Measurement of empathy among Argentine cardiologists: Psychometrics and differences by age, gender, and subspecialty.

BACKGROUND: Cardiologists are involved in the management of patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors and chronic heart diseases, so empathy is a necessary feature to deal with them. The aim of the study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE) among Argentine cardiologists and to explore the potential differences by age, gender, and subspecialty. METHODS: Between August and September 2012, we performed a survey in a non-randomized sample of 566 Spanish-speaking cardiologists of Argentina. A Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was used to explore the link between observed variables and latent variables in order to identify the factor structure. The PCA criteria for identifying the factor structure were examined with the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) analysis. RESULTS: The KMO measure of sampling adequacy was 0.86 and Bartlett's test of sphericity was highly significant (p = 0.000), determining the suitability of the data set for factor analysis. The PCA of 20 items yielded a three factor model that accounted for 40.6% of the variance. The JSPE mean rank score for women was 307.9 vs. 275.0 for men (p = 0.017). The comparison of mean rank score according to age (quartiles) showed a significant relation between older age and empathy. No difference was found when the mean rank scores were compared by respondent subspecialty. CONCLUSIONS: JSPE provides a valid and reliable scale to measure Argentine cardiologists' attitudes towards empathy. Female cardiologists seem to be more empathic than their male colleagues, and a positive relationship between age and empathy was found.

Preoperative levosimendan decreases mortality and the development of low cardiac output in high-risk patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass.

BACKGROUND: The calcium sensitizer levosimendan has been used in cardiac surgery for the treatment of postoperative low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) and difficult weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of preoperative treatment with levosimendan on 30-day mortality, the risk of developing LCOS and the requirement for inotropes, vasopressors and intra-aortic balloon pumps in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction. METHODS: Patient with severe left ventricular dysfunction and an ejection fraction <25% undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with CPB were admitted 24 h before surgery and were randomly assigned to receive levosimendan (loading dose 10 µg/kg followed by a 23 h continuous infusion of 0.1µg/kg/min) or a placebo. RESULTS: From December 1, 2002 to June 1, 2008, a total of 252 patients were enrolled (127 in the levosimendan group and 125 in the control group). Individuals treated with levosimendan exhibited a lower incidence of complicated weaning from CPB (2.4% versus 9.6%; P<0.05), decreased mortality (3.9% versus 12.8%; P<0.05) and a lower incidence of LCOS (7.1% versus 20.8%; P<0.05) compared with the control group. The levosimendan group also had a lower requirement for inotropes (7.9% versus 58.4%; P<0.05), vasopressors (14.2% versus 45.6%; P<0.05) and intra-aortic balloon pumps (6.3% versus 30.4%; P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients with severe left ventricle dysfunction (ejection fraction <25%) undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with CPB who were pretreated with levosimendan exhibited lower mortality, a decreased risk for developing LCOS and a reduced requirement for inotropes, vasopressors and intra-aortic balloon pumps. Studies with a larger number of patients are required to confirm whether these findings represent a new strategy to reduce the operative risk in this high-risk patient population.

[Survey of medical attitudes towards a "case scenario" of encephalopathy after cardiac arrest]. / Encuesta sobre las actitudes médicas ante un caso hipotético de encefalopatía post-reanimación.

Recent studies have shown that the timing of death is often under the control of the physicians who treat the patient in intensive care unit (ICU), where death is commonly preceded by decisions either not to start an aggressive therapy or to discontinue life-sustaining therapy. The objective was to study end-of-life decisions and attitudes of Argentinian cardiologists when treating terminal patients in the ICU. During 2007, a survey by e-mail was carried out among 967 cardiologists across Argentina. The questionnaire consisted of the case scenario of a vegetative patient with no family and no advance directives, so the responsibility for decision making would depend exclusively on the physician or health care team. 72.7% answered the survey; 72.0% of physicians preferred to share decisions with other doctors or with an ethical committee, nevertheless they rarely involved nurses in decisions. Besides, 85.4% of cardiologists would apply the do-not-resuscitate order and 8% would choise the terminal weaning or extubation. Comparatively, these results were similar to those previously reported in Southern Europe. In conclusion, most physicians would decide with other doctors or would ask for an ethical consultant; in the same way, most of respondents would apply the do-not-resuscitate order, though a few times they would choise the terminal weaning or extubation. Since regional and international survey opinions on these issues remain highly variable, it seems difficult to reach a global consensus regarding end-of-life care in the ICU.

