The Intersection of Atrial Fibrillation and Coronary Artery Disease in Middle Eastern Patients. Analysis from the Jordan Atrial Fibrillation Study.

Background: There is a scarcity of clinical studies which evaluate the association of atrial fibrillation (AF) and coronary artery disease (CAD) in the Middle East. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of CAD on baseline clinical profiles and one-year outcomes in a Middle Eastern cohort with AF. Methods: Consecutive AF patients evaluated in 29 hospitals and cardiology clinics were enrolled in the Jordan AF Study (May 2019-December 2020). Clinical and echocardiographic features, use of medications and one-year outcomes in patients with AF/CAD were compared to AF/no CAD patients. Results: Of 2020 AF patients enrolled, 216 (10.7%) had CAD. Patients with AF/CAD were more likely to be men and had significantly higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, heart failure and chronic kidney disease compared to the AF/no CAD patients. They also had lower mean left ventricular ejection fraction and larger left atrial size. Mean CHA2DS2 VASc and HAS-BLED scores were higher in AF/CAD patients than those with AF/no CAD (4.3 ± 1.7 vs. 3.6 ± 1.8, p < 0.0001) and (2.0 ± 1.1 vs. 1.6 ± 1.1, p < 0.0001), respectively. Oral anticoagulant agents were used in similar rates in the two groups (83.8% vs. 82.9%, p = 0.81), but more patients with AF/CAD were prescribed additional antiplatelet agents compared to patients with AF/no CAD (73.7% vs. 41.5%, p < 0.0001). At one year, AF/CAD patients, compared to AF/no CAD patients had significantly higher hospitalization rate (39.4% vs. 29.2%, p = 0.003), more acute coronary syndrome and coronary revascularization (6.9% vs. 2.4%, p = 0.004), and higher all-cause mortality (18.5% vs. 10.9%, p = 0.002). Conclusions: In this cohort of Middle Eastern patients with AF, one in 10 patients had CAD. The coexistence of AF and CAD was associated with a worse baseline clinical profile and one-year outcomes. Clinical study registration: the study is registered on clinicaltrials.gov (unique identifier number NCT03917992).

Expert Recommendations to Bridge Gaps in Heart Failure Patient Support in the Middle East and Africa Region.

Heart failure (HF) remains a serious health and socioeconomic problem in the Middle East and Africa (MEA). The age-standardized prevalence rate for HF in the MEA region is higher compared to countries in Eastern Europe, Latin America, and Southeast Asia. Also cardiovascular-related deaths remain high compared to their global counterparts. Moreover, in MEA, 66% of HF readmissions are elicited by potentially preventable factors, including delay in seeking medical attention, nonadherence to HF medication, suboptimal discharge planning, inadequate follow-up, and poor social support. Patient support in the form of activation, counseling, and caregiver education has been shown to improve outcomes in patients with HF. A multidisciplinary meeting with experts from different countries across the MEA region was convened to identify the current gaps and unmet needs for patient support for HF in the region. The panel provided insights into the real-world challenges in HF patient support and contributed strategic recommendations for optimizing HF care.

Protocolized Natriuresis-Guided Decongestion Improves Diuretic Response: The Multicenter ENACT-HF Study.

