Influence of Application Modes on Increasing Bond Strength Longevity of Self-etching and Universal Adhesive Systems to Enamel.

The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of application mode on the short-term microshear bond strength longevity of self-etching and universal adhesive systems to enamel, the failure mode, and the resulting enamel surface micromorphology. Ninety enamel surfaces were obtained from sound third molars, planed, and randomly assigned to nine groups, according to the application mode and the adhesive system (n=10). There were three primer application modes: according to the manufacturer's recommended application time (control), using double the application time recommended for the primer and selective enamel etching. The adhesive systems used were: Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray), FL-Bond II (SHOFU), and Futurabond U (Voco). At least two resin-bonded composite cylinders (Grandioso Light Flow, Voco) were placed on each enamel surface, and then evaluated for microshear bond strength at 24 hours and 180 days of storage in solution body fluid (SBF) at pH 7.4. Failure modes were evaluated with a stereoscopic microscope at 20× magnification. A micromorphological analysis of the enamel surface was performed under a scanning electron microscope at 5000× magnification before and after the treatments. Mixed models for repeated measures over time showed significant interaction among application modes, adhesive systems, and time periods (p=0.0331). The bond strength of FL-Bond II adhesive to enamel observed after performing selective enamel etching was significantly higher than that observed after applying the control treatment (p=0.0010) at both 24 hours and 180 days. However, no significant difference was observed between the application of this same adhesive at double the time recommended by the manufacturer and the other two application modes (p>0.05). There was also no significant difference in the microshear bond strength for the enamel treatments applied using Clearfil SE Bond and Futurabond U (p>0.05). A significant reduction in bond strength to enamel was observed at the 180-day storage time for all the adhesive systems when selective enamel etching was performed (p<0.0001). No significant association was observed between the adhesive system failure mode and the enamel treatments (p=0.1402 and p=0.7590 for 24 hours and 180 days, respectively). The most prevalent failure was the adhesive type.

The Effect of a Deproteinizing Pretreatment on the Bonding Performance and Acid Resistance of a Two-step Self-etch Adhesive on Eroded Dentin.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated how deproteinization using sodium hypochlorite (6% NaOCl) or hypochlorous acid (50 ppm HOCl) with or without the subsequent use of an arylsulfinate salt-containing agent (Clearfil DC Activator; DCA; Kuraray Noritake Dental) affects the micro-tensile bond strength (µTBS) and formation of an acid-base resistant zone (ABRZ) of a two-step self-etch adhesive on eroded dentin. METHODS: Coronal dentin surfaces of sound human molars were exposed to 48 cycles of demineralization (1% citric acid; 5 minutes) and remineralization (buffer solution with pH=6.4; 3.5 hours). They were then assigned to experimental groups according to the pretreatment used: none (negative control), NaOCl, NaOCl+DCA, HOCl, and HOCl+DCA. Sound dentin surfaces with no pretreatment were used as a positive control. The dentin surfaces were bonded with Clearfil SE Bond 2 (Kuraray Noritake Dental), and µTBS was measured either after 24 hours or 20,000 thermal cycles (TC). The µTBS data were statistically analyzed using a mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-tests with Bonferroni correction. Failure mode was determined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which was also used for the observation of ABRZ. RESULTS: Among experimental groups, there was no significant difference between the negative control, HOCl, and HOCl+DCA after 24 hours, but the HOCl-pretreated groups exhibited significantly higher µTBS than the negative control after TC (p<0.01). Pretreatment with NaOCl and NaOCl+DCA resulted in significantly higher µTBS (p<0.001), but the highest µTBS was measured on sound dentin (p<0.001). TC decreased µTBS significantly in all groups (p<0.001) except for sound dentin and NaOCl+DCA (p>0.05). Adhesive failures prevailed in eroded groups, whereas cohesive failures were predominant on sound dentin. ABRZ was recognized in all groups but marked morphological differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The combined use of 6% NaOCl and the arylsulfinate salt-containing agent partially reversed the compromised bonding performance on eroded dentin, while the effect of 50 ppm HOCl was negligible.

Comparison of natural and artificial root caries lesions using microcomputed tomography and microhardness test.