Encuesta sobre las actitudes médicas ante un caso hipotético de encefalopatía post-reanimación / Survey of medical attitudes towards a "case scenario" of encephalopathy after cardiac arrest

Estudios recientes muestran que el momento de la muerte está a menudo bajo el control de los médicos que cuidan pacientes en una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI), donde la muerte suele estar precedida por decisiones de no comenzar una terapéutica agresiva o discontinuar una terapia para sostener la vida. El objetivo fue estudiar las actitudes de los cardiólogos en las decisiones médicas al final de la vida de pacientes terminales en UCI. Durante 2007 se realizó una encuesta vía correo electrónico a 967 cardiólogos de la Argentina. Se planteó el caso hipotético de una paciente en coma vegetativo y sin familiares para participar en una serie de decisiones al final de la vida. El 72.7% respondió el cuestionario; el 72.0% prefirió compartir las decisiones con colegas o un comité de bioética, aunque sólo el 6% dio participación al personal de enfermería; además, el 85.4% optaría por la orden "No Resucitar" (NR) y el 8% elegiría el "destete o extubación terminal". Estos resultados se asemejaron a los encontrados en estudios previos en Europa meridional. En conclusión, el análisis de las actitudes de los cardiólogos mostró una tendencia a compartir con colegas o un comité de bioética las decisiones sobre el final de la vida, así como a aplicar la orden NR y a no elegir el "destete terminal", con diferencias según el sexo y actividad laboral. La variabilidad de las opiniones locales e internacionales en las encuestas, hace difícil alcanzar un consenso sobre el tratamiento al final de la vida.

Recent studies have shown that the timing of death is often under the control of the physicians who treat the patient in intensive care unit (ICU), where death is commonly preceded by decisions either not to start an aggressive therapy or to discontinue life-sustaining therapy. The objective was to study end-of-life decisions and attitudes of Argentinian cardiologists when treating terminal patients in the ICU. During 2007, a survey by e-mail was carried out among 967 cardiologists across Argentina. The questionnaire consisted of the case scenario of a vegetative patient with no family and no advance directives, so the responsibility for decision making would depend exclusively on the physician or health care team. 72.7% answered the survey; 72.0% of physicians preferred to share decisions with other doctors or with an ethical committee, nevertheless they rarely involved nurses in decisions. Besides, 85.4% of cardiologists would apply the do-not-resuscitate order and 8% would choise the terminal weaning or extubation. Comparatively, these results were similar to those previously reported in Southern Europe. In conclusion, most physicians would decide with other doctors or would ask for an ethical consultant; in the same way, most of respondents would apply the do-not-resuscitate order, though a few times they would choise the terminal weaning or extubation. Since regional and international survey opinions on these issues remain highly variable, it seems difficult to reach a global consensus regarding end-of-life care in the ICU.

[The calcium sensitizer levosimendan gives superior results to dobutamine in postoperative low cardiac output syndrome]. / Superioridad del sensibilizante al calcio levosimendán comparado con dobutamina en el síndrome de bajo gasto cardiaco postoperatorio.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The use of levosimendan to treat postoperative low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) has been studied in only small patient series and in randomized trials focusing on hemodynamic variables. The objective of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of levosimendan, compared with dobutamine, as a treatment for postoperative LCOS. METHODS: Patients with LCOS were randomly assigned to receive either levosimendan (loading dose, 10 microg/kg, followed by 0.1 microg/kg per min for 24 h) or dobutamine (starting dose, 5 microg/kg per min). Hemodynamic and clinical parameters (including postoperative mortality and major complications), the need for the coadministration of another drug (such as an inotrope or a vasopressor) or for balloon counterpulsation, and length of stay in intensive care were all monitored. RESULTS: The study included 137 patients: 69 received levosimendan, while 68 were treated with dobutamine. Although both agents improved hemodynamic parameters, the effect of levosimendan was greater and occurred earlier than that of dobutamine. In addition, levosimendan use resulted in lower postoperative mortality (8.7% vs. 25%; P< .05), a lower incidence of major postoperative complications, and less need for an additional inotropic drug (8.7% vs. 36.8%; P< .05), a vasopressor (11.6% vs. 30.9%; P< .05), or balloon counterpulsation (2.9% vs. 14.7%; P<0.05). The length of stay in intensive care was also less (66 vs. 158 h; P< .05). CONCLUSIONS: In this randomized study, levosimendan proved more effective than dobutamine. Postoperative morbidity and mortality were lower, fewer patients required either an additional inotropic drug, a vasopressor or intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation, and the length of stay in intensive care was shorter.

