The Influence of Manganese and Glutamine Intake on Antioxidants and Neurotransmitter Amino Acids Levels in Rats' Brain.

Depending on the concentration, Mn can exert protective or toxic effect. Potential mechanism for manganese neurotoxicity is manganese-induced oxidative stress. Glutamine supplementation could reduce manganese-induced neurotoxicity and is able to influence the neurotransmission processes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the long term administration of manganese (alone or in combination with glutamine) in dose and time dependent manner could affect the selected parameters of oxidative-antioxidative status (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities, concentrations of vitamin C and malonic dialdehyde) and concentrations of excitatory (Asp, Glu) and inhibitory amino acids (GABA, Gly) in the brain of rats. The experiments were carried out on 2-months-old albino male rats randomly divided into 6 group: Mn300 and Mn500-received solution of MnCl2 to drink (dose 300 and 500 mg/L, respectively), Gln group-solution of glutamine (4 g/L), Mn300-Gln and Mn500-Gln groups-solution of Mn at 300 and 500 mg/L and Gln at 4 g/L dose. The control group (C) received deionized water. Half of the animals were euthanized after three and the other half-after 6 weeks of experiment. The exposure of rats to Mn in drinking water contributes to diminishing of the antioxidant enzymes activity and the increase in level of lipid peroxidation. Glutamine in the diet admittedly increases SOD and GPx activity, but it is unable to restore the intracellular redox balance. The most significant differences in the examined amino acids levels in comparison to both control and Gln group were observed in the group of rats receiving Mn at 500 mg/L dose alone or with Gln. It seems that Gln is amino acid which could improve antioxidant status and affect the concentrations of the neurotransmitters.

Actylise treatment does not influence nitric oxide metabolites serum level.

BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized by Nitric Oxide Synthases (NOS), the family of enzymes capable to conduct the conversion of Arginine (Arg) into the NO and Citrulline (Cit). Currently, only the administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) is recommended for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) treatment. To allow solubility of rtPA, Arg is added as a constituent of the drug. Our purpose was to check the effect of alteplase administration on NO metabolites concentration in the blood. METHODS: Eighteen AIS patients were selected into the study. Nine of them received thrombolytic therapy (rtPA group). The serum samples were obtained at 3 time-points for rtPA group (time-point 0: 1st-4th hour of stroke; time-point 1: immediately after rtPA administration; time-point 3: on day 5-7 from stroke onset). Remaining patients (non-rtPA group) had blood collection at two time-points: time-point 1: 1st-10th hour of stroke and time-point 2: on day 5-7 of stroke. Arg and Cit were determined by the automated ion-exchange chromatography using Amino Acids Analyzer. NO serum level was indirectly evaluated with the usage of commercially available kits that measuring the nitrate/nitrite level. RESULTS: Significant increase of Arg serum level was noticed at time-point 1, directly after the iv thrombolysis in comparison to non-rtPA group. However, the products of the reaction catalyzed by NOS (NO and Cit) did not rise after the thrombolysis. CONCLUSIONS: Current study showed that Arg administration simultaneously with rtPA, as a constituent of Actylise, does not affect serum NO metabolites level.

Interrelationships between Morphological, Densitometric and Mechanical Properties of Eggs in Japanese Quails (Coturnix Japonica).

Eggshell quality in birds results from mineral density and composition determining its mechanical endurance. The aim of the study was to determine interrelationships between morphological, densitometric and mechanical properties of eggs in Japanese quails. Twenty four eggs randomly collected from 17-week-old quails were subjected to morphological, denstiometric and mechanical evaluation using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), quantitative computed tomography (QCT) and three-point bending test. Weight, height and width of eggs were positively correlated with the densitometric parameters obtained using DEXA (egg mineral density (EMD) and egg mineral content (EMC)) and QCT (total egg volume (TEvol) and total eggshell volume (TESvol)). Positive correlations were stated between TEvol and TESvol (r=0.52; P<0.05) and EMD and EMC r=0.83; P<0.05). Egg mineral density revealed positive correlations with TEvol and mean volumetric eggshell mineral density (MvESMD), while EMC was positively correlated with TEvol, TESvol and MvESMD (all P<0.05). Eggshell breaking strength was positively correlated with MvESMD (r=0.53; P<0.05) and negatively correlated with eggshell thickness (r=-0.50; P<0.05). In conclusion, the results obtained in this study showed numerous interrelationships between morphological, densitometric and mechanical properties of eggs in Japanese quails. Both DEXA and QCT were shown to be valuable tools for evaluation of whole egg and eggshell quality with superior prognostic value of QCT for eggshell mechanical endurance prediction. The elaborated experimental model may serve for further investigations on physiological, pharmacological, environmental, nutritional and toxicological factors influencing egg quality.

Effects of total gastrectomy on plasma silicon and amino acid concentrations in men.

The aim of the study was to determine one-year effects of total gastrectomy on plasma silicon and free amino acid concentrations in patients and evaluate changes of volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) in lumbar spine. Eight patients were enrolled to the control (CTR) group. Six patients subjected to total gastrectomy (GX group) were included to the experimental group. vBMD in trabecular and cortical bone was measured in lumbar vertebrae at baseline (before surgery) and one year later using quantitative computed tomography. Plasma concentrations of silicon and free amino acids were determined at baseline and one year later using photometric method and ion-exchange chromatography. Body weights within CTR and GX groups were not different after one-year follow-up when compared to the baseline values (P > 0.05). An average annual decrease of vBMD in the trabecular bone in the gastrectomized patients reached 15.0% in lumbar spine and was significantly different in comparison to the percentage changes observed in CTR group (P = 0.02). One-year percentage change of vBMD in the cortical bone in L1 and L2 has shown significantly decreased values by 10.5 and 9.1% in the GX group when compared to the percentage change observed in the controls (P < 0.05). Plasma concentration of adipic acid was significantly higher by 101.6% one year after total gastrectomy procedure in the patients when compared to the baseline value (P = 0.01). Plasma concentration of silicon was significantly lowered by 26.7% one year after the total gastrectomy when compared to the baseline value (P = 0.009). Total gastrectomy in patients has induced severe osteoporotic changes in lumbar spine within one-year period. The observed osteoporotic changes were associated with decreased plasma concentration of silicon indicating importance of exocrine and endocrine functions of stomach for silicon homeostasis maintenance. Gastrectomy-induced bone loss was not related to decreased amino acid concentration in plasma obtained from overnight fasted patients.

Thrombolytic treatment decreases glutamate/GABA ratio in serum during acute ischaemic stroke: a pilot study.

There is no information about possible effect of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) therapy on excitotoxic/neuroprotective amino acids during acute phase of ischaemic stroke (IS). Our purpose was to evaluate iv thrombolytic treatment on glutamate (Glu) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) serum levels during acute IS. Eleven thrombolytic (rtPA group) and 12 non-thrombolytic (non-rtPA group) patients with acute IS were enrolled. The serum samples were obtained at three time points for rtPA group (time point 0: first to fourth hour of stroke; time point 1: immediately after rtPA administration; time point 2: on days 5-7 from stroke onset). The remaining patients had blood collection at two time points: time point 1: 5(th)-10(th) hour of stroke and time point 2: on days 5-7 of stroke. Glutamate and GABA were determined by the automated ion-exchange chromatography using Amino Acids Analyser (AAA 400) by INGOS Corp., Praha, Czech Republic. The statistically significant elevation of GABA serum level was noticed directly after thrombolysis (time point 1) in comparison to the corresponding time point in non-rtPA group [0.016 (0.002-0.032) µM/ml vs 0.001 (0.001-0.004) µM/ml for rtPA vs non-rtPA groups, respectively, median (first to third quartile), P < 0.05]. At the same time point, the Glu/GABA ratio was significantly decreased in rtPA group (P < 0.05) suggesting the decrease of excitotoxicity biomarkers in the blood after thrombolysis. Considering the beneficial effect of GABA receptor agonists, the elevation of GABA by rtPA should bring an additional positive features of thrombolytic treatment.

Activity of MMP1 and MMP13 and amino acid metabolism in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND: Alcoholic liver disease remains one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of metalloproteinases (MMP1 and MMP13) as diagnostic markers of alcoholic liver disease and to determine the changes in free amino acid profile in the patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis treated in various hospitals of the Lublin region were randomly enrolled. The control group consisted of 10 healthy individuals without liver disease, who did not drink alcohol. Additionally, a group of alcoholics (22 persons) without liver cirrhosis was included in the study. The activity of MMP-1 and MMP-13 in blood plasma of patients and controls was measured using the sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique with commercially available quantitative ELISA test kits. Amino acids were determined by automated ion-exchange chromatography. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in the activity of MMP-1 in alcoholics with or without liver cirrhosis or in controls. Increased serum MMP-13 was found in patients with liver cirrhosis (stage A, B, C) compared to the control group. Patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis (stage A, B, C) demonstrated reduced concentrations of glutamic acid and glutamine compared to the control group. Plasma levels of valine, isoleucine, leucine, and tryptophan were significantly lower in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis (stage C) than in controls. CONCLUSIONS: MMP-13 can be useful to confirm the diagnosis of alcoholic liver cirrhosis, but levels of MMP-1 are not significantly increased in patients with liver cirrhosis compared to controls. The serum branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) is markedly reduced in patients with stage C alcoholic liver cirrhosis.

Is additional enrichment of diet in branched-chain amino acids or glutamine beneficial for patients receiving total parenteral nutrition after gastrointestinal cancer surgery?

OBJECTIVES: Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) is necessary in patients unable to receive oral or enteral feeding for a period of at least 7 days. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA): valine (Val), leucine (Leu), and isoleucine (Ile) are essential amino acids, which are important regulators in protein metabolism. They are also the main nitrogen source for glutamine synthesis in muscles. In this process they undergo irreversible degradation and cannot be reutilised for protein synthesis. In catabolic states, like cancers, glutamine demand increases and therefore also its utilisation, which can decrease the level of BCAA required for Gln synthesis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the necessity of BCAA or glutamine-enriched TPN in patients after gastrointestinal cancers surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Our aim was to investigate changes of plasma BCAA and glutamine concentrations in patients operated for colorectal, small intestine or pancreatic cancer and who are either receiving TPN or not in the postoperative period. Free amino acids plasma concentrations were determined by the ion-exchange chromatography. RESULTS: Surgery in the control group caused a decrease in Val, Ile and Leu concentrations in the postoperative period. In TPN patients this depression was inhibited beginning from the third day after surgery, except for Val and Leu in colorectal cancer group. In control and TPN patient groups, Gln concentration decreased after the surgery and subsequently increased beginning from the third day after the operation. CONCLUSIONS: Gastrointestinal cancer patients' surgery results in decrease in BCAA concentrations. Standard TPN exerts a beneficial effect on the BCAA level in patients with pancreatic and small intestine cancer. In colorectal cancer such TPN should be enriched with Leu and Val.

Antioxidants in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition after gastrointestinal cancer surgery.

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is essential for patients with postoperative impairing gastrointestinal function who are unable to receive and absorb oral/enteral feeding for at least 7 days. Oxidative stress plays a major role in the ethiopathogenesis of cancers. In this study, total antioxidant status (TAS), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde and ascorbic acid were studied in patients operated because of small intestine, colorectal or pancreatic cancer and subsequently receiving TPN in comparison with patients receiving standard nutrition after the operation. TAS level and GPx activity were decreased in patients with small intestine cancer but did not differ in patients with colorectal and pancreatic cancer before and after surgery. In all patient groups receiving TPN, superoxide dismutase activity after the surgery was kept at the same level as before. On the fifth day after the surgery, malondialdehyde concentration in each group was restored to the value observed before surgery. On the fifth day of TPN treatment, ascorbic acid concentration was increased in every group of patients. TPN applied during the postoperative period alleviates oxidative stress resulting from surgery. In the case of small intestine cancer, the addition of vitamins and antioxidants to the nutrition mixture seems to result in depletion of antioxidant enzymes' activities.

Magnesium and branched chain amino acids in rats intoxicated with Pb2+ or Cd2+ and receiving certain bioflavonoids or bioflavonoids with glutamine.

Experiment was carried on Wistar male rats. Eleven groups, each of 6 rats, were given: group I: plumbum nitrate (500 mg Pb/dm3), group II: plumbum ions--500 mg Pb/dm3 and quercetin--200 mg/dm3, group III the same what group II and glutamine 4 g/dm3, group IV: Pb(NO3)2--500 mg Pb/dm3 and catechin (200 mg/dm3), and group V the same as group IV, Pb ions, catechin, and additionally glutamine--4 g/dm3. The IA - VA groups obtained the same that groups I-V but they received instead of lead cadmium chloride in amount of 500 mg Cd/dm3. Group IX was a control group, and that animals received redistilled water to drink. After six weeks of experiment blood, liver and kidneys were collected, and magnesium and branched amino acids concentrations were determined. The aim of these studies was to determine the influence of administered quercetin and catechin individually or with free glutamine on magnesium and BCAAs concentrations in blood serum, liver and kidneys of rats.

Bioflavonoids and glutamine in diet and the Mg, Ca, Cu, Zn concentrations in heavy metals intoxicated rats' skins.

The effect of bioflavonoids on the Mg, Ca, Cu and Zn concentration in rats' skin intoxicated with heavy metals Pb or Cd. The animals were divided at random into nine groups, each of 6 rats. Group I obtained in drinking water the solution of plumbum nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 in concentration of 500 mg Pb/dm3, group II solution of lead ions--500 mg Pb/dm3 and quercetin--200 mg/dm3 and glutamine 4 g/dm3, group III--lead ions solution (500 mg Pb/dm3), catechin--200 mg/dm3 and glutamine 4 g/dm3, group IV received water solution of Pb(NO3)2--500mg Pb/dm3, naringenin--200 mg/dm3 and glutamine 4 g/dm3, V-VII groups obtained the same that groups I-IV, but instead of lead cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in the amount of 500 mg Cd/dm3 was used. Group IX was a control group, and these animals received redistilled water to drink. All the groups of rats were on a normal diet (LSM dry food) and they got solutions and food ad libitum. After the experiment, the animals were sacrificed under ketamine narcosis and while collecting tissues, the skins (together with furs) used for further studies were also obtained. Heavy metals intoxication caused a significant decrease of magnesium and calcium concentrations in the examined rats' skins, and bioflavonoids with glutamine dietary addition did not improve or improve to a small degree the levels of those elements. Lead, in opposition to cadmium, decreased zinc and copper levels in skins, and bioflavonoids with glutamine caused the return of those elements' concentrations to the values of control group.

Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) in heart diseases (ischaemic heart disease and myocardial infarction).

Acute and chronic ischaemic diseases are among the main death reasons and civilized world menace. Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs): valine (Val), leucine (Leu), and isoleucine (Ile) are the main source of nitrogen to glutamine (Gln) and alanine (Ala) synthesis in muscles. In numerous cachexy-producing illnesses such as cancer, sepsis, diverse injuries and heart diseases increased consumption of BCAAs occurs. In myocardial ischemia BCAAs derived from the mobilization of muscle protein may be an important alternative energy substrate for the heart. BCAAs are oxidative energy substrates for the heart and may exert anabolic effects on myocardial protein (8). The aim of our study was to determine branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) concentrations in blood plasma of patients with chronic and acute ischeamic heart disease and to find out changes that those amino acids undergo during the first five days of patients' hospitalization.