Using Natural Language Processing Techniques to Detect Adverse Events From Progress Notes Due to Chemotherapy.

Objective: In recent years, natural language processing (NLP) techniques have progressed, and their application in the medical field has been tested. However, the use of NLP to detect symptoms from medical progress notes written in Japanese, remains limited. We aimed to detect 2 gastrointestinal symptoms that interfere with the continuation of chemotherapy-nausea/vomiting and diarrhea-from progress notes using NLP, and then to analyze factors affecting NLP. Materials and methods: In this study, 200 patients were randomly selected from 5277 patients who received intravenous injections of cytotoxic anticancer drugs at Kagawa University Hospital, Japan, between January 2011 and December 2018. We aimed to detect the first occurrence of nausea/vomiting (Group A) and diarrhea (Group B) using NLP. The NLP performance was evaluated by the concordance with a review of the physicians' progress notes used as the gold standard. Results: Both groups showed high concordance: 83.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 74.1-90.1) in Group A and 97.7% (95% CI 91.3-99.9) in Group B. However, the concordance was significantly better in Group B (P = .0027). There were significantly more misdetection cases in Group A than in Group B (15.3% in Group A; 1.2% in Group B, P = .0012) due to negative findings or past history. Conclusion: We detected occurrences of nausea/vomiting and diarrhea accurately using NLP. However, there were more misdetection cases in Group A due to negative findings or past history, which may have been influenced by the physicians' more frequent documentation of nausea/vomiting.

Bleeding risks associated with anticoagulant therapies after percutaneous coronary intervention in Japanese patients with ischemic heart disease complicated by atrial fibrillation: A comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Current guidelines recommend early termination of triple therapy and the use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) for non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), due to safety concerns. However, to date, real-world medication usage and safety outcomes (specifically bleeding) in NVAF patients with stent implantation have not been well assessed. METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational, medical database cohort study in Japanese ischemic heart disease (IHD) patients with NVAF who underwent PCI between 2012 and 2017. The primary outcome was clinically relevant bleeding; secondary outcomes included individual bleeding events. A multivariate analysis was conducted to identify risk factors affecting the occurrence of clinically relevant bleeding events. RESULTS: The analysis population comprised 5695 patients [3530 received DOACs and 2165 received vitamin K antagonists (VKAs)]. The incidence of primary outcome events (clinically relevant bleeding/100 patient-years) was 6.05 in the DOAC group and 8.42 in the VKA group, resulting in a nonsignificant 21% lower risk in the DOAC group. The DOAC group also had a nonsignificant 24%, 24%, and 34% lower risk of bleeding requiring transfusion, intracranial bleeding, and lower gastrointestinal bleeding, respectively, compared with the VKA group. A multivariate analysis of the primary outcome showed a significantly higher risk of bleeding among older patients and those with lower body weight and abnormal renal function. CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective real-world evaluation of IHD patients with NVAF and PCI, DOAC-treated patients had a lower risk of developing clinically relevant bleeding compared with the VKA group.

Rate of complications among the recipients of intrathecal baclofen pump in Japan: a multicenter study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence of complications of intrathecal baclofen (ITB) therapy for spasticity in Japan, where a unique training course and nationwide registration are required. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An analysis of complications was performed in all patients who underwent ITB in Japan from 2005 to 2011. Prior to surgery, all the doctors involved took a one-day training course, which included hands-on training. Surgical techniques that avoided complications were emphasized. RESULTS: A total of 406 pumps were implanted in 400 patients (277 men, 123 women) having severe spasticity. Because this study is currently in progress, among the 400 patients, 78.3% (313/400) had finished a one-year observation follow-up. There were 369 adult and 31 juvenile (under 17 years old) patients, including 12 patients under nine years old. All-cause adverse events were seen in 148 patients (37%), and 93 (23.3%) of these were regarded as severe. Catheter problems were observed in 34 (8.5%) patients: catheter migration in 25 (6.3%), breakage in 6 (1.5%), obstruction in 2 (0.5%), kinking in 1 (0.3%), and dislodgement in 1 (0.3%). Pump trouble was observed in seven (1.8%) patients: alarm abnormality in one (0.3%), memory error in one (0.3%), delayed recovery in one (0.3%), rotation in one (0.3%), malfunction in one (0.3%), and abnormal infusion rate in two (0.6%). Device-related and surgical wound infection occurred in 12 patients (3%), and nine were regarded as severe. Leakage or subcutaneous accumulation of the cerebrospinal fluid was seen in 13 patients (3.3%). CONCLUSION: The requirement of taking of a training course before starting ITB seemed to reduce complications. Although there were surgery-related complications, the rate of complications in Japan appeared to be lower than those reported in larger series of ITB. However, whether the reported rates can be primarily ascribed to a mandatory training course requires further investigations.

Noradrenaline reduces the ATP-stimulated phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase via beta-adrenergic receptors-cAMP-protein kinase A-dependent mechanism in cultured rat spinal microglia.

To elucidate the involvement of the noradrenergic system in the regulation of spinal microglial activity, we examined the effects of noradrenaline (NA) on the phosphorylation of three MAP kinases (extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, or c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)) stimulated by ATP in rat cultured spinal microglia using Western blotting. ATP (100 microM) quickly induced the phosphorylation of three MAP kinases and MKK3/6, which are upstream kinases of p38. Under these conditions, NA inhibited only the ATP-stimulated phosphorylation of p38 in a time (30-60 min)- and dose (10-100 microM)-dependent manner, but did not affect those of ERK, JNK, or MKK3/6. The inhibitory action of NA was completely reversed by pretreatment with propranolol, an antagonist for beta-adrenoceptors, or both atenolol and ICI118551, selective antagonists for beta1 and beta2, respectively. Treatment with dibutyryl cAMP or the selective activator of PKA mimicked the inhibitory effect of NA. Furthermore, treatment with KT5720, an inhibitor of protein kinase A, completely blocked the action of NA. These data suggest that NA could control the activation of p38 through the beta1/2-adrenergic pathways, which include the production of cAMP and the activation of PKA. Simultaneously, we found that NA also markedly inhibited the ATP-induced increase in the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha mRNA through beta-adrenergic pathways. Furthermore, preincubation with either actinomycin D or cyclohexamide, general inhibitors of transcription or protein synthesis, respectively, almost completely blocked the inhibitory action of NA on the ATP-stimulated phosphorylation of p38. These results suggest that de novo synthesis of certain factors by NA through beta-adrenoceptors would participate in the modulation of p38 activity. Thus, the inhibitory system via beta1/2-adrenergic pathways in spinal microglia appears to have an important role in the modulation of microglial functions through the downregulation of p38 activity.