BACKGROUND: This study compared natural root caries lesions with artificial root caries lesions prepared with one of the two demineralising solutions. METHODS: Twelve natural root caries lesions on upper incisors and 24 artificial root lesions were prepared on sound root surfaces using 50 mM acetic acid, 1.5 mM CaCl2 , 0.9 mM KH2 PO4 at pH 5.0 or 80 mL/L Noverite K-702 polyacrylate solution, 500 mg/L hydroxyapatite, 0.1 mol/L lactic acid at pH 4.8 (n = 12/group) for 96 hours. Lesions were scanned using micro-CT. Inciso-gingival oriented images were analysed and mineral density calculated at 7.5 µm increments from the surface to 225-µm deep. Sectioned lesions were analysed by Knoop microhardness up to 250 µm from the lesion surface. Data were analysed by the Dunn's test with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: Natural and artificial lesion mean mineral densities were not statistically different (P > 0.05). Mineral density from the surface to 75 µm was greater in natural lesions and from 150 to 225 µm was greater in artificial lesions (P < 0.05). Microhardness values were statistically higher in artificial lesions (P < 0.05); no difference was found among artificial lesions produced by the two solutions (P > 0.05). Mineral density and microhardness of natural and artificial root caries are different from each other. A greater mineralized surface layer existed on natural lesions.

Effects of Material Thickness and Pretreatment on the Interfacial Gap of Translucent Zirconia Restorations with Self-adhesive Resin Cement.

PURPOSE: The first objective was to determine if the dual-curing of self-adhesive resin cement (SAC) with reduced light penetrating through zirconia had an effect on interfacial gap of zirconia restorations. The second purpose was to examine whether pretreatment methods for universal adhesive affected interfacial gap. The last aim was to compare the microhardness of SAC polymerized under different zirconia thicknesses. METHODS AND MATERIALS: This study evaluated self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U200, 3M ESPE) after different pretreatment with universal adhesive (Single Bond Universal, 3M ESPE) under different polymerization conditions. CAD/CAM inlay cavities were prepared on extracted third molars. Translucent zirconia restorations were milled using Katana UTML (Kuraray). The teeth were divided into three groups: Groups I, II, and III in which the restoration thicknesses were 1, 2, and 3 mm. Each Group had three subgroups according to different pretreatment methods. For subgroup-1, no pretreatment was done on the prepared cavity. For subgroup-2, universal adhesive was applied and light-cured before cement placement (precure method). For subgroup-3, universal adhesive was applied; however, light-curing was done after cement placement (cocure method). After thermo-cycling, the interfacial gap at the restoration-tooth interface was investigated using swept-source optical coherence tomography imaging. Finally, microhardness was measured for SAC under different zirconia thicknesses. For statistical analysis, the interfacial gap was analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test the effect of cavity depth and pretreatment. In terms of each cavity depth and pretreatment, the interfacial gap was compared using one-way ANOVA and Scheffe's test. One-way ANOVA was also performed for comparison of the Vickers hardness results. RESULTS: Different thicknesses of the restoration resulted in differences in interfacial gaps except between the precure method of Groups I and II (p<0.05). The effect of universal adhesive pretreatment was different depending on the restoration thickness with exceptions in Groups I and III (p<0.05). Vickers hardness number decreased as the low radiant exposure of light was applied (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Interfacial gap of zirconia restorations can differ depending on the material thickness, pretreatment, and activation mode. Reduced light intensity penetrating through zirconia may lead to higher interfacial gap percentage and lower microhardness of the self-adhesive resin cement. Application of a universal adhesive showed similar or reduced interfacial gaps in the cement space.

MDP Salts: A New Bonding Strategy for Zirconia.

Durable resin-ceramic adhesion may influence the clinical success of ceramic restorations, which has been one of the challenging issues in dentistry. The present study assessed the bond strength and chemical interaction of 10-methacryloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP), MDP+silane, and MDP-salt primers to alumina-blasted zirconia ceramic by tensile bond strength test, surface elemental composition with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, contact angle measurement, surface morphology with scanning electron microscopy, and surface topography with 3-dimensional confocal laser scanning microscope analyses. MDP-salt showed the highest tensile bond strength before and after thermocycling when compared with MDP and MDP+silane (P < 0.05). The measured contact angle values differed significantly (P < 0.001) in the order of MDP-salt > control (no chemical pretreatment) > MDP+silane > MDP. There was no difference in surface roughness (P = 0.317) and surface topography among all tested groups. Zirconia treated with MDP-salt showed phosphorus peaks in addition to zirconia and alumina peaks. MDP-salt has zirconia priming properties, which improves bonding performance to resin cement.