BACKGROUND: The use of urinary sodium to guide diuretics in acute heart failure is recommended by experts and the most recent European Society of Cardiology guidelines. However, there are limited data to support this recommendation. The ENACT-HF study (Efficacy of a Standardized Diuretic Protocol in Acute Heart Failure) investigated the feasibility and efficacy of a standardized natriuresis-guided diuretic protocol in patients with acute heart failure and signs of volume overload. METHODS: ENACT-HF was an international, multicenter, open-label, pragmatic, 2-phase study, comparing the current standard of care of each center with a standardized diuretic protocol, including urinary sodium to guide therapy. The primary end point was natriuresis after 1 day. Secondary end points included cumulative natriuresis and diuresis after 2 days of treatment, length of stay, and in-hospital mortality. All end points were adjusted for baseline differences between both treatment arms. RESULTS: Four hundred one patients from 29 centers in 18 countries worldwide were included in the study. The natriuresis after 1 day was significantly higher in the protocol arm compared with the standard of care arm (282 versus 174 mmol; adjusted mean ratio, 1.64; P<0.001). After 2 days, the natriuresis remained higher in the protocol arm (538 versus 365 mmol; adjusted mean ratio, 1.52; P<0.001), with a significantly higher diuresis (5776 versus 4381 mL; adjusted mean ratio, 1.33; P<0.001). The protocol arm had a shorter length of stay (5.8 versus 7.0 days; adjusted mean ratio, 0.87; P=0.036). In-hospital mortality was low and did not significantly differ between the 2 arms (1.4% versus 2.0%; P=0.852). CONCLUSIONS: A standardized natriuresis-guided diuretic protocol to guide decongestion in acute heart failure was feasible, safe, and resulted in higher natriuresis and diuresis, as well as a shorter length of stay.

Surviving a Decade or More after Coronary Revascularization in a Middle Eastern Population: The Impact of Diabetes Mellitus.

Introduction: Studies that evaluate Middle Eastern patients who have long-term survival after coronary artery revascularization are scarce. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is high and rapidly increasing in our region. Methods: The study enrolled consecutive ambulatory or in-patients who had percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery at least 10 years earlier. Collected data included cardiovascular risk factors at the time of the index revascularization and evolution of risk factors since then, the occurrence of cardiovascular events, and the need for coronary revascularization after the index procedure. Events were compared between patients with DM and no DM at baseline. Results: The study population consisted of 891 consecutive patients with 351 patients (39.4%) had DM and 540 patients (60.6%) had no DM. The mean age at baseline was 53.9 ± 8.8 years for DM patients and 53.0 ± 9.8 years for no DM patients (P = 0.16). At baseline, the DM group had more hypertension (70.9% vs. 27.6%, P < 0.0001), more dyslipidemias (12% vs. 5.2%, P = 0.001) but less smokers compared to no DM group (44.4% vs. 58.3%, P < 0.001). DM and no DM groups had similar proportion of PCI (65.5% vs. 68.3%, P = 0.42) and CABG (34.5% vs. 31.7%, P = 0.43) at baseline. Following the index revascularization procedure, acute coronary events, heart failure, and stroke developed in similar proportions in the two groups. Repeat revascularization after the index procedure showed that the DM group had more PCI compared to no DM group (52.7% vs. 45.4%, P = 0.04) but similar proportions of CABG (7.1% vs. 9.8%, P = 0.20). Conclusions: In this retrospective observation of Middle Eastern patients who survived at least a decade after coronary revascularization, the DM group had more hypertension and dyslipidemias but fewer smokers compared to no DM at baseline. During follow-up, the DM group required more PCI revascularization compared with no DM group.

Strategic Recommendations to Bridge the Gaps in Awareness, Diagnosis and Prevention of Heart Failure in the Middle East Region and Africa.

Objective: With the increasing burden of heart failure (HF) in the Middle East Region and Africa (MEA), it is imperative to shift the focus to prevention and early detection of cardiovascular diseases. We present a broad consensus of the real-world challenges and strategic recommendations for optimising HF care in the MEA region. Method: To bridge the gaps in awareness, prevention, and diagnosis of HF, an assembly of experts from MEA shared their collective opinions on the urgent unmet needs. Results: Lack of awareness in the community, high prevalence of risk factors, poor accessibility and affordability of care and diagnostics are the major barriers for delayed or missed diagnosis of HF in MEA. Enhancing patient awareness, through digital or social media campaigns, alongside raising knowledge of healthcare providers and policymakers with training programmes, can pave the way for influencing policy decisions and implementation of robust HF programmes. Multicountry registries can foster development of guidelines factoring in local challenges and roadblocks for HF care. Region-specific guidelines including simplified diagnostic algorithms can provide a blueprint of care for early detection of at-risk patients and facilitate efficient referral, thus mitigating clinician "therapeutic inertia." Multidisciplinary care teams and HF clinics with expanded role of nurses can streamline lifestyle modification and optimum control of dyslipidaemia, blood pressure, and glycaemia through guideline-recommended prevention therapies such as sodiumglucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors-thus supporting pleiotropic effects in high-risk populations. Conclusion: Development of regional guidelines, enhancing awareness, leveraging digital technology, and commitment for adequate funding and reimbursement is pivotal for overcoming structural and health system-related barriers in the MEA region.