Indicaciones, utilización y complicaciones asociadas con el empleo anterógrado del balón de contrapulsación / Indications, utilization and complications associated to the antegrade insertion of an intraaortic balloon pump

Introducción: La presencia de contraindicaciones o la imposibilidad de progresar el balón de contrapulsacióndesde su sitio habitual de implante femoral (retrógrado) plantean la necesidad de vías alternativas de implante. El acceso anterógrado por vía subclavia (o axilar) resulta una de ellas. Objetivos: Valorar las indicaciones, el porcentaje de utilización y las complicaciones asociadas con el acceso anterógrado por vía subclavia del balón de contrapulsación. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron en el estudio pacientes sometidos a implante de balón de contrapulsación entre el 1 de enero de 1998 y el 1 de enero de 2006. Aquellos bajo acceso anterógrado representaron el objeto del estudio. Se consideraron contraindicaciones para el acceso femoral la presencia de un aneurisma de la aorta abdominal, el antecedente de bypass aortobifemoral,la presencia de una endoprótesis aórtica o la documentación angiográfica de lesionessuboclusivas bilaterales iliofemorales. La imposibilidad de progresar el catéter tras tres intentos por vía femoral motivó el planteo de un acceso alternativo. Se consideró significativo un valor de p < 0,05. Resultados:Sobre 782 dispositivos implantados, 24 de ellos lo fueron por vía subclavia anterógrada (3,1 por ciento). Las indicaciones fueron aneurisma de la aorta abdominal en 13 pacientes (54,2 por ciento), bypass aortobifemoral previo en 5 casos (20,8 por ciento), endoprótesis aórtica en un paciente (4,2 por ciento) e imposibilidad de progresar por vía retrógrada en los 5 casos restantes (20,8 por ciento). Las características generales de los grupos bajo acceso anterógrado y retrógrado resultaroncomparables, con excepción de un incremento en el porcentaje de claudicación intermitente y cirugía vascular periférica en los primeros. Cincuenta y dos pacientes presentaron complicaciones(6,6 por ciento): una en el grupo anterógrado (isquemia del miembro, 4,1 por ciento) frente a 51complicaciones en el grupo bajo acceso retrógrado (6,7 por ciento).

Prolongación de la vida y tecnología: Conferencia y Mesa Redonda / Prolongation of life and technology: Conference

La posibilidad de la vida que tienen actualmente los pacientes con IRCT, a través de la diálisis o del trasplante renal, ejemplo del desarrollo científico y tecnológico de la Medicina, ha traído consigo nuevas y diferentes problemáticas que trascienden el campo médico o Psicológico y en tanto hacen al hombre y su cultura, requieren ser abordadas interdisciplinariamente. Para profundizar en ellas, en el marco de las II Jornadas de Psiconefrología, se realizó una Mesa Redonda con integrantes de distintas áreas de nuestra cultura, sobre el tema Prolongación de la Vida y Tecnología. Dicho tema, fue introducido por el Dr. Jorge E. Rodo, con la Conferencia La Tecnología en la Medicina Moderna. La misma fue seguida por los aportes de los integrantes de la Mesa, quienes abordaron el tema desde diferentes perspectivas. El Lic. Marcos Lijtenstein lo hizo desde el Psicoanálisis, el Dr. Eduardo Tanús lo abordó desde la Sociología Médica, la Dra. Yubarandt Bespail habló sobre Antropología y Bioética en Trasplantes de Organos, finalizando la parte expositiva el Dr. Mario Soiz con una perspectiva del tema desde la Antropología Filosófica. Por razones de espacio, se publican sólo las exposiciones, resumidas por sus autores

Recuperación de la insuficiencia renal crónica grave luego de la revascularización renal / Impairment or renal failure after flow renal restored with saphenous vein grafts

Se revascularizaron 4 enfermos con insuficiencia renal severa causada por arteriosclerosis en 3 y por una disección aórtica aguda en el último. En el preoperatorio, 3 requerían hemodiálisis permanente durante días y meses y el tercero peritoneal transitoria. En todos la reconstrucción arterial se efctuó con vena safena autóloga; 2 puentes aorto renales, 1 ilíaco renal y un "by pass" aortobifemoral con reimplante de la renal derecha. La diuresis se recuperó rápidamente sin requerir diálisis en ninguno. Dos reoperaciones fueron necesarias a los 12 y 40 meses por hipertensión y deterioro de la función renal causado por estenosis del injerto con buena evolución posterior. No se contraindicó el intento de revascularización por ausencia de lecho distal en la arteriografía (n = 2), tiempo de diálisis pre-operatoria ni el tamaño renal (6,4 cm el más pequeño)