The prevalence of non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) with or without erosive etiological factors among adults of different ages in Tokyo.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) on teeth with or without erosive etiological factors across a broad range of ages of Japanese adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study sample consisted of a total of 1108 subjects aged 15 to 89 years in Tokyo, Japan. Two examiners evaluated NCCLs and dental erosion (DE) during a full-mouth examination. Subjects were asked to complete a self-administered daily diet, habits, and health condition questionnaire. Subjects who had frequent acid consumption or gastric reflux and at least one tooth with initial enamel wear were placed in the erosion present (EP) group, and the remainder of subjects were placed in the erosion not present (EN) group. Logistic regression analyses were carried out to identify etiological factors of NCCLs associated with DE. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of NCCLs was 60.2%; the prevalence increased with age. There were no statistical differences in the prevalence of NCCLs between the EP and EN groups, except for the 60-69 years group. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed the frequency of consumption of carbonated soft drinks, citrus juice, and acidic fruits such as oranges; tooth brushing pressure; and bruxism were associated with the presence of NCCLs. CONCLUSION: There were no statistical differences in the prevalence of NCCLs with or without erosive etiological factors except for the 60-69 years group. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: NCCL distribution increased with age, and erosive risk factors caused by change in dietary habits might affect the incidence of NCCLs for elders. TRIAL REGISTRATION: UMIN000041982.

Interfacial Evaluation of CAD/CAM Resin Inlays on the Cavity Floor Using Swept-source Optical Coherence Tomography.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: When a resin nanoceramic inlay is cemented using self-adhesive cement, a universal dentin adhesive can be applied to the prepared cavity. The application of the adhesive before self-adhesive cement placement provides similar or better interfacial adaptation than without the adhesive. SUMMARY: Purpose: The first objective of this study was to determine whether the luting material used for computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture resin nanoceramic inlays affected interfacial adaptation. The second objective was to investigate whether application of a universal dentin adhesive before cementation affected interfacial adaptation. The final objective was to compare the inlay-side and dentin-side interfaces in the cement space.Methods and Materials: Seventy-four class I cavities were prepared on extracted human third molars. Cavities were optically scanned, and resin nanoceramic inlays were milled using Lava Ultimate blocks (3M ESPE). For the control groups, the fabricated inlays were cemented using Panavia V5 (Kuraray Noritake) or FujiCem 2 (GC). For the experimental groups, the teeth were randomly divided into groups I and II. Group I contained four subgroups using different luting materials; in all subgroups, the inlays were cemented and dual cured without pretreatment. Group II contained six subgroups in which inlays were cemented and dual cured after application of a universal dentin adhesive. After thermocycling, interfacial adaptation was measured using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) imaging and statistically compared among groups.Results: Interfacial adaptation was different depending on the luting material used (p<0.05). After application of a universal adhesive, some subgroups showed improved interfacial adaptation (p<0.05). In the comparison of inlay-side and dentin-side interfaces, no difference was found in interfacial adaptation (p>0.05).Conclusions: Interfacial adaptation for resin nanoceramic inlays differed with luting material. For some self-adhesive cements, application of a universal adhesive before cementation improved interfacial adaptation.