One-Year Clinical Outcome in Middle Eastern Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: The Jordan Atrial Fibrillation (JoFib) Study.

Background: Prevention of stroke and systemic embolism (SE) prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) has radically changed in recent years. Data on contemporary utilization of oral anticoagulants (OACs) and cardiovascular outcome in Middle Eastern patients with AF are needed. Methods: The Jordan atrial fibrillation (JoFib) study enrolled consecutive patients with AF in Jordan from May 2019 through October 2020 and were followed up for one year after enrollment. Results: Overall, 2020 patients were enrolled. The mean age was 67.9 + 13.0 years. Nonvalvular (NVAF) was diagnosed in 1849 (91.5%) patients. OACs were used in 85.7% of high-risk patients with NVAF (CHA2DS2-VASc score>3 in women, and>2 in men), including direct OACs (DOACs) in 64.1% and vitamin K antagonists (VKA) in 35.9%. Adherence rate to the use of the same OAC agent was 90.6% of patients. One-year cardiovascular (CV) mortality was 7.8%, stroke/SE was 4.5%, and major bleeding events were 2.6%. Independent predictors for all-cause mortality in patients with NVAF were age>75 years, heart failure, major bleeding event, type 2 diabetes mellitus, study enrollment as an in-patient, and coronary heart disease. The use of OACs was associated with lower all-cause mortality. The strongest independent predictors for stroke/SE were high-risk CHA2DS2-VASc score and prior history of stroke. Conclusions: This study of Middle Eastern AF patients has reported high adherence to OACs. The use of OACs was associated with a lower risk for all-cause mortality. One-year rates of stroke and major bleeding events were comparable to those reported from other regions in the world.

Acute cardiovascular events triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic-related stress in non-infected individuals. The Jordan COVID-19 Acute Cardiovascular Events (JoCORE) study.

The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become an unprecedented global public health crisis and a pandemic associated with vicarious psychosocial and economic stresses. Such stresses were reported to lead to behavioral and emotional disturbances in individuals not infected with the COVID-19 virus. It is largely unknown if these stresses can trigger acute cardiovascular events (CVE) in such individuals. Covid-19-neagtive adults presenting with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan from March 15, 2020 through March 14, 2021 were enrolled in the study if they reported exposure to psychosocial or economic stresses related to the pandemic lockdown. Of 300 patients enrolled (mean age 58.7 ± 12.9 years), AMI was diagnosed in 269 (89.7%) patients, CVA in 15 (5.0%) patients, and OHCA in 16 (5.3%) patients. Triggering events were psychosocial in 243 (81.0%) patients and economic stressors in 157 (52.3%) patients. The psychosocial stresses included loneliness, hopelessness, fear of COVID-19 infection, anger, and stress-related to death of a significant person. The economic stressors included financial hardships, job loss or insecurity, volatile or loss of income. Exposure to more than one trigger was reported in 213 (71.0%) patients. In-hospital mortality of the patients admitted for AMI or CVA was 2.1%, and none of the OHCA survived the event. The COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a source of significant psychosocial and economic hardships that can trigger life-threatening acute CVE among individuals not infected with the virus.

COVID-19 Pandemic and Volume of Cardiac Catheterization Procedures in Jordan: Impact of Strict Lockdown.

