Bone Mineral Density is Related to CD4+ T Cell Counts and Muscle Mass is Associated with B Cells in Common Variable Immunodeficiency Patients.

BACKGROUND: Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by chronic/recurrent respiratory infections, bronchiectasis, autoimmunity, inflammatory, gastrointestinal diseases and malignancies associated with a chronic inflammatory state and increased risk of osteoporosis and muscle loss. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate bone mineral density (BMD), body composition and their relationship with lymphocyte subpopulations in CVID patients. METHODS: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was performed to assess BMD, lean mass, and fat mass in CVID patients. Peripheral blood CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+ cells were measured using flow cytometry. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients (37.3 ± 10.8 years old) were examined. Although only 11.8% of the individuals were malnourished (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), 27.7% of them had low skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), and 57.6% of them had low BMD. Patients with osteopenia/osteoporosis presented lower weight (p = 0.007), lean mass (p = 0.011), appendicular lean mass (p = 0.011), SMI (p = 0.017), and CD4+ count (p = 0.030). Regression models showed a positive association between CD4+ count and bone/muscle parameters, whereas CD19+ B cell count was only associated with muscle variables. Analysis of ROC curves indicated a cutoff value of CD4+ count (657 cells/mm3; AUC: 0.71, 95% CI 0.52-0.90) which was related to low BMD. Weight (p = 0.004), lean mass (p = 0.027), appendicular lean mass (p = 0.022), SMI (p = 0.029), total bone mineral content (p = 0.005), lumbar (p = 0.005), femoral neck (p = 0.035), and total hip BMD (p<0.001) were found to be lower in patients with CD4+ count below the cutoff. CONCLUSION: CVID patients presented with low BMD, which was associated with CD4+ count. Moreover, low muscle parameters were correlated with B cell count.

Effects of aging, gender, and hypogonadism on mandibular bone density.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to evaluate how aging, sex, and hypogonadism influence mandibular bone density with and without the benefits of hormone treatment. METHODS: Three-month old Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three experimental groups, with eights animals per group: controls, castrated (orchiectomized [ORX], ovariectomized [OVX]) and castrated with hormonal treatment (ORX + testosterone, OVX + estradiol benzoate). Females were previously evaluated by vaginal cytology. The corporal mass was verified weekly, and after three experimental periods (90, 120, and 150 days), the animals were killed. Blood was collected, and bones underwent densitometric and biomechanical analyses. RESULTS: After castration, the male rats demonstrated low gain in body weight compared to females (P < .05). Male and female castrated animals presented serum concentrations of sex steroid hormones lower than the control group (P < .05). Bone mineral density and biomechanical properties of the L4 vertebrae and femur were reduced earlier in females than in males (P < .05). However, mandibles were affected only in the male rats at the most chronic experimental period. CONCLUSION: Hypogonadism promotes alterations in the mandible over chronic periods, especially in males, and these alterations could be minimized by hormone treatment.

Influência da suplementação de creatina sobre a massa óssea de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos / Influence of creatine supplementation on bone mass of spontaneously hypertensive rats

INTRODUÇÃO: Recentes evidências indicam que a suplementação de creatina (Cr) é capaz de aumentar a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) no fêmur de ratos saudáveis em crescimento. Entretanto, há poucos estudos que testam a efetividade da suplementação desse nutriente em condições de perda óssea. OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito da suplementação de Cr na DMO e no conteúdo mineral ósseo (CMO) de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR), um modelo experimental de baixa massa óssea. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Dezesseis ratos SHR machos com 8 meses de idade foram randomizados em dois grupos experimentais pareados pelo peso corporal, a saber: 1) Pl: SHR tratados com placebo (água destilada; n = 8); e 2) Cr: SHR tratados com Cr (n = 8). Após nove semanas de suplementação os animais foram eutanasiados e o fêmur e a coluna vertebral (L1-L4) foram analisados por densitometria óssea (Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry). RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa na DMO (Pl = 0,249 ± 0,003 g/cm² vs. Cr = 0,249 ± 0,004 g/cm²; P = 0,95) e no CMO (Pl = 0,509 ± 0,150 g vs. Cr = 0,509 ± 0,017 g; P = 0,99) da coluna vertebral e na DMO (Pl = 0,210 ± 0,004 g/cm² vs. Cr = 0,206 ± 0,004 g/cm2;P = 0,49) e no CMO (Pl = 0,407 ± 0,021 g vs. Cr = 0,385 ± 0,021 g; P = 0,46) do fêmur total entre os grupos experimentais. CONCLUSÃO: Neste estudo, usando um modelo experimental de baixa massa óssea, a suplementação de Cr não afetou a massa óssea.