Degree of Conversion Contributes to Dentin Bonding Durability of Contemporary Universal Adhesives.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The degree of conversion of contemporary universal adhesives positively correlates with the bond strength to dentin. The correlation is more marked after thermocycling, suggesting that a high degree of conversion is required for long-term dentin bonding durability. SUMMARY: Purpose: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the micro-tensile bond strength (µTBS) of five contemporary universal adhesives to dentin after 24 hours and thermocycling (TC), to measure their degrees of conversion (DC) and to test the correlation between µTBS and DC.Methods and Materials: Four commercially available universal adhesives, Prime&Bond universal (PBU), Ecosite Bond (EB), G-Premio Bond (GPB), and Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (UBQ), and one experimental adhesive, UBQ without an amide monomer (UBQ-A), were used in this study. For the µTBS test, midcoronal dentin of 50 human molars was exposed, ground using 600-grit SiC paper, and the adhesives were applied according to the manufacturers' instructions. After resin-composite buildup and 24-hour water storage, one-half of the specimens were subjected to 15,000 thermal cycles. The specimens were sectioned into beams and stressed in tension at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until failure. The DC of adhesives applied to dentin was evaluated using attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy immediately after light-curing. All data were statistically analyzed at a significance level of 0.05.Results: The highest µTBSs were obtained with UBQ, UBQ-A, and PBU, which were not significantly different from each other both after 24 hours and TC. The µTBS of GPB was lower compared with the aforementioned adhesives, but significantly only after TC, and the lowest µTBSs were obtained with EB. TC did not affect the µTBSs of UBQ, UBQ-A, and PBU significantly, but a significant decrease was observed with GPB and EB. The highest DC was obtained with PBU and UBQ, followed by 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-rich adhesives UBQ-A and EB, which exhibited significantly lower DCs. The DC of GPB could not be determined because the reference peak at 1608 cm-1 was not detected in its spectra. A significant positive correlation was shown between µTBS and DC after 24 hours (r=0.716) and TC (r=0.856).Conclusion: µTBS and DC were positively correlated, more markedly after TC, which suggests that DC may be an important factor for bond durability.

Effect of Calcium-phosphate Desensitizers on Staining Susceptibility of Acid-eroded Enamel.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of calcium-phosphate-based desensitizers, Teethmate AP paste (TMAP) and Teethmate Desensitizer (TMD) (Kuraray Noritake Dental, Tokyo, Japan), on the prevention of staining on acid-eroded enamel. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Forty polished enamel samples (4×4×1 mm) from bovine incisors were randomly divided into five groups (n=8). After immersion in 50 mL of 0.5% citric acid (pH 2.5) for 15 minutes to form acid-eroded surfaces, the surfaces were subjected to different treatments with TMAP, TMD, and NaF (0.21% means 950 ppm) for five minutes. Another eroded group was not treated with desensitizer. For the control group, the samples were not eroded or treated. All the samples were stored in artificial saliva (AS) at pH 7.2 for 24 hours at 37°C. The TMAP, TMD, or NaF was reapplied at eight and 16 hours during the 24 hours of storage time. The surface roughness (Sa) was evaluated following ISO 25178 for surface texture using confocal laser scanning microscopy (VK-X 150 series, Keyence, Osaka, Japan) before acid erosion, after acid erosion, and after 24 hours of incubation in AS. Afterward, the color difference was measured with a dental colorimeter (Shade Eye NCC, Shofu, Kyoto, Japan) before and after staining with tea solution. RESULTS: One-way repeated measures analysis of variance showed that acid erosion significantly increased Sa (p<0.001). TMAP- and TMD-treated groups exhibited lower Sa values than the NaF group and the no-desensitizer treatment group. The greatest staining was observed in the NaF group and the no-desensitizer group, while the TMAP and TMD groups significantly decreased the formation of stains. CONCLUSIONS: Acid-eroded enamel increased surface roughness and tended to absorb more stains. However, the application of TMAP and TMD moderated the roughness and thus prevented the formation of extrinsic stains.

44Ca doped remineralization study on dentin by isotope microscopy.

OBJECTIVE: The dental caries is developed as a result of an alternative course of mineral gain and loss. In order to distinguish between intrinsic Ca (tooth-derived mineral) and extrinsic Ca (solution-derived mineral) uptakes, a 44Ca doped pH-cycling was performed using 44Ca (a stable calcium isotope) remineralization solution. METHODS: The natural abundance of 40Ca and 44Ca is 96.9% and 2.1%, respectively. The remineralization solution was prepared using 44Ca to contain 1.5mmol/L CaCl2 (44Ca), 0.9mmol/L KH2PO4, 130mmol/L KCl, 20mmol/L HEPES at pH 7.0. The pH-cycling was conducted on bovine root dentin daily by demineralization (pH 5.0) for 2h, incubation in 0% (control) and 0.2% NaF (900ppm fluoride) for 2h and 44Ca doped remineralization for 20h. After 14days pH-cycling, the specimens were sectioned longitudinally. On the sectioned surface, isotope imaging of 40Ca and 44Ca labeled mineral distribution was observed by a high mass-resolution stigmatic secondary ion 77 (Camera IMS 1270, Gennevilliers Cedex, France). RESULTS: Uptake of 44Ca was greater in intensity for the 0.2% fluoride group than the control, especially in the superficial lesions. The control group showed 40Ca (intrinsic) distribution in the subsurface lesions and in the superficial lesions, meanwhile the fluoride group showed 40Ca distribution limited in subsurface lesions. The total Ca (44Ca+40Ca) image revealed more homogeneously for the control than the fluoride group. SIGNIFICANCE: Since the fluoride-treated surface is more acid-resistant than intrinsic dentin, alternative minerals were dissolved from the intact intrinsic lesion in the demineralization cycle.

