Research on anisotropy of fusion-produced protons and neutrons emission from high-current plasma-focus discharges.

The paper concerns fast protons and neutrons from D-D fusion reactions in a Plasma-Focus-1000U facility. Measurements were performed with nuclear-track detectors arranged in "sandwiches" of an Al-foil and two PM-355 detectors separated by a polyethylene-plate. The Al-foil eliminated all primary deuterons, but was penetrable for fast fusion protons. The foil and first PM-355 detector were penetrable for fast neutrons, which were converted into recoil-protons in the polyethylene and recorded in the second PM-355 detector. The "sandwiches" were irradiated by discharges of comparable neutron-yields. Analyses of etched tracks and computer simulations of the fusion-products behavior in the detectors were performed.

The application of selected radionuclides for monitoring of the D-D reactions produced by dense plasma-focus device.

The dense plasma focus (DPF) device-DPF-1000U which is operated at the Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion is the largest that type plasma experiment in the world. The plasma that is formed in large plasma experiments is characterized by vast numbers of parameters. All of them need to be monitored. A neutron activation method occupies a high position among others plasma diagnostic methods. The above method is off-line, remote, and an integrated one. The plasma which has enough temperature to bring about nuclear fusion reactions is always a strong source of neutrons that leave the reactions area and take along energy and important information on plasma parameters and properties as well. Silver as activated material is used as an effective way of neutrons measurement, especially when they are emitted in the form of short pulses like as it happens from the plasma produced in Dense Plasma-Focus devices. Other elements such as beryllium and yttrium are newly introduced and currently tested at the Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion to use them in suitable activation neutron detectors. Some specially designed massive indium samples have been recently adopted for angular neutrons distribution measurements (vertical and horizontal) and have been used in the recent plasma experiment conducted on the DPF-1000U device. This choice was substantiated by relatively long half-lives of the neutron induced isotopes and the threshold character of the 115In(n,n')115mIn nuclear reaction.

Characterization of solid state nuclear track detectors of the polyallyl-diglycol-carbonate (CR-39/PM-355) type for light charged particle spectroscopy.

This paper presents a method which uses the characteristics of the etch pits induced in a polyallyl-diglycol-carbonate (PADC) detector of the CR-39/PM-355 type to estimate particle energy. This method is based on the data provided by a semiautomatic system that selects tracks according to two parameters, crater diameters, and mean gray level values. In this paper we used the results of the calibration measurements that were obtained in our laboratory in the period 2000-2014. Combining the information on the two parameters it is possible to determine unambiguously the incident projectile energy values. The paper presents the results of an attempt to estimate the energy resolution of the method when analyzing the tracks produced in the CR-39/PM-355 detector by energetic ions such as alpha particles, protons, and deuterons. We discuss the energy resolution of the measurement of light charged particle energy which is based on the parameters (crater diameter and mean gray level value) of tracks induced in solid state nuclear track detectors of the PADC type.

Investigations of protons passing through the CR-39/PM-355 type of solid state nuclear track detectors.

Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors of the CR-39∕PM-355 type were irradiated with protons with energies in the range from 0.2 to 8.5 MeV. Their intensities and energies were controlled by a Si surface barrier detector located in an accelerator scattering chamber. The ranges of protons with energies of 6-7 MeV were comparable to the thickness of the PM-355 track detectors. Latent tracks in the polymeric detectors were chemically etched under standard conditions to develop the tracks. Standard optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used for surface morphology characterization.

Influence of high temperature on solid state nuclear track detector parameters.

This work concerns the influence of high temperatures on tracks induced in solid state nuclear track detectors of the CR-39/PM-355 type. In order to investigate this effect some samples of the detectors were irradiated with energetic protons and α particles and subsequently heated under controlled temperatures for different periods of time. After heating the samples were etched and the track evolution was analyzed using an optical microscope. The bulk etch rate V(B) of the PM-355 material was also determined as a function of heating temperature. The track etch rate V(T) values were estimated for craters induced by protons and α particles from track diameter measurement as a function of heating temperature.

Monoenergetic proton emission from nuclear reaction induced by high intensity laser-generated plasma.

A 10(16) W∕cm(2) Asterix laser pulse intensity, 1315 nm at the fundamental frequency, 300 ps pulse duration, was employed at PALS laboratory of Prague, to irradiate thick and thin primary CD(2) targets placed inside a high vacuum chamber. The laser irradiation produces non-equilibrium plasma with deutons and carbon ions emission with energy of up to about 4 MeV per charge state, as measured by time-of-flight (TOF) techniques by using ion collectors and silicon carbide detectors. Accelerated deutons may induce high D-D cross section for fusion processes generating 3 MeV protons and 2.5 MeV neutrons, as measured by TOF analyses. In order to increase the mono-energetic proton yield, secondary CD(2) targets can be employed to be irradiated by the plasma-accelerated deutons. Experiments demonstrated that high intensity laser pulses can be employed to promote nuclear reactions from which characteristic ion streams may be developed. Results open new scenario for applications of laser-generated plasma to the fields of ion sources and ion accelerators.

[Preservation of the blood of slaughter animals by the non-diaphragmatic use of solidified carbon dioxide. I. Metabolism of the erythrocytes]. / Utrwalanie krwi zwierzat rzeznych metoda bezprzeponowego oddzialywania zestalonym dwutlenkiem wegla. I. Metabolizm krwinek czerwonych.

The preservation effectivity slaughter animal blood for consumptive purposes was studied by a new method of direct action with solidified CO2. The material used was full pig blood stabilized with sodium citrate. The average sample taken from 10-15 animals was divided into samples stabilized with solidified CO2 and control samples conventionally cooled to the storage temperature assumed in the experiment. The blood samples were stored at 5 degrees C, 10 degrees C and 15 degrees C. The course of the storage changes of the quality factors studied in relation to the blood properties has been described by regression equations. It was found that in the stabilization process a rapid cooling and CO2 binding occurred in the blood, which resulted in partial displacement of oxygen and simultaneous acidification of the medium. The destructive effects of low temperature of the cooling agent used on the morphological elements of blood appeared practically insignificant. However, considerable differences in the stability of erythrocytes of the blood stabilized with CO2 were found in comparison with control blood. Decreased hemolysis during storage of blood saturated with CO2 resulted from significant changes in metabolism of erythrocytes expressed by decreased glycolysis rate, increased rate of 2.3-DPG exhaustion and by increasing affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. On the basis of the results of the studies the preservation method used appeared to be suitable for preservation of full technological value of the stored blood.

[Preservation of the blood of slaughter animals by the non-diaphragmatic use of solidified carbon dioxide. III. Effect of blood preservation. Practical blood stability]. / Utrwalanie krwi zwierzat rzeznych metoda bezprzeponowego oddzialywania zestalonym dwutlenkiem wegla. III. Efekt utrwalajacy. Praktyczna trwalosc krwi.

The preservation effectivity of slaughter animal blood for consumptive purposes was studied by a method of non-phrenic action with solidified CO2. The material for studies was full pig blood stabilized with sodium citrate. The course of the changes of the blood properties studied has been described by regression equations. Blood stabilization with solidified CO2 was found to reduce the rate of aerobic microflora growth and of proteolytic changes and to extend the stability period of the coagulation system. The results of sensory studies were related to the boundary values of the studied physicochemical and microbiological quality factors. The admissible periods of blood storage were determined from the results of the studies. It was found that practical preservation of blood stabilized with solidified CO2 was 15 full days at 5 degrees C, 6 days at 10 degrees C and 4 days at 15 degrees C, and it was two, three and four times greater at the three successive temperatures, as compared with the preservation of control blood.

[Preservation of the blood of slaughter animals by the non-diaphragmatic use of solidified carbon dioxide. II. Blood preservation-related changes in plasma proteins]. / Utrwalanie krwi zwierzat rzeznych metoda bezprzeponowego oddzialywania zestalonym dwutlenkiem wegla. II. Zmiany przechowalnicze w bialkach osocza.

The preservation effectivity of slaughter animal blood for consumptive purposes was studies by a method of non-phrenic action with solidified CO2. The material for studies was full pig blood stabilized with sodium citrate. The course of the changes in plasma proteins caused by storage has been described by regression equations. It was found that non-phrenic contact of blood with solidified CO2 caused slight, statistically insignificant changes in plasma proteins. Moreover, the changes of the protein quality factors showed a smaller dynamics in the blood stabilized with solidified CO2 than in the control blood. The changes observed in the plasma proteins analysed were highly correlated with increasing parallel decomposition of morphological elements and the resulting increase of the level of hemocyte proteins in plasma.

[Early detection of diseases of the circulatory system in vocational school students with particular reference to the prevention of coronary disease and arterial hypertension]. / Wczesne wykrywanie chorób ukladu krazenia u mlodziezy szkól zawodowych ze szczególnym uwzglednieniem prewencji choroby wiencowej i nadcisnienia tetniczego.

A group of 201 boys of vocational schools living in an area of developing industry (Belchatów) and another area of developed industry (Lódz) were examined twice: at the age of 16-17 (I examination) and 14-18 months later (II examination). Incomplete right bundle-branch block and intraventricular conduction impairment have been demonstrated mainly in the resting ECG tracings (Table I). The risk factors of coronary heart disease were increasing with age, especially in boys of Belchatów area (Table II). Five boys with risk factors of coronary heart disease exhibited ischaemic type of postexertional ST segment changes (Table III).

[Health status of the students of elementary mining and power engineering schools with special reference to arteriosclerosis and coronary disease risk factors]. / Stan zdrowia uczniów zasadniczej szkoly górniczej i energetycznej ze szczególnym uwzglednieniem wystepowania czynników zagrozenia miazdzyca naczyn i choroba wiencowa.

The investigations were aimed at an evaluation of the health status of mining-and-power engineering school pupils from the viewpoint of classification to work at a strip mine and power station. Special attention was paid to the detection of possible causes of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease 811 boys aged 14--20 were examined. Their physical development was good. No pathologies in the respiratory tract were found. Hands force was normal. Of six analysed risk factors most frequent were: hypertension and smoking habit. The percentage of pupils affected was increasing with age: arterial hypertension (from 5.5% to 15.7%) and smoking habit (from 6.1% to 43.3%).