INTRODUCTION: Recent evidence has suggested that creatine supplementation (Cr) can increase the bone mineral density (BMD) of the femur in healthy growing rats. Nevertheless, studies assessing the efficacy of the Cr supplementation in conditions characterized by bone mass loss are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Cr supplementation on BMD and bone mineral content (BMC) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), an experimental model of osteoporosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen 8-month-old male SHRs were randomly allocated into two groups matched by body weight: 1) Pl group: SHRs treated with placebo (distilled water; n = 8); and 2) Cr group: SHRs treated with Cr (n = 8). After nine weeks of supplementation, the animals were euthanized and their femur and spine (L1-L4) were analyzed by use of densitometry (Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry). RESULTS: No significant difference was observed between the groups regarding either the spine or the total femur measures as follows: spine - BMD (Pl = 0.249 ± 0.003 g/cm² vs. Cr = 0.249 ± 0.004 g/cm²; P = 0.95) and BMC (Pl = 0.509 ± 0.150 g vs. Cr = 0.509 ± 0.017 g; P > 0.99); and total femur - BMD (Pl = 0.210 ± 0.004 g/cm² vs. Cr = 0.206 ± 0.004 g/cm²; P > 0.49) and BMC (Pl = 0.407 ± 0.021 g vs. Cr = 0.385 ± 0.021 g; P > 0.46). CONCLUSION: In this study, using the experimental model of osteoporosis, Cr supplementation had no effect on bone mass.

Influence of creatine supplementation on bone mass of spontaneously hypertensive rats.

INTRODUCTION: Recent evidence has suggested that creatine supplementation (Cr) can increase the bone mineral density (BMD) of the femur in healthy growing rats. Nevertheless, studies assessing the efficacy of the Cr supplementation in conditions characterized by bone mass loss are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Cr supplementation on BMD and bone mineral content (BMC) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), an experimental model of osteoporosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen 8-month-old male SHRs were randomly allocated into two groups matched by body weight: 1) Pl group: SHRs treated with placebo (distilled water; n = 8); and 2) Cr group: SHRs treated with Cr (n = 8). After nine weeks of supplementation, the animals were euthanized and their femur and spine (L1-L4) were analyzed by use of densitometry (Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry). RESULTS: No significant difference was observed between the groups regarding either the spine or the total femur measures as follows: spine - BMD (Pl = 0.249 ± 0.003 g/cm² vs. Cr = 0.249 ± 0.004 g/cm²; P = 0.95) and BMC (Pl = 0.509 ± 0.150 g vs. Cr = 0.509 ± 0.017 g; P > 0.99); and total femur - BMD (Pl = 0.210 ± 0.004 g/cm² vs. Cr = 0.206 ± 0.004 g/cm²; P > 0.49) and BMC (Pl = 0.407 ± 0.021 g vs. Cr = 0.385 ± 0.021 g; P > 0.46). CONCLUSION: In this study, using the experimental model of osteoporosis, Cr supplementation had no effect on bone mass.

Influence of the period after ovariectomy on femoral and mandibular bone density and on induced periodontal disease.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the influence of the period after ovariectomy on femoral and mandibular bone mineral density (BMD) and on induced periodontal disease. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-six female Holtzman rats were divided into nine groups: control, sham surgery (SHAM) with and without induction of periodontal disease for 51 and 150 days, and ovariectomy (OVX) with and without induction of periodontal disease for 51 and 150 days. Periodontal disease was induced by placing ligatures on the first lower molars during the last 30 days of each period. BMD was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Vertical bone loss was determined by measuring the distance from the alveolar bone crest to the cemento-enamel junction on the mesial side of the first lower molar. RESULTS: Statistical analyses (Kruskal-Wallis test) revealed a significant difference between the OVX and SHAM groups' global and femoral proximal epiphysis BMD (P <0.001) for 150 days and in the global evaluation for 51 days. For mandibular BMD, no difference was found between the groups of each period. Influence of the period on femoral BMD was found only for the SHAM groups, with lower BMD for the 51-day period compared to the 150-day period (P <0.05). In the global evaluation of the mandible, a lower BMD was found after 51 days. The period was a contributing factor for the vertical bone loss, and it resulted in higher values for the 51-day period (P <0.05). CONCLUSION: The period influenced the femoral BMD and the vertical bone loss in induced periodontal disease.

The influence of loss of bone mass on induced periodontal disease: a radiographic and densitometric study of female rats.