Microtensile Bond Strength of Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement to Sound and Artificial Caries-Affected Root Dentin With Different Conditioning.

In this laboratory study, the microtensile bond strengths (µTBS) of resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RM-GIC) to sound and artificial caries-affected bovine root dentin (ACAD) using three different conditioning agents were evaluated after 24 hours and three months. The fractured interface was examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Specimens were created on bovine root dentin that was embedded in epoxy resin. For the ACAD specimens, artificial carious lesions were created. The RM-GIC (Fuji II LC) was applied either directly (no treatment), after application of self conditioner, cavity conditioner, or 17% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) applied for 60 seconds, on sound dentin and ACAD, then light cured. They were stored in artificial saliva for 24 hours or three months. Following this, the specimens were cut into sticks for the µTBS test, and the failure mode of the debonded specimens was examined by using SEM. Pretest failures were excluded from the statistical analysis of the µTBS values because of their high incidence in some groups. Results showed that the µTBS values were significantly affected by the dentin substrate as well as the conditioning agent. Self conditioner provided the highest and most stable µTBS values, while cavity conditioner showed stable µTBS values on sound dentin. Both self conditioner and cavity conditioner had significantly higher µTBS values than the no treatment groups. EDTA conditioning reduced the µTBS after three months to sound dentin, while it showed 100% pretest failure with ACAD for both storage periods.

Real-Time Imaging of Gap Progress during and after Composite Polymerization.

The aims of this study were to observe the behavior of composite and formation of gaps during and immediately after light polymerization using swept source optical coherence tomography (OCT) and to compare the interfacial integrity of adhesives in cavities through 3-dimensional (3D) image analysis. Forty tapered cylindrical cavities (4-mm diameter, 2-mm depth) were prepared in bovine incisors and restored using Bond Force (BF), Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (SBU), OptiBond XTR (XTR), or Clearfil SE Bond 2 (SE2), followed by Estelite Flow Quick flowable composite. Real-time imaging was performed at the center of restoration by the OCT system (laser center wavelength: 1,330 nm; frequency: 30 KHz) during and up to 10 min after light curing. The 3D scanning was performed 0, 1, 3, 5, and 10 min after light curing. The percentages of sealed enamel and dentin interface area (E%, D%) were calculated using Amira software. In real-time videos, the initial gaps appeared as a bright scattered area mainly on dentin floor and rapidly progressed along the cavity floor. The timing, rate, and extent of gap formation were different among the specimens. From 3D visualization, gap progress could be seen on both enamel and dentin even after irradiation; furthermore, typical toroidal gap patterns appeared at the dentin floor of BF and SBU. XTR and SE2 showed nearly perfect sealing performance on the dentin floor up to the 10 min that images were recorded. From quantitative analysis, SE2 and XTR showed significantly higher E% and D% than other groups. SBU showed the smallest E% and BF showed a significantly smaller D% than other groups ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, real-time observation of composite placement and 3D quantification of interfacial gaps were implemented within the experimental limitations. Interfacial gap formation during polymerization of the composite depended on the adhesive system used. The formed gaps continued to propagate after composite light curing finished.