INTRODUCTION: Global surge of COVID-19 forced most countries to impose variable measures to curb the disease. Jordan imposed one of the strictest lockdowns from mid-March through April 2020. Hospitals deferred elective cardiac catheterization procedures and most of those performed during that period were limited to urgent presentations. Our purpose is to evaluate the impact of strict lockdown on cardiac catheterization procedural volume. METHODS AND RESULTS: We collected data about the numbers of all coronary angiography (CA) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures performed in 5 tertiary care hospitals in Amman, Jordan, from January through June 2020. We compared the volume of procedures performed in April 2020 (the strict lockdown month) to the corresponding period of prior year (April 2019) and to volumes performed prior to the lockdown in January-February 2020.There was a 64% decline in CA and PCI volumes in April 2020 compared to April 2019. Comparing number of procedures performed in April 2020 to those in January-February 2020, there was 59% decline in CA and a 60% decline in PCI volumes. Following partial lifting of lockdown in May-June 2020, procedural volumes increased gradually. CONCLUSION: Strict COVID-19-related lockdown in Jordan was associated with drastic declines in cardiac catheterization procedural volumes.

Adherence to the 2019 AHA/ACC/HRS Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline on the Use of Oral Anticoagulant Agents in Middle Eastern Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: The Jordan Atrial Fibrillation (JoFib) Study.

BACKGROUND: There is a scarcity of studies that evaluate adherence to the utilization of guideline-recommended oral anticoagulant agents (OACs) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) in the Middle East. The Jordan Atrial Fibrillation (JoFib) Study evaluated baseline clinical profiles and the utilization of OACs, including vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) and direct OACs (DOACs), in patients with valvular AF (VAF) and nonvalvular AF (NVAF) according to the 2019 focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guidelines. METHODS: Consecutive patients with AF were enrolled in 29 hospitals and outpatient clinics. The use of OACs was evaluated in patients with VAF and NVAF according to the prespecified guideline. RESULTS: Of 2000 patients, 177 (8.9%) had VAF and 1823 (91.1%) had NVAF. A VKA was prescribed for 88.1% of the VAF group. In the NVAF group, 1468 (80.5%) of patients had a high CHA2DS2-VASc score, i.e., a score of ≥3 in women and ≥2 in men; 202 (11.1%) patients had an intermediate CHA2DS2-VASc score, i.e., a score of 2 in women and 1 in men; and 153 (8.4%) patients had a low CHA2DS2-VASc score, i.e., a score of 1 in women and 0 in men. Of patients with a high CHA2DS2-VASc score, 1204 (82.0%) received OACs, including DOACs for 784 (53.4%) and VKA for 420 (28.6%) patients. Among patients with an intermediate score, OACs were prescribed for 148 (73.3%) patients, including 107 (53.0%) who received DOACs and 41 (20.3%) patients who received VKA. In patients with a low score, OACs were omitted in 94 (61.4%) patients and prescribed for 59 (38.6%) patients. Multivariate analysis showed that age between 50 and 70 years, CHA2DS2-VASc score of ≥2, a diagnosis of stroke or systemic embolization, and nonparoxysmal AF were significantly associated with increased odds of OAC prescription. CONCLUSIONS: The current status of the utilization of OACs in Middle Eastern AF patients appears to be promising and is consistent with the 2019 focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline. This trial is registered with NCT03917992.

Effect of Low-dose ColchiciNe on the InciDence of Atrial Fibrillation in Open Heart Surgery Patients: END-AF Low Dose Trial.

BACKGROUND: Studies using 1 mg of colchicine to prevent postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) reported conflicting results. Moreover, colchicine was associated with significant gastrointestinal (GI) side effects. This study examined whether low-dose colchicine effectively prevents POAF and whether low-dose therapy is associated with lower rates of colchicine-induced GI side effects. METHODS: In this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, consecutive adult patients admitted for elective cardiac surgeries randomly received a 1-mg dose of colchicine (n = 81) or placebo (n = 71) orally 12 to 24 hours before surgery followed by a daily dose of 0.5 mg until hospital discharge. The primary efficacy endpoint was the development of at least one episode of POAF of ≥5 minutes. The primary safety endpoint was the development of adverse events, especially diarrhea. RESULTS: The in-hospital mortality rate was 3.9%. POAF occurred in 13 patients (16.1%) in the colchicine group and 13 patients (18.3%) in the placebo group (odds ratio 0.85 [95% Confidence Interval = 0.37-1.99]). Diarrhea occurred in two patients in each group and necessitated treatment discontinuation in one patient in each group. CONCLUSION: Low-dose colchicine did not prevent POAF in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. These results should be interpreted cautiously because of the small sample size and early study termination.ClinicalTrials.gov Unique Identifier number: NCT03015831.