BACKGROUND: Changes in mineral density in the mandibular and femoral bones (BMD) after estrogen deficiency caused by ovariectomy (OVX) and the influence of these changes on induced periodontal disease were evaluated in female rats. METHODS: Forty-eight female Holtzman rats (90 days old) were randomly divided into five groups: 0: control (N = 9); 1: SHAM without induced periodontal disease (N = 11); 2: SHAM with induced disease (N = 10); 3: OVX without induced disease (N = 9); and 4: OVX with induced disease (N = 9). In groups 2 and 4, the first lower molars were tied with ligatures for 30 days 120 days after surgery. After 5 months the animals were sacrificed to measure global mineral density (BMD) and that of the sub-regions of the mandible and femur by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The extent of vertical bone loss was evaluated with digital radiography by measuring the distance from the bone crest to the cemento-enamel junction at the mesial of the first lower molar. RESULTS: Results of the femur (Kruskal-Wallis test) showed a significant difference (P <0.001) between the groups SHAM and OVX in bone density values for all regions. Comparison between the groups in relation to the BMD of the mandible, both in the sub-regions and global revealed no differences (P >0.05). The vertical bone loss measured for the groups with induced disease was similar (P = 0.713). CONCLUSIONS: Differences between the groups were found in the bone mineral density BMD of the femur but not of the mandible. OVX had no influence on induced periodontal disease.

Analisis bioquimico, antigenico y alergenico de extractos de Hemileia vastarix (Roya del cafe) / Biochemical, antigenic and allergenic analysis of extracts of Hemileia vastarix (Roya del cafe)

Los hongos Basidiomicetos son aeroalergenos todavía poco estudiados. El bacidiomiceto Hemileia vastatrix es conocido por causar la roya en las plantaciones del café. Este hongo produce abundantes esporas anemófilas que pueden alcanzar alturas superiores a mil metros sobre la tierra y propagarse por largas distancia en la atmósfera. Un estudio preliminar en Brasil, demostró que la inhalación de esas esporas puede sensibilizar a individuos que residen en zonas caficultoras. Con la finalidad de demostrar la presencia del IgE Específica a ese hongo y la posible relación con enfermedades respiratorias alérgicas, fueron realizadas pruebas cutáneas de lectura inmediata en 378 individuos, utilizando los extractos de Hemileia vastatrix. Los extractos fueron preparados con las esporas del hongo, utilizado líquido de Coca y tris HCL como solución extractora. Para las pruebas intradérmicas se utilizó extracto en concentración de 0,02 mg. de proteína por mL. Los individuos fueron divididos en cuatro grupos de acuerdo con la procedencia (regiones caficultoras y no caficultoras) y la aparición de síntomas alérgicos, y un grupo de 50 trabajadores rurales de haciendas cafeteras. Se observó que hubo un número significativamente mayor de pacientes sensibilizados en el grupo IV (atópicos de zona caficultoras). Por la técnica de Western blotting, fue detectada IgE Específica en 20 bandas proteicas de Hemileia vastatrix en el suero de individuos que presentaban pruebas positivas para ese hongo. Concluimos que ese basidiomiseto Hemileia vastatrix es capaz de sensibilizar al ser humano, induciendo síntesis de IgE Específica, y que hay mayor sensibilización en individuos atópicos residentes en regiones caficultoras

Análise bioquímica, antigênica e alergênica de extratos de Hemileia vastatrix (Ferrugem do café) / Biochemistry analysis, antigenic, allergenic of Hemileia vastatrix extracts

Os fungos basidiomicetos sao aeroalérgenos ainda pouco estudados. O basidiomiceto Hemileia vastatrix é conhecido por causar a ferrugem em plantaçoes de café. Esse fungo produz abundantes esporos anemófilos que podem alcançar alturas superiores a mil metros e propagar-se por longas distâncias na atmosfera. Um estudo preliminar no Brasil, demonstrou que a inalaçao desses esporos pode sensibilizar indivíduos que residem em regioes cafeicultoras do. Com a finalidade de demonstrar a presença de IgE específica a esse fungo e a possível relaçao com doenças respiratórias alérgicas, foram realizados testes cutâneos de leitura imediata em 378 indivíduos utilizando-se extratos de Hemileia vastatrix. Os extratos foram preparados com esporos do fungo usando-se líquido de Coca e Tris-HCl como soluçoes extratoras. Para os testes intradérmicos utilizou-se extrato na concentraçao de 0,02 mg de proteína/mL, e para os testes de punctura, na concentraçao de 2 mg/mL. Os indivíduos foram divididos em quatro grupos de acordo com a procedência (regioes cafeicultoras e nao-cafeicultoras) e a ocorrência de sintomas alérgicos, e um grupo de 50 trabalhadores rurais em fazendas de café. Observamos que houve número significantemente maior de pacientes sensibilizados no Grupo IV (atópicos de zonas cafeicultoras) em realçao aos grupos 1 e 2 (indivíduos procedentes de regioes nao-cafeicultoras). Pela técnica de "Western blotting" foi detectada IgE específica a vinte bandas protéicas do Hemileia vastatrix no soro de indivíduos que apresentaram testes positivos para este fungo. Concluímos que o basidiomiceto Hemileia vastatrix é capaz de sensibilizar o ser humano, induzindo a síntese de IgE específica, e que há maior sensibilizaçao em indivíduos atópicos residentes em regioes cafeicultoras.