Multifactorial logistic regression analysis of factors associated with the incidence of erosive tooth wear among adults at different ages in Tokyo.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate factors associated with the incidence of erosive tooth wear (ETW) among adults at different ages in Tokyo using multifactorial logistic regression analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study sample consisted of a total of 1108 subjects aged 15 to 89 years in Tokyo, Japan. Two examiners evaluated ETW in a full-mouth recording. The subjects were asked to complete a self-administered daily diet, habit, and health condition questionnaire. Subjects who had frequent acid consumption or gastric reflux and at least one tooth with initial enamel wear were placed in the ETW-positive group, and the remainder of the subjects was placed in the ETW-negative group. Logistic regression analyses were carried out to identify factors collectively associated with ETW. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis showed that greater frequencies of carbonated or sports drink consumption were associated with higher incidence of ETW for all age groups except for 70-89 years. Adults in the 30-39-year group who reported suffering from heartburn were about 22.3 times more likely to develop ETW, while 40-49-year adults who had repeated vomiting were about 33.5 times more likely to exhibit ETW compared with those who did not experience vomiting. CONCLUSION: Age-specific dietary habits were clearly observed among adults at different ages in Tokyo, and there were significant differences in intrinsic and extrinsic factors between ETW-positive and ETW-negative groups for each age group. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Both greater frequency of carbonated and sports drink consumption were associated with higher incidence of ETW among adults at different ages in Tokyo.

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Enamel Crack Behavior Using Optical Coherence Tomography.

The aim of this study was to nondestructively analyze enamel crack behavior on different areas of teeth using 3D swept source-optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Ten freshly extracted human teeth of each type on each arch ( n = 80 teeth) were inspected for enamel crack patterns on functional, contact and nonfunctional, or noncontact areas using 3D SS-OCT. The predominant crack pattern for each location on each specimen was noted and analyzed. The OCT observations were validated by direct observations of sectioned specimens under confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Cracks appeared as bright lines with SS-OCT, with 3 crack patterns identified: Type I - superficial horizontal cracks; Type II - vertically (occluso-gingival) oriented cracks; and Type III - hybrid or complicated cracks, a combination of a Type I and Type III cracks, which may or may not be confluent with each other. Type II cracks were predominant on noncontacting surfaces of incisors and canines and nonfunctional cusps of posterior teeth. Type I and III cracks were predominant on the contacting surfaces of incisors, cusps of canines, and functional cusps of posterior teeth. Cracks originating from the dental-enamel junction and enamel tufts, crack deflections, and the initiation of new cracks within the enamel (internal cracks) were observed as bright areas. CLSM observations corroborated the SS-OCT findings. We found that crack pattern, tooth type, and the location of the crack on the tooth exhibited a strong correlation. We show that the use of 3D SS-OCT permits for the nondestructive 3D imaging and analysis of enamel crack behavior in whole human teeth in vitro. 3D SS-OCT possesses potential for use in clinical studies for the analysis of enamel crack behavior.

The effects of ethanol on the size-exclusion characteristics of type I dentin collagen to adhesive resin monomers.

During dentin bonding with etch-and-rinse adhesive systems, phosphoric acid etching of mineralized dentin solubilizes the mineral crystallites and replaces them with bound and unbound water. During the infiltration phase of dentin bonding, solvated adhesive resin comonomers are supposed to replace all of the unbound collagen water and polymerize into copolymers. A recently published review suggested that dental monomers are too large to enter and displace water from tightly-packed collagen molecules. Conversely, recent work from the authors' laboratory demonstrated that HEMA and TEGDMA freely equilibrate with water-saturated dentin matrices. However, because adhesive blends are solvated in organic solvents, those solvents may remove enough free water to allow collagen molecules to come close enough to exclude adhesive monomer permeation. The present study analyzed the size-exclusion characteristics of dentin collagen, using a gel permeation-like column chromatography technique, filled with dentin powder instead of Sephadex beads as the stationary phase. The elution volumes of different sized test molecules, including adhesive resin monomers, studied in both water-saturated dentin, and again in ethanol-dehydrated dentin powder, showed that adhesive resin monomers can freely diffuse into both hydrated and dehydrated collagen molecules. Under these in vitro conditions, all free and some of the loosely-bound water seems to have been removed by ethanol. These results validate the concept that adhesive resin monomers can permeate tightly-bound water in ethanol-saturated collagen molecules during infiltration by etch-and-rinse adhesives. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: It has been reported that collagen molecules in dentin matrices are packed too close together to allow permeation of adhesive monomers between them. Resin infiltration, in this view, would be limited to extrafibrillar spaces. Our work suggests that monomers equilibrate with collagen water in both water and ethanol-saturated dentin matrices.