Incidence and impact on prognosis of impaired kidney function in Middle Eastern patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: results from the first Jordanian PCI Registry.

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact on prognosis of renal impairment (RI) in Middle Eastern patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods and results: PCI patients (N=2,426) were divided into three groups according to the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2): normal renal function (eGFR ≥90), mild RI (eGFR 60-89), or moderate to severe RI (eGFR <60). Mean age of participants was 56±11 years. Normal renal function was present in 41.6%, mild RI in 44.2%, and moderate to severe RI in 14.2%. Patients with moderate to severe RI were older and had higher prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus compared with other patients (p≤0.002). At one year, patients with moderate to severe RI had a higher incidence of cardiac mortality (3.78%) compared with patients with mild (1.77%) or no RI (1.49%), p=0.03. In multivariate analysis, moderate to severe RI was associated with higher one-year cardiac mortality compared to mild or no RI (odds ratio=3.7; 95% CI: 2.8-5.0, p=0.001). Conclusions: Impaired renal function was present in about six out of 10 Middle Eastern patients undergoing PCI. Moderate to severe RI carries a higher risk of cardiac mortality at one year compared with mild or no RI.

Reduction in radiation exposure in cardiovascular computed tomography imaging: results from the PROspective multicenter registry on radiaTion dose Estimates of cardiac CT angIOgraphy iN daily practice in 2017 (PROTECTION VI).

Aims: Advances of cardiac computed tomography angiography (CTA) have been developed for dose reduction, but their efficacy in clinical practice is largely unknown. This study was designed to evaluate radiation dose exposure and utilization of dose-saving strategies for contrast-enhanced cardiac CTA in daily practice. Methods and results: Sixty one hospitals from 32 countries prospectively enrolled 4502 patients undergoing cardiac CTA during one calendar month in 2017. Computed tomography angiography scan data and images were analysed in a central core lab and compared with a similar dose survey performed in 2007. Linear regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors associated with dose. The most frequent indication for cardiac CTA was the evaluation of coronary artery disease in 89% of patients. The median dose-length product (DLP) of coronary CTA was 195 mGy*cm (interquartile range 110-338 mGy*cm). When compared with 2007, the DLP was reduced by 78% (P < 0.001) without an increase in non-diagnostic coronary CTAs (1.7% in 2007 vs. 1.9% in 2017 surveys, P = 0.55). A 37-fold variability in median DLP was observed between the hospitals with lowest and highest DLP (range of median DLP 57-2090 mGy*cm). Independent predictors for radiation dose of coronary CTA were: body weight, heart rate, sinus rhythm, tube voltage, iterative image reconstruction, and the selection of scan protocols. Conclusion: This large international radiation dose survey demonstrates considerable reduction of radiation exposure in coronary CTA during the last decade. However, the large inter-site variability in radiation exposure underlines the need for further site-specific training and adaptation of contemporary cardiac scan protocols.

Reality of obesity paradox: Results of percutaneous coronary intervention in Middle Eastern patients.

Objective The aim of this study was to assess the baseline clinical characteristics, coronary angiographic features, and adverse cardiovascular events during hospitalization and at 1 year of follow-up in obese patients compared with overweight and normal/underweight patients. Methods A prospective, multicenter study of consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention was performed. Results Of 2425 enrolled patients, 699 (28.8%) were obese, 1178 (48.6%) were overweight, and 548 (22.6%) were normal/underweight. Obese patients were more likely to be female and to have a higher prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or previous percutaneous coronary intervention. Acute coronary syndrome was the indication for percutaneous coronary intervention in 77.0% of obese, 76.4% of overweight, and 77.4% of normal/underweight patients. No significant differences in the prevalence of multi-vessel coronary artery disease or multi-vessel percutaneous coronary intervention were found among the three groups. Additionally, no significant differences were found in stent thrombosis, readmission bleeding rates, or cardiac mortality among the three groups during hospitalization, at 1 month, and at 1 year. Conclusion The major adverse cardiovascular event rate was the same among the three groups throughout the study period. Accordingly, body mass index is considered a weak risk factor for cardiovascular comorbidities in Arab Jordanian patients.

