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Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare form of urothelial cancer with a high incidence of recurrence and a low survival rate. Almost two-thirds of UTUCs are invasive at the time of diagnosis; therefore, improving diagnostic methods is key to increasing survival rates. Histopathological analysis of UTUC is essential for diagnosis and typically requires endoscopy biopsy, tissue sectioning, and labeling. However, endoscopy biopsies are minute, and it is challenging to cut into thin sections for conventional histopathology; this complicates diagnosis. Here, we used volumetric 3-dimensional (3D) imaging to explore the inner landscape of clinical UTUC biopsies, without sectioning, revealing that 3D analysis of phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (pS6) could predict tumor grade and prognosis with improved accuracy. By visualizing the tumor vasculature, we discovered that pS6+ cells were localized near blood vessels at significantly higher levels in high-grade tumors than in low-grade tumors. Furthermore, the clustering of pS6+ cells was associated with shorter relapse-free survival. Our results demonstrate that 3D volume imaging of the structural niches of pS6 cells deep inside the UTUC samples improved diagnostic yield, grading, and prognosis prediction.
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Imageamento Tridimensional , Humanos , Imageamento Tridimensional/métodos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Proteína S6 Ribossômica/metabolismo , Neoplasias Urológicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Urológicas/patologia , Neoplasias Urológicas/diagnóstico , Prognóstico , Urotélio/patologia , Urotélio/diagnóstico por imagem , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/diagnóstico por imagem , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Biópsia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/diagnóstico por imagem , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/patologia , Gradação de TumoresRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Defined by rising PSA levels under androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) despite no visible metastases on conventional imaging, non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) represents a complex clinical challenge. A significant subset of these patients rapidly develops metastatic disease, negatively impacting survival. We examined the difference in prognosis of nmCRPC patients according to the timing of therapeutic interventions with androgen receptor signaling inhibitor (ARSI). METHODS: We examined 102 nmCRPC patients treated with ARSI. We divided patients according to their PSA levels when ARSI was administered: Cohort A (PSA 0.5-2.0 ng/mL), Cohort B (PSA 2.0-4.0 ng/mL), and Cohort C (PSA > 4.0 ng/mL). Utilizing the Kaplan-Meier method for survival analysis, our analytical starting point was the moment when PSA levels exceeded 0.5 ng/mL post-ADT nadir, ensuring a fair comparison and minimizing lead-time bias. RESULTS: After excluding 5 patients whose PSA nadir after ADT > 0.5 ng/mL, patient distribution across Cohort A, Cohort B, and Cohort C was 32, 24, and 41 patients, respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis highlighted a 2-year metastasis-free survival rate of 97% for Cohort A, 87% for Cohort B, and 73% for Cohort C. A marked statistical difference emerged when comparing Cohort A with Cohorts B and C, with a p-value of 0.043. CONCLUSION: The timely initiation of ARSI is paramount in nmCRPC management. Our findings strongly advocate for consideration of ARSI administration in nmCRPC patients before their PSA levels exceed 2.0 ng/mL. Our results indicated a PSA threshold of 1.0 ng/mL for nmCRPC definition which is more reasonable to administer ARSI without delay.