Thirty-six month clinical evaluation of a highly filled flowable composite for direct posterior restorations.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this randomized controlled study was to evaluate the clinical performance of a highly filled flowable composite compared to a conventional paste-type composite in direct posterior restorations after 36 months. METHODS: A total of 58 mid-size to extensive posterior composite restorations were randomly placed in 32 patients, mean age of 43.9 years (range 25-76), using either a conventional composite Estelite Sigma Quick (Conventional) or a highly filled flowable composite G-aenial Universal Flo with a two-step self-etch adhesive. The restorations were evaluated after placement (baseline) and at 6, 12, 24 and 36 months according to the FDI criteria. RESULTS: At the 36-month follow-up, 42 restorations were evaluated in 21 patients. After 36 months, the difference between highly filled flowable and conventional restorations was not statistically significant with respect to all evaluation parameters (p < 0.05). No secondary caries was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The highly filled flowable composite showed a comparable clinical effectiveness as the conventional paste composite in posterior restorations over 36 months.

Microgaps and Demineralization Progress around Composite Restorations.

This study investigated the influence of adhesives and marginal sealing on demineralization progress using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Cavities (4 × 2 mm) were prepared in bovine incisors and restored using Clearfil SE Protect (SP), Bond Force (BF), Scotchbond Universal (SB), or G-Bond Plus (GB), followed by Estelite Flow Quick flowable composite. The control group received no adhesive (n = 10). After 3-d incubation in artificial saliva and 10,000 thermal cycles, gaps at enamel and dentin margins were measured at 8 locations on cross-sectional images obtained from each restoration using swept-source OCT at 1310-nm wavelength. Specimens were demineralized using acidified gel (pH = 4.5) for 5 wk and scanned every week to monitor the lesion progress at the same marginal locations. Repeated-measures analysis of variance showed that demineralization period and adhesive type and their interaction had a significant effect on the lesion size in both substrates (P < 0.001). SP, BF, and SB had significantly lower enamel and dentin initial gaps than the control and GB (P < 0.05). Enamel lesion progress was slower in the fluoride-releasing adhesives SP and BF and significantly different from SB, GB, and the control (P < 0.001). SP and BF dentin lesions were significantly different from GB and the control (P < 0.001), but not from SB (P > 0.05). A significant positive correlation (P < 0.05) was found between initial gap length and formed lesion size in both substrates, which was stronger in enamel (r = 0.63) than dentin (r = 0.35). Microgaps forming at the margins of restorations depend on adhesives and significantly contribute to the progress of demineralization around the margins, while fluoride release may decrease the rate of progression.

Diabetes detrimental effects on enamel and dentine formation.

OBJECTIVES: Understanding morphological changes and mineral content of tooth hard tissues may influence dental treatment. In this study, the effect of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) on tooth structure was examined. METHODS: Experimental T1DM was induced in 3-week old male Wistar rats (n=10) by a single dose of 60mg/kg body weight of Streprozotocin. All rats were injected with calcein twice during the experiment and sacrificed at the age of 7 weeks old. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) was used to determine the mineral density and thickness of enamel and dentine. Also, a histomorphometery study was conducted to detect the rates of dentine mineral apposition and formation. The examined area was in the crown analogue of the rat mandibular incisor parallel to the long axis of the mesial surface of the first molar. All results were compared using Students' t-test (p<0.05). RESULTS: Results showed that the enamel and dentine thickness were significantly reduced (hypoplasia) and there was a significant reduction of the rate of dentine mineral apposition and formation, while there was no significant effect of the T1DM condition on the mineral density of enamel and dentine. CONCLUSIONS: T1DM has a detrimental influence on the formation of enamel and dentine in the early growth stage. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: T1DM condition may alter treatment planning of orthodontic treatment as it is associated with decreased enamel and dentin thickness that may affect teeth size and their resistance to caries.

Ultramorphological assessment of dentin-resin interface after use of simplified adhesives.

This study assessed dentin-resin interface integration in Class I cavities restored with simplified adhesives by using a focused ion-beam milling (FIB) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Class I cavities (1.5-mm depth with dentin thickness of ∼0.5 mm, 4-mm length, and 2-mm width) were prepared on freshly extracted, sound human molars. Two all-in-one adhesive systems (Scotchbond/Single Bond Universal [SUD] and Xeno-V(+) [X5D]) were used and compared with a two-step etch-and-rinse system (Prime&Bond NT [NTD]). The adhesives were applied according to the manufacturers' guidelines. A universal resin composite (Filtek Z350 XT Universal) was used to restore the cavities in one bulk filling and was irradiated at 550 mW/cm(2) for 40 seconds by a quartz-tungsten-halogen light (Optilux 501). After exposure to liquid nitrogen coolant, the specimens were milled to nanoscale thickness by FIB to view and then assess the area of dentin-resin interface by TEM. Unlike the unfilled X5D, a noticeably smooth transition zone at the dentin-resin interface was shown for the SUD and NTD adhesives. The SUD demonstrated an uneven hybrid layer with clearly demineralized collagen bundles. Ultramorphologically, dispersed needlelike apatite crystals were detected within the partially demineralized dentin or the hybrid layer of both compositionally different all-in-one simplified adhesives. Conversely, these crystals were entirely absent from the hybrid layer of the etch-and-rinse NTD adhesive. In the X5D group, a bright band was noted beneath the hybrid layer. The methacryloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate monomer containing ultramild self-etch adhesive (SUD) was still validated in terms of its capability in dentin adhesion.

The effect of tooth age on colour adjustment potential of resin composite restorations.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of tooth age on colour adjustment potential of resin composite restorations in human teeth. METHODS: Twenty extracted human premolars with an A2 shade, extracted for orthodontic reasons from younger patients (20-28yrs) (younger teeth) and periodontal reasons from older patients (45-69yrs) (older teeth), were used in this study. Cylindrical shaped cavities (3.0mm depth; 2.0mm diameter) were prepared in the centre of the crowns on the buccal surface. One of four resin composites of A2 shade (Kalore, KA; Solare, SO; Clearfil Majesty, MJ; Beautifil II, BF) was placed in the cavity, and the colour was measured at four areas (0.4mm×0.4mm) on the restored teeth (area 1; tooth area 1.0mm away from the border of resin composite restoration: area 2; tooth border area 0.3mm away from margin of resin composite restoration: area 3; resin composite border area 0.3mm away from margin of resin composite restoration: area 4; resin composite area at the centre of resin composite restoration) using a spectrophotometer (Crystaleye). The colour of each area was determined according to the CIELAB colour scale. Colour differences (ΔE*) between the areas of 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 4 and 1 and 4 were calculated, and also the ratio of ΔE*area2-3 to ΔE*area1-4 (ΔE*area2-3/1-4), ΔE*area3-4 to ΔE*area1-4 (ΔE*area3-4/1-4) and ΔE*area1-2 to ΔE*area1-4 (ΔE*area1-2/1-4) as a parameter of the colour shift in resin composite restoration, were determined. Moreover, the light transmission characteristics of the resin materials and dentine discs from the younger and older teeth were measured using a goniophotometer. The data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA, and Dunnett's T3 and t-test for the post hoc test. RESULTS: ΔE*area2-3 (colour difference between resin composite and tooth at the border) and ΔE*area1-4 (colour difference between resin composite and tooth) of the older teeth groups were significantly larger than those of younger teeth groups (p<0.05). The ΔE*area2-3/1-4 (mis-match rate in colour shifting at the border) of the older teeth groups was larger than that of the younger teeth groups (p<0.05). ΔE*area3-4/1-4 (colour shifting rate of resin composite side) was significantly larger in older teeth than younger teeth (p<0.05), while ΔE*area1-2/1-4 (colour shifting rate of tooth side), was significantly smaller in older teeth than younger teeth (p<0.05). In each tooth group, there were no significant differences in ΔE*area2-3, ΔE*area1-4, ΔE*area2-3/1-4, ΔE*area3-4/1-4 and ΔE*area1-2/1-4 between the materials (p>0.05). Analysis of the light transmission properties indicated that older dentine transmitted more light, while younger dentine exhibited greater light diffusion and transmitted less light. CONCLUSIONS: The colour shifting effects at the border of the resin composite restorations were influenced by the age of the tooth. This behaviour might be influenced by the light transmission characteristics of dentine in restored teeth. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The potential for colour adjustment of resin composite restorations may be less in older teeth than younger teeth.