Rationale and design of the worldwide prospective multicenter registry on radiation dose estimates of cardiac CT angiography in daily practice in 2017 (PROTECTION VI).

BACKGROUND: Cardiac computed tomography angiography (cardiac CTA) is an increasingly used versatile imaging method to evaluate coronary and cardiac morphology. Owing to improvements in technology, image quality has continuously improved over the last 10-20 years. At the same time, numerous non-randomized and randomized studies have been performed to reduce the associated radiation exposure. Currently, it is unclear if the advances in technology and knowledge about radiation reduction translated into reduced levels of cardiac CTA radiation dose in daily clinical practice as well as a wide utilization of dose-saving strategies. METHODS: The PROTECTION VI study is a multicenter, prospective, worldwide registry designed to evaluate radiation dose exposure, utilization of dose-saving strategies and diagnostic image quality during cardiac CTA in current daily practice. Assessment of image quality will be addressed by the evaluation of diagnostic image quality at the local study site and the calculation of quantitative image quality parameters in an imaging core laboratory. Above 4000 patients will be enrolled from approximately 70 sites in Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Australia. The study will analyze median radiation dose levels, image quality, frequency of use and efficacy of algorithms for dose reduction, and patient and study-related predictors associated with radiation dose. CONCLUSIONS: The PROTECTION VI study is designed to provide a reliable estimate of current radiation dose for cardiac CTA and to assess the potential for additional dose reductions.

Outcomes of Middle Eastern Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: The Primary Analysis of the First Jordanian PCI Registry.

AIM: This is a prospective multicenter registry designed to evaluate the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events in Middle Eastern patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). The registry was also designed to determine the predictors of poor outcomes in such patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: We enrolled 2426 consecutive patients who underwent PCI at 12 tertiary care centers in Jordan between January 2013 and February 2014. A case report form was used to record data prospectively at hospital admission, discharge, and 12 months of follow-up. Mean age was 56 ± 11 years, females comprised 21% of the study patients, 62% had hypertension, 53% were diabetics, and 57% were cigarette smokers. Most patients (77%) underwent PCI for acute coronary syndrome. In-hospital and 1-year mortality rates were 0.78% and 1.94%, respectively. Definite or probable stent thrombosis occurred in 9 patients (0.37%) during hospitalization and in 47 (1.94%) at 1 year. Rates of target vessel repeat PCI and coronary artery bypass graft surgery at 1 year were 3.4% and 0.6%, respectively. The multivariate analysis revealed that cardiogenic shock, congestive heart failure, ST-segment deviation, diabetes, and major bleeding were significantly associated with higher risk of 1-year mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In this first large Jordanian registry of Middle Eastern patients undergoing PCI, patients treated were relatively young age population with low in-hospital and 1-year adverse cardiovascular events. Certain clinical features were associated with worse outcomes and may warrant aggressive therapeutic strategies.

Cardiovascular risk factors in Middle Eastern patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: Results from the first Jordanian percutaneous coronary intervention study.