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Antagonistas de Receptores de Andrógenos , Antígeno Prostático Específico , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/sangue , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/patologia , Idoso , Antígeno Prostático Específico/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Antagonistas de Receptores de Andrógenos/uso terapêutico , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Receptores Androgênicos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Prognóstico , Estimativa de Kaplan-MeierRESUMO
Purpose: Contact laser vaporization of the prostate (CVP) for benign prostatic hyperplasia is a widely accepted and safe procedure for elderly patients because of its lower bleeding risks. However, CVP lacks a postoperative pathological examination for prostate cancer. Concomitant prostate biopsy and CVP may complement this disadvantage; however, the risk of bleeding associated with this procedure remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of a concomitant prostate biopsy and CVP. Patients and Methods: This retrospective study included 106 men who had undergone CVP in Nerima General Hospital. Prostate biopsies and CVP were performed simultaneously on 16 patients. We defined the "hemorrhage group" by a >5% decrease in hemoglobin the day after surgery. Preoperative and operative indices were evaluated based on the association with the hemorrhage group. Results: Participants in the concomitant biopsy group were older (p = 0.001), had larger prostates (p = 0.014), a lower rate of prostate biopsy history (p = 0.046), longer postoperative urinary catheter duration (p = 0.024), and a higher rate of decline in hemoglobin levels the day after surgery (p = 0.023). Patients in the hemorrhage group (n = 20, 18.9%) showed a significantly higher rate of concomitant biopsy and CVP (p = 0.006). Multivariate analysis showed that concomitant prostate biopsy (p = 0.009, odds ratio = 4.61) was the sole statistically significant predictive factor for hemorrhage. Conclusion: Concomitant prostate biopsy and CVP of the prostate may increase the risk of bleeding.
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Tumor structure is heterogeneous and complex, and it is difficult to obtain complete characteristics by two-dimensional analysis. The aim of this study was to visualize and characterize volumetric vascular information of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) tumors using whole tissue phenotyping and three-dimensional light-sheet microscopy. Here, we used the diagnosing immunolabeled paraffin-embedded cleared organs pipeline for tissue clearing, immunolabeling, and three-dimensional imaging. The spatial distributions of CD34, which targets blood vessels, and LYVE-1, which targets lymphatic vessels, were examined by calculating three-dimensional density, vessel length, vessel radius, and density curves, such as skewness, kurtosis, and variance of the expression. We then examined those associations with ccRCC outcomes and genetic alteration state. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples from 46 ccRCC patients were included in the study. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses revealed the associations between blood vessel and lymphatic vessel distributions and pathological factors such as a high nuclear grade, large tumor size, and the presence of venous invasion. Furthermore, three-dimensional imaging parameters stratified ccRCC patients regarding survival outcomes. An analysis of genomic alterations based on volumetric vascular information parameters revealed that PI3K-mTOR pathway mutations related to the blood vessel radius were significantly different. Collectively, we have shown that the spatial elucidation of volumetric vasculature information could be prognostic and may serve as a new biomarker for genomic alterations. High-end tissue clearing techniques and volumetric immunohistochemistry enable three-dimensional analysis of tumors, leading to a better understanding of the microvascular structure in the tumor space.
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Carcinoma de Células Renais , Imageamento Tridimensional , Neoplasias Renais , Microvasos , Humanos , Carcinoma de Células Renais/genética , Carcinoma de Células Renais/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Renais/diagnóstico por imagem , Carcinoma de Células Renais/irrigação sanguínea , Neoplasias Renais/genética , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Neoplasias Renais/irrigação sanguínea , Neoplasias Renais/diagnóstico por imagem , Feminino , Masculino , Microvasos/patologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Neovascularização Patológica/genética , Neovascularização Patológica/patologia , Adulto , PrognósticoRESUMO
STAT3 is constitutively activated in many cancer types, including lung cancer, and can induce cancer cell proliferation and cancer stem cell (CSC) maintenance. STAT3 is activated by tyrosine kinases, such as JAK and SRC, but the mechanism by which STAT3 maintains its activated state in cancer cells remains unclear. Here, we show that PRMT5 directly methylates STAT3 and enhances its activated tyrosine phosphorylation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. PRMT5 expression is also induced by STAT3, suggesting the presence of a positive feedback loop in cancer cells. Furthermore, methylation of STAT3 at arginine 609 by PRMT5 is important for its transcriptional activity and support of tumour growth and CSC maintenance. Indeed, NSCLC cells expressing the STAT3 mutant which R609 was replaced to alanine (R609K) show significantly impaired tumour growth in nude mice. Overall, our study reveals a mechanism by which STAT3 remains activated in NSCLC and provides a new target for cancer therapeutic approaches.
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Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Proliferação de Células , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Camundongos Nus , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas , Proteína-Arginina N-Metiltransferases , Fator de Transcrição STAT3 , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/genética , Proteína-Arginina N-Metiltransferases/metabolismo , Proteína-Arginina N-Metiltransferases/genética , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/patologia , Animais , Camundongos , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/metabolismo , Metilação , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Fosforilação , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão GênicaRESUMO
A plant used in an Indonesian traditional herbal medicine as a diabetes treatment and known locally as "Jampu Salo" was collected on Sulawesi Island, Indonesia. It was identified as Syzygium oblanceolatum (C. B. Rob.) Merr. (Myrtaceae) and found for the first time in Sulawesi; it was previously reported only in the eastern Philippines and Borneo. A phytochemical study of S. oblanceolatum led to the isolation of three unprecedented meroterpenoids, syzygioblanes A-C (1-3, respectively). These compounds might be biosynthesized through [4+2] cycloaddition of various germacrane-based cyclic sesquiterpenoids with the flavone desmethoxymatteucinol to form a spiro skeleton. The unique and complex structures were elucidated by microcrystal electron diffraction analysis in addition to general analytical techniques such as high-resolution mass spectrometry, various nuclear magnetic resonance methods, and infrared spectroscopy. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and calculations of electronic circular dichroism spectra helped to determine the absolute configurations. The newly isolated compounds exhibited collateral sensitivity to more strongly inhibit the growth of a multidrug resistant tumor cell line compared to a chemosensitive tumor cell line.
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Sesquiterpenos , Syzygium , Sesquiterpenos/química , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologia , Sesquiterpenos/isolamento & purificação , Syzygium/química , Estrutura Molecular , Indonésia , Humanos , Flavanonas/química , Flavanonas/farmacologia , Flavanonas/isolamento & purificação , Medicina Tradicional , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/isolamento & purificação , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Linhagem Celular TumoralRESUMO
PURPOSE: Prostate cancer generally occurs multifocally. The lesions of the largest size and highest-grade are often concordant, and defined as an index tumor. However, these factors sometimes do not coincide within one lesion. In such discordant cases, not the largest size lesion but the highest-grade lesion is known to determine the prognosis. We focused on the multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) detectability of the highest-grade tumors in discordant cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated the detectability of the highest-grade tumor using preoperative mpMRI in 50 discordant patients who underwent radical prostatectomy. The radiologist was informed of the tumor location on the pathological tumor map, and mpMRI interpretation for each tumor was performed. RESULTS: Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) scores of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 on preoperative mpMRI were assigned to 13, 1, 9, 16, and 11 of the largest tumors, respectively. On the other hand, scores of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were assigned to 23, 0, 7, 19, and 1 of the highest-grade tumors, respectively. The difference between them was statistically significant (p=0.007). We also found that the largest anterior tumor frequently hid the ipsilateral posterior highest-grade tumor; the detection rate of the highest-grade tumor in this pattern was 42.1% (8 of 19 cases) CONCLUSION: We found that mpMRI detectability of the highest-grade tumor in discordant cases was inferior to that of the largest tumor with low malignant potential. Our results suggest that the risk of high-grade tumors which determine patient prognosis being overlooked.
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Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética Multiparamétrica , Gradação de Tumores , Prostatectomia , Neoplasias da Próstata , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias da Próstata/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/cirurgia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética Multiparamétrica/métodos , Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Próstata/patologia , Próstata/diagnóstico por imagem , Próstata/cirurgiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is widely performed for a number of hormone-producing tumors and postoperative management depends on the hormones produced. In the present study, we conducted a retrospective analysis to clarify the risk factors for postoperative complications, particularly postoperative fever after laparoscopic adrenalectomy. METHODS: We analyzed 406 patients who underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy at our hospital between 2003 and 2019. Postoperative fever was defined as a fever of 38 °C or higher within 72 h after surgery. We investigated the risk factors for postoperative fever after laparoscopic adrenalectomy. RESULTS: There were 188 males (46%) and 218 females (54%) with a median age of 52 years. Among these patients, tumor pathologies included 188 primary aldosteronism (46%), 75 Cushing syndrome (18%), and 80 pheochromocytoma (20%). Postoperative fever developed in 124 of all patients (31%), 30% of those with primary aldosteronism, 53% of those with pheochromocytoma, and 8% of those with Cushing syndrome. A multivariate logistic regression analysis identified pheochromocytoma and non-Cushing syndrome as independent predictors of postoperative fever. Postoperative fever was observed in 42 out of 80 cases of pheochromocytoma (53%), which was significantly higher than in cases of non-pheochromocytoma (82/326, 25%, p < 0.01). In contrast, postoperative fever developed in 6 out of 75 cases of Cushing syndrome (8%), which was significantly lower than in cases of non-Cushing syndrome (118/331, 35.6%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Since postoperative fever after laparoscopic adrenalectomy is markedly affected by the hormone produced by pheochromocytoma and Cushing syndrome, it is important to carefully consider the need for treatment.
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Neoplasias das Glândulas Suprarrenais , Síndrome de Cushing , Hiperaldosteronismo , Laparoscopia , Feocromocitoma , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adrenalectomia/efeitos adversos , Síndrome de Cushing/cirurgia , Feocromocitoma/cirurgia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Laparoscopia/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias das Glândulas Suprarrenais/cirurgia , Neoplasias das Glândulas Suprarrenais/patologia , Fatores de Risco , Hiperaldosteronismo/cirurgia , HormôniosRESUMO
PURPOSE: The diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography urography for upper tract urothelial carcinoma is high; however, difficulties are associated with precisely assessing the T stage. Preoperative tumor staging has an impact on treatment options for upper tract urothelial carcinoma. We herein attempted to identify preoperative factors that predict pathological tumor up-staging, which will facilitate the selection of treatment strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively identified 148 patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma who underwent computed tomography urography preoperatively followed by radical nephroureterectomy without preoperative chemotherapy at our institution between 2000 and 2021. Preoperative factors associated with cT2 or lower to pT3 up-staging were examined using a multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Ninety out of 148 patients were diagnosed with cT2 or lower, and 22 (24%) were up-staged to pT3. A multivariate analysis identified a positive voided urine cytology (HR 4.69, p = 0.023) and tumor length ≥ 3 cm (HR 6.33, p = 0.003) as independent predictors of pathological tumor up-staging. CONCLUSIONS: Patients diagnosed with cT2 or lower, but with preoperative positive voided urine cytology and/or tumor diameter ≥ 3 cm need to be considered for treatment as cT3.
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Carcinoma de Células de Transição , Neoplasias Ureterais , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária , Humanos , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/patologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/patologia , Nefroureterectomia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Neoplasias Ureterais/cirurgiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although several studies have shown favorable outcomes in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) with fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) mutations and/or expression, the relationship between immune cell markers and FGFR3 expression remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: To clarify the FGFR3-based immune microenvironment and investigate biomarkers to predict the treatment response to pembrolizumab (Pem) in patients with UTUC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We conducted immunohistochemical staining in 214 patients with UTUC. The expression levels of FGFR3, CD4, CD8, CD68, CD163, CD204, and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) were examined. INTERVENTION: All UTUC patients underwent radical nephroureterectomy. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: We assessed the relationship between these immune markers and patient prognosis. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: A total of 109 (50.9%) patients showed high FGFR3 expressions and a favorable prognosis compared with the remaining patients. Among the six immune markers, CD8 high expression was an independent favorable factor, whereas CD204 expression was an independent prognostic factor for cancer death. From the FGFR3-based immune clustering, three immune clusters were identified. Cluster A showed low FGFR3 with tumor-associated macrophage-rich components (CD204+) followed by a poor prognosis due to a poor response to Pem. Cluster B showed low FGFR3 with an immune hot component (CD8+), followed by the most favorable prognosis owing to a good response to Pem. Cluster C showed high FGFR3 expression but an immune cold component, followed by a favorable prognosis due to the high FGFR3 expression, but a poor response was confirmed with Pem. CONCLUSIONS: