude were applied to the identified variables in scaling experiments. Adsorption-equilibrium data were analyzed using nine isotherm models. The best fit was discovered to be the Vieth-Sladek adsorption isotherm model. The suitable mechanism for the overall rate of the adsorption process was a pseudo-second-order reaction: mass-transfer mechanistic studies were predicted to predominate over the diffusion process. NICSS was characterized using SEM and FTIR spectroscopy. Utilizing plastic trash, the dye-adsorbed NICSS that was recovered as "sludge" was utilized as a reinforcing material to create composites. Dye-adsorbed NICSS thermoplastic and thermoset composites were studied and compared with NICSS composites in terms of their physicomechanical and chemical properties.

Bioremediation of Brilliant Green cationic dye from water using Nutraceutical Industrial Coriander Seed Spent as an adsorbent: adsorption isotherms, kinetic models, and thermodynamic studies.

The article details a feasibility study of removing Brilliant Green (BG), a mutagenic dye from an aqueous solution by adsorption using low-cost coriander seed spent as a by-product in the nutraceutical industry. The study includes an analysis of the parameters that affect the adsorption process. The variables that have been identified include pH, dye concentration, process temperature, adsorbent amount, and particle size of the adsorbent. To obtain information on the adsorption process and to design the mechanism of the adsorption system on experimental equilibrium, 10 isotherm models, namely, Langmuir, Freundlich, Jovanovic, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Sips, Redlich-Peterson, Toth, Vieth-Sladek, Brouers-Sotolongo, and Radke-Prausnitz were applied. It was discovered that the experimental adsorption capacity, qe, was roughly 110 mg g-1. The result has a maximum adsorption of 136.17 mg g-1 as predicted by Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm. Diffusion film models, Dumwald-Wagner and Weber-Morris models, and pseudo-first- and second-order models, were used to determine the adsorption kinetics. It was realized that the adsorption kinetics data fit into a pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic analysis with a reduced enthalpy change suggests a physical process. The values of the thermodynamic parameters ΔG0, ΔH0, and ΔS0 demonstrated an endothermic and nearly spontaneous process of adsorption. The small valuation of ΔH0 specifies that the process is physical. FTIR spectroscopy and SEM imaging were used to confirm that the BG dye had been adsorbing on the adsorbent surface. The study concludes that NICSS is an effective adsorbent to extract BG dye from wastewater solutions, offers insights into numerous dye and adsorbent interaction possibilities and indicates that the process can be scaled to fit into the concept of circular economy.

An attempt has been made to link the concept of circular economy through design and execution of the experiments in the laboratory scale. The following highlights will justify the newer approach adopted by the authors.The experiments are designed by intention to suit the concept of circular economy.The use of NICSS, a nutraceutical industrial spent, which has no feed, fertilizer, or fuel value suits the sustainability concept.The reuse of "waste" from the remediation process replaces the "end-of-life" concept in circular economy.

Are weight loss and metabolic outcomes of bariatric surgery influenced by candidate glucocorticoid receptor gene polymorphisms? A prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for severe obesity. There can be variation in the degree of weight reduction following bariatric surgery. It is unknown whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the glucocorticoid receptor locus (GRL) affect postoperative weight loss and metabolic outcomes. MATERIALS/METHODS: We studied the association between selected candidate SNPs and postoperative weight loss and metabolic outcomes in patients with severe obesity undergoing bariatric surgery. The polymorphisms rs41423247 (Bcl1), rs56149945 (N363S) and rs6189/rs6190 (ER22/23EK) were analysed. RESULTS: The 139 participants included 95 women (68.3%) and had a median (interquartile range) age of 53.0 (46.0-60.0) years and mean (SD) weight of 140.8 (28.8) kg and body mass index of 50.3 (8.6) kg/m2. At baseline, 59 patients had type 2 diabetes (T2D), 60 had hypertension and 35 had obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). 84 patients (60.4%) underwent gastric bypass and 55 (39.6%) underwent sleeve gastrectomy. There were no significant differences in weight loss, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) or lipid profile categorized by genotype status, sex or median age. There was significant weight reduction after bariatric surgery with a postoperative BMI of 34.1 (6.8) kg/m2 at 24 months (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: While GRL polymorphisms with a known deleterious effect on adipose tissue mass and function may have a small, additive effect on the prevalence of obesity and related metabolic disorders in the population, we suggest that the relatively weak biological influence of these SNPs is readily overcome by bariatric surgery.

The Effects of Bariatric Surgery on the Requirement for Antihypertensive Treatment in Type 2 Diabetes: Insights from a Long-Term Follow-Up Study.

INTRODUCTION: Bariatric surgery (BS) has emerged an effective intervention in achieving significant and sustained weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, comprehensive data on the long-term impact of BS on hypertension is scarce. We aimed to investigate the long-term impact of BS on blood pressure management in individuals within a T2D cohort. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted on 119 patients who underwent BS between 2009 and 2012. Baseline and follow-up observations, including blood pressure, HbA1c, BMI, and antihypertensive medication use were obtained from electronic patient records at regular intervals up to and beyond 10-year follow-up. RESULTS: The median follow-up period for the 119 patients was 11.5 years. Mean fall in BMI 4-8 weeks post-surgery was 12%. A sustained reduction in systolic BP was observed up to 10 years post-surgery (154.5 mmHg pre-op vs. 132.8 mmHg at 10 years; p < 0.0001. From 5 years onwards, there were increases in mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and body mass index (BMI). At latest follow-up (> 5 years after bariatric surgery), the number of individuals prescribed an antihypertensive agent started to increase. This is in the context of the number of the number of individuals on 2-3 antihypertensive agents declining up until 5 years post-BS. Specifically, there was a reduction in the number of prescriptions of an antihypertensive agent over time from 164 prescriptions pre-operatively to 81 at 8 weeks post-operatively, 78 at 6 months, 72 at 1 year, 66 at 5 years before rising at 10 years to 95 prescriptions. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows an overall benefit in the years after bariatric surgery in terms of blood pressure and requirement for antihypertensive medication. However, at 5 years and beyond after surgery, the beneficial effect of bariatric surgery diminishes with respect to an increase in number of antihypertensive medication prescriptions, BMI, and HbA1c.

Changes in Serum Urate Levels after Bariatric Surgery in Patients with Obesity: An Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a risk factor for hyperuricemia and gout, while weight reduction can reduce urate levels. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of bariatric surgery on longitudinal serum urate levels. METHODS: We performed a retrospective observational study of 283 patients who had undergone bariatric surgery [237 (83.7%) gastric bypass, 34 (12.0%) sleeve gastrectomy and 12 (4.2%) gastric banding] and were followed up for 2 years. The results shown represent mean (standard deviation). RESULTS: Bariatric surgery was associated with significant reduction in serum urate from baseline level of 0.343 (0.086) mmol/L to 0.296 (0.076) mmol/L (p < 0.001) at 12 months and 0.286 (0.073) mmol/L (p < 0.001) at 24 months, including in men and women, and in patients with or without diabetes. Patients with elevated urate levels at baseline, who comprised 27.2% of the total cohort, achieved reduction in levels by 4 months. CONCLUSION: Bariatric surgery leads to significant reduction in serum urate levels at 12 and 24 months. This could reduce incidence of gout and need for prophylactic medication(s).

Weight Loss Following Bariatric Surgery in People with or without Metabolic Syndrome: A 5-Year Observational Comparative Study.

AIM: Whilst bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for severe obesity, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether postoperative weight loss is similar in patients with or without metabolic syndrome. METHODS: We performed a 5-year observational retrospective comparative cohort analysis of bariatric surgery in 333 patients (72% women) without (Group A, n = 133) or with (Group B, n = 200) metabolic syndrome at baseline. RESULTS: Overall mean (SD) baseline body mass index was 51.7 (7.5) with no significant difference between groups. Overall mean percent total weight loss (%TWL) was 31.9% by 24 months after surgery. Although %TWL was greater in Group A (34.9%) than in Group B (30.2%, p = 0.006) at 24 months, there were no significant differences between groups subsequently up to 60 months of follow-up. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures and lipid profiles improved in both groups. In patients with metabolic syndrome at baseline, mean HbA1c reduced by 36.4% at 12 months and was sustained over the study period. CONCLUSIONS: We report that bariatric surgery results in comparable long-term weight loss in patients with or without metabolic syndrome alongside expected improvements in metabolic comorbidities.

Mechanistic Links between Central Obesity and Cardiorenal Metabolic Diseases.

BACKGROUND: There is a marked increase in the global prevalence of obesity over the last decades with an estimated 1.9 billion adults living with overweight or obesity. This is associated with a sharp rise in prevalence of cardiorenal metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and heart failure. With recent evidence of the efficacy of sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on cardiorenal protection and weight reduction, it is reasonable to investigate common causative pathways for cardiorenal metabolic diseases. SUMMARY: Central obesity is a common condition with 41.5% prevalence worldwide. It is associated with adverse outcomes even in people with a normal body mass index. Central obesity develops when the personal fat threshold for expansion in the subcutaneous adipose tissue exceeds a certain level. Multiple factors such as age, gender, genetics, and hormones may play a role in determining personal susceptibility to central obesity. Cardiorenal metabolic diseases usually cluster in certain populations - commonly in people with central obesity - and cause a substantial burden on health services and increase the risk of all-cause mortality. In this review, we investigate the pathophysiological pathways between central obesity and cardiorenal metabolic diseases. These pathways include activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the sympathetic nervous system, inflammation and oxidative stress, haemodynamic impairment, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction. KEY MESSAGE: Central obesity has a pivotal role in the development of cardiorenal metabolic diseases and should be targeted with population-based approaches, such as dietary and lifestyle interventions, as well as the development of pharmacotherapy to reduce the burden of cardiorenal metabolic diseases.

The impact of bariatric surgery on liver enzymes in people with obesity: A 5-year observational study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increasing worldwide prevalence, fuelled by rising obesity rates, and weight reduction is the mainstay of its management. We sought to study the effect of bariatric surgery, the most effective long-term treatment for obesity and associated metabolic disorders, on liver function in people with obesity. METHODS: We performed a retrospective longitudinal cohort study of 511 patients who had undergone bariatric surgery (71 sleeve gastrectomy and 440 gastric bypass) over 60 months of follow-up. Patients were stratified into groups based on their baseline alanine aminotransferase (ALT) into Group A (ALT < 40 U/L) and Group B (ALT > 40 U/L). Postoperative follow-up weight loss, liver function tests, HbA1c, blood pressure and lipid profiles were collected. FINDINGS: Bariatric surgery resulted in nadir total weight loss of 33.1% by 24 months (p < 0.001) with no significant difference between groups. In people with raised baseline ALT (Group B), ALT and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels decreased significantly by 4 months postoperatively (p < 0.001) and sustained over 60 months of follow-up. There was also significant and sustained reduction in HbA1c, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and non-HDL cholesterol overall with no differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Bariatric surgery results in significant weight loss, improves liver function tests and metabolic outcomes in people with obesity. Bariatric surgery could be a therapeutic consideration for patients with NAFLD associated with severe obesity who have otherwise been unresponsive to conservative management.

Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) Gene Expression and Inflammation in the Adipose Tissue of Obese Diabetic Rats.

Bariatric surgery improves dyslipidaemia and reduces body weight, but it remains unclear how bariatric surgery modulates gene expression in fat cells to influence the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK-9) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene expression. The expression of the PCSK9/LDLR/tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) gene in adipose tissue was measured in two groups of Zucker Diabetic Sprague Dawley (ZDSD) rats after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery or 'SHAM' operation. There was lower PCSK9 (p = 0.02) and higher LDLR gene expression (p = 0.02) in adipose tissue in rats after RYGB. Weight change did not correlate with PCSK9 gene expression (r = -0.5, p = 0.08) or TNFα gene expression (r = -0.4, p = 0.1). TNFα gene expression was positively correlated with PCSK9 gene expression (r = 0.7, p = 0.001) but not correlated with LDLR expression (r = -0.3, p = 0.3). Circulating triglyceride levels were lower in RYGB compared to the SHAM group (1.1 (0.8-1.4) vs. 1.5 (1.0-4.2), p = 0.038) mmol/L with no difference in cholesterol levels. LDLR gene expression was increased post-bariatric surgery with the potential to reduce the number of circulating LDL particles. PCSK9 gene expression and TNFα gene expression were positively correlated after RYGB in ZDSD rats, suggesting that the modulation of pro-inflammatory pathways in adipose tissue after RYGB may partly relate to PCSK9 and LDLR gene expression.

Insights into isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics of adsorption of acid blue 113 from an aqueous solution of nutraceutical industrial fennel seed spent.

Research studies have been carried out to accentuate Fennel Seed Spent, a by-product of the Nutraceutical Industry, as an inexpensive, recyclable and operational biosorbent for bioremediation of Acid Blue 113 (AB113) in simulated water-dye samples and textile industrial effluent (TIE). The physical process of adhesion of AB113 on the surface of the biosorbent depends on various parameters, such as the initial amount of the dye, amount and expanse of the biosorbent particles, pH of the solution and temperature of the medium. The data obtained was analyzed using three two-parameter and five three-parameter adsorption isotherm models to glean the adsorbent affinities and interaction mechanism of the adsorbate molecules and adsorbent surface. The adsorption feature study is conducted employing models of Weber-Morris, pseudo 1st and 2nd order, diffusion film model, Dumwald-Wagner and Avrami model. The study through 2nd order pseudo and Avrami models produced complementary results for the authentication of experimental data. The thermodynamic features, ΔG0, ΔH0, and ΔS0 of the adsorption process are acclaimed to be almost spontaneous, physical in nature and endothermic in their manifestation. Surface characterization was carried out using Scanner Electron Microscopy, and identification and determination of chemical species and molecular structure was performed using Infrared Spectroscopy (IR). Maximum adsorption evaluated using statistical optimization with different combinations of five independent variables to study the individual as well as combined effects by Fractional Factorial Experimental Design (FFED) was 236.18 mg g-1 under optimized conditions; pH of 2, adsorbent dosage of 0.500 g L-1, and an initial dye concentration of 209.47 mg L-1 for an adsorption time of 126.62 min with orbital shaking of 165 rpm at temperature 49.95 °C.

Sars-Cov-2 Infection in People with Type 1 Diabetes and Hospital Admission: An Analysis of Risk Factors for England.

INTRODUCTION: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) pandemic revealed the vulnerability of specific population groups in relation to susceptibility to acute deterioration in their health, including hospital admission and mortality. There is less data on outcomes for people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) following SARS-CoV-2 infection than for those with type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this study we set out to determine the relative likelihood of hospital admission following SARS-CoV-2 infection in people with T1D when compared to those without T1D. METHODS: This study was conducted as a retrospective cohort study and utilised an all-England dataset. Electronic health record data relating to people in a national England database (NHS England's Secure Data Environment, accessed via the BHF Data Science Centre's CVD-COVID-UK/COVID-IMPACT consortium) were analysed. The cohort consisted of patients with a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the exposure was whether or not an individual had T1D prior to infection (77,392 patients with T1D). The patients without T1D were matched for sex, age and approximate date of the positive COVID-19 test, with three SARS-CoV-2-infected people living without diabetes (n = 223,995). Potential factors influencing the relative likelihood of the outcome of hospital admission within 28 days were ascertained using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Median age of the people living with T1D was 37 (interquartile range 25-52) years, 47.4% were female and 89.6% were of white ethnicity. Mean body mass index was 27 (standard error [SE] 0.022) kg/m2, and mean glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was 67.3 (SE 0.069) mmol/mol (8.3%). A significantly higher proportion of people with T1D (10.7%) versus matched non-diabetes individuals (3.9%) were admitted to hospital. In combined analysis including individuals with T1D and matched controls, multiple regression modelling indicated that the factors independently relating to a higher likelihood of hospital admission were: T1D (odds ratio [OR] 1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.62-1.80]), age (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.02-1.03), social deprivation (higher Townsend deprivation score: OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.06-1.08), lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) value (OR 0.975, 95% CI 0.974-0.976), non-white ethnicity (OR black 1.19, 95% CI 1.06-1.33/OR Asian 1.21, 95% CI 1.05-1.39) and having asthma (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.19-1.35]), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.89-2.32), severe mental illness (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.57-2.12) or hypertension (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.37-1.52). CONCLUSION: In this all-England study, we describe that, following confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2, the risk factors for hospital admission for people living with T1D are similar to people without diabetes following confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, although the former were more likely to be admitted to hospital. The younger age of individuals with T1D in relation to risk stratification must be taken into account in any ongoing risk reduction strategies regarding COVID-19/future viral pandemics.

Microvascular complications of obesity and diabetes-Role of bariatric surgery.

Bariatric surgery in people with obesity can lead to long-term remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and a reduction in the incidence of macrovascular complications. The impact of bariatric surgery on microvascular complications is less clear. In this narrative review, we sought to evaluate the effect of bariatric surgery on microvascular complications in patients with and without diabetes. The risk of developing microvascular complications is increased in people with obesity, and this is amplified in those with T2DM. The impact of metabolic surgery on microvascular complications is limited to a subgroup analysis of studies or statistical modeling to predict the glycemia-independent effect of bariatric surgery. While bariatric surgery halts the progression of retinopathy in those with minimal retinopathy, it may worsen in those with advanced retinopathy. Bariatric surgery improves proteinuria and major renal outcomes, regardless of the severity of renal impairment. Bariatric surgery in patients with obesity with or without diabetes is associated with an improvement in neuropathic symptoms and regeneration of small nerve fibers. In conclusion, bariatric surgery is associated with an improvement in microvascular complications. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms for the favorable effect of bariatric surgery on microvascular outcomes.

Obesity and chronic kidney disease: A current review.

Background: Obesity poses significant challenges to healthcare globally, particularly through its bi-directional relationship with co-morbid metabolic conditions such as type 2 diabetes and hypertension. There is also emerging evidence of an association between obesity and chronic kidney disease (CKD) which is less well characterized. Methods: A literature search of electronic libraries was conducted to identify and present a narrative review of the interplay between obesity and CKD. Findings: Obesity may predispose to CKD directly as it is linked to the histopathological finding of obesity-related glomerulopathy and indirectly through its widely recognized complications such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. The biochemical and endocrine products of adipose tissue contribute to pathophysiological processes such as inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and proteinuria. The prevention and management of obesity may prove critical in counteracting both the development and advancement of CKD. Moreover, measures of abdominal adiposity such as waist circumference, are generally associated with worse morbidity and mortality in individuals receiving maintenance hemodialysis. Conclusion: Obesity is a risk factor for the onset and progression of CKD and should be recognized as a potential target for a preventative public health approach to reduce CKD rates within the general population. Future research should focus on the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in patients with CKD and obesity due to their multi-faceted actions on major outcomes.

Reported rates of all-cause serious adverse events following immunization with BNT-162b in 5-17-year-old children in the United States.

Vaccine development against COVID-19 has mitigated severe disease. However, reports of rare but serious adverse events following immunization (sAEFI) in the young populations are fuelling parental anxiety and vaccine hesitancy. With a very early season of viral illnesses including COVID-19, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza, metapneumovirus and several others, children are facing a winter with significant respiratory illness burdens. Yet, COVID-19 vaccine and booster uptake remain sluggish due to the mistaken beliefs that children have low rates of severe COVID-19 illness as well as rare but severe complications from COVID-19 vaccine are common. In this study we examined composite sAEFI reported in association with COVID-19 vaccines in the United States (US) amongst 5-17-year-old children, to ascertain the composite reported risk associated with vaccination. Between December 13, 2020, and April 13, 2022, a total of 467,890,599 COVID-19 vaccine doses were administered to individuals aged 5-65 years in the US, of which 180 million people received at least 2 doses. In association with these, a total of 177,679 AEFI were reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event reporting System (VAERS) of which 31,797 (17.9%) were serious. The rates of ED visits per 100,000 recipients were 2.56 (95% CI: 2.70-3.47) amongst 5-11-year-olds, 18.25 (17.57-18.95) amongst 12-17-year-olds and 33.74 (33.36-34.13) amongst 18-65-year olds; hospitalizations were 1.07 (95% CI 0.87-1.32) per 100,000 in 5-11-year-olds, 6.83 (6.42-7.26) in 12-17-year olds and 8.15 (7.96-8.35) in 18-65 years; life-threatening events were 0.14 (95% CI: 0.08-0.25) per 100,000 in 5-11-year olds, 1.22 (1.05-1.41) in 12-17-year-olds and 2.96 (2.85-3.08) in 18-65 year olds; and death 0.03 (95% CI 0.01-0.10) per 100,000 in 5-11 year olds, 0.08 (0.05-0.14) amongst 12-17-year olds and 0.76 (0.71-0.82) in 18-65 years age group. The results of our study from national population surveillance data demonstrate rates of reported serious AEFIs amongst 5-17-year-olds which appear to be significantly lower than in 18-65-year-olds. These low risks must be taken into account in overall recommendation of COVID-19 vaccination amongst children.