Background and aims: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the Middle East. We sought to study the prevalence and coexistence of 6 cardiovascular risk factors (RFs) among patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and to evaluate the impact of age and gender on the presence of multiple RFs. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this prospective, multicenter study, 2426 consecutive patients were enrolled. Mean age was 59.0 ± 10.1 years and 500 (20.6%) were women. Acute coronary syndrome and stable coronary disease were the indications for PCI in 77.1% and 22.9%, respectively. Hypertension was present in 62.3%, diabetes in 53.8%, hypercholesterolemia in 48.8%, smoking in 43.5%, family history of premature CVD 39.4% and obesity in 28.8%. Only 3.8% did not have any of these RFs. Presence of ⩾3 and ⩾4 RFS was observed in 57.4% and 29.5% of patients, respectively. Presence of ⩾3 RFs was more common in women than men (69.0% vs. 54.5%, p < 0.0001), and among patients 41-65 years of age than older or younger patients (60.1% vs. 52.0% vs. 48.3%, respectively, p = 0.017). Conclusions: Cardiovascular RFs are highly prevalent in this PCI Middle Eastern population undergoing PCI. More than half and more than one-fourth of the patients had at least 3 or 4 RFs; respectively. More women than men and more middle aged patients than older or younger patients had significantly higher rates of presence of multiple RFs.

Gender differences in risk profile and outcome of Middle Eastern patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the gender differences in cardiovascular risk profile and outcomes among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: In a prospective multicenter study of consecutive Middle Eastern patients managed with PCI from January 2013 to February 2014 in 12 tertiary care centers in Amman and Irbid, Jordan. Clinical and coronary angiographic features, and major cardiovascular events were assessed for both genders from hospital stay to 1 year. Results: Women comprised 20.6% of 2426 enrolled patients, were older (mean age 62.9 years versus 57.2 years), had higher prevalence of hypertension (81% versus 57%), diabetes (66% versus 44%), dyslipidemia (58% versus 46%), and obesity (44% versus 25%) compared with men, p less than 0.001. The PCI for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction was indicated for fewer women than men (23% versus 33%; p=0.001). Prevalence of single or multi-vessel coronary artery disease was similar in women and men. More women than men had major bleeding during hospitalization (2.2% versus 0.6%; p=0.003) and at one year (2.5% versus 0.9%; p=0.007). There were no significant differences between women and men in mortality (3.1% versus 1.7%) or stent thrombosis (2.1% versus 1.8%) at 1 year. Conclusion: Middle Eastern women undergoing PCI had worse baseline risk profile compared with men.Except for major bleeding, no gender differences in the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events were demonstrated.

Short- and long-term outcomes in Middle Eastern diabetic patients after percutaneous coronary intervention: results from The First Jordanian PCI Registry (JoPCR1).

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is highly prevalent among Middle Eastern patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This study used data from the First Jordanian PCI Registry (JoPCR1) to determine the short- and long-term outcomes in a subgroup of diabetic patients within a large PCI population. METHODS: JoPCR1, a prospective, multicenter study of consecutive patients who underwent PCI from January 2013 to February 2014, assessed the incidence of major cardiovascular events (cardiac mortality, stent thrombosis, major bleeding events and coronary revascularization) in diabetic compared with nondiabetic patients from the index hospitalization to 1 year of follow-up. RESULTS: Of 2426 patients enrolled, 1300 (53.6 %) were diabetics. Compared with nondiabetic patients, diabetic patients were older, more likely to be female and to have hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and chronic renal disease. Diabetic patients had higher prevalences of multivessel coronary artery disease and PCI than nondiabetic patients. Although both groups had similar proportions of patients undergoing PCI for ACS (76.3 vs. 78.4 %; p = 0.237), fewer diabetic patients had PCI for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction than nondiabetics (27.5 vs. 33.7 %; p = 0.0002). Both groups had similar incidences of stent thrombosis (ST) during hospitalization (0.46 vs. 0.27 %; p = 0.665) and at 1 year (2.36 vs. 1.53 %; p = 0.196). Similarly, major bleeding events were not different between diabetic and nondiabetic patients during hospitalization (1.31 vs. 0.53 %; p = 0.077) and at 1 year (1.47 vs. 0.98 %; p = 0.377). Compared with nondiabetic patients, diabetic patients had a higher incidence of readmission for ACS and coronary revascularization at 1 year. Diabetic patients had higher incidences of cardiac mortality than nondiabetic patients during the index hospitalization (1.23 vs. 0.27 %; p = 0.015) and at 1 year (2.58 vs. 0.81 %; p = 0.002). In multivariate analysis, diabetic patients were four times more likely to die in the hospital compared to nondiabetic patients (odds ratio = 4.2; 95 % CI 1.2-14.8, p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic patients, who accounted for more than half of this Middle Eastern PCI population, had a higher risk of cardiac mortality, readmission for ACS and coronary revascularization at 1 year compared with nondiabetic patients.

Effect of ColchiciNe on the InciDence of Atrial Fibrillation in Open Heart Surgery Patients: END-AF Trial.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and may result in significant morbidity and increased hospital stay. This study was conducted to determine if colchicine administered preoperatively to patients undergoing cardiac surgery and continued during hospitalization is effective in reducing the incidence of postoperative AF. METHODS: In this multicenter prospective randomized open-label study, consecutive patients with no history of AF and scheduled to undergo elective cardiac surgery (n = 360) were randomized to colchicine (n = 179) or no-colchicine (n = 181). Main exclusion criteria were history of AF or supraventricular arrhythmias or absence of sinus rhythm at enrolment, and contraindications to colchicine. Colchicine was orally administered 12 to 24 hours preoperatively and continued until hospital discharge. The primary efficacy end point was documented AF lasting more than 5 minutes. Safety end point was colchicine adverse effects. RESULTS: In-hospital mortality was 3.3%. The primary end point of AF occurred in 63 patients (17.5%): 26 (14.5%) in the colchicine group and 37 (20.5%) in the no-colchicine group (relative risk reduction 29.3% [P = .14]). Diarrhea occurred in 54 patients, 44 (24.6%) on colchicine and 10 (5.5%) on no-colchicine (P < .001). Diarrhea led to discontinuation of colchicine in 23 (52%) of the 44 patients. CONCLUSION: Colchicine administered preoperatively to patients undergoing cardiac surgery and continued until hospital discharge failed to significantly reduce the incidence of early postoperative AF. Diarrhea was the most common adverse effect of colchicine leading to its discontinuation in more than half of the patients with this adverse effect.

Incidence and prognosis of stent thrombosis following percutaneous coronary intervention in Middle Eastern patients: The First Jordanian Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Registry (JoPCR1).

BACKGROUND: The incidence, risk factors, and outcome of stent thrombosis (ST) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in Middle Eastern patients are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence, risk factors and outcome in our population. DESIGN: Retrospective study of a prospective multicenter registry of consecutive patients who underwent PCI between January 2013 and February 2014 (JoPCR1). SETTING: 12 tertiary care centers in Amman and Irbid, Jordan. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We collected clinical baseline and follow-up data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of stent thrombosis. RESULTS: The mean (standard deviation) age of patients (n=2426) was 59.0 (10.1) years and 20.6% were women. Stents (n=3038) were drug eluting (89.6%), bare metal (9.4%) or bioabsorbable (1.0%). After 1 year, 47 patients (1.97%) had ST, including 44 (94%) definite and 3 (6%) probable ST. Patients who had ST presented with sudden death (n=6; 12.2%) or with a nonfatal event (n=43; 87.8%). Nonfatal events included non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (26; 53%), acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (n=15; 31%) or heart failure (n=2; 4.1%). ST was associated with significantly higher one-month (22.0% vs. 0.7%) and one-year (12.3% vs. 0.73%) mortality rates compared with patients who did not have ST (P < .001). ST patients were younger (mean age 52.9 years vs. 58.4 years), had heart failure (64% vs. 18%), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 45% (36% vs. 13%), ST-segment deviation (70% vs. 48%), and elevated cardiac biomarkers blood levels (62% vs. 40%). In the multivariate analysis, the only factor that was significantly associated with ST was the heart failure (OR=3.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.8, 6.6; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of ST was not different from that in other regions and was associated with an increased one-year mortality. Younger age, heart failure, low LVEF, ST-segment deviation, and elevated blood levels of cardiac biomarkers were predictors of ST. LIMITATIONS: Possible selection bias, recall bias, and missing or incomplete information. The majority of patients were lost to follow up after the 6th month. The registry may not fully represent PCI practice and outcome in all areas in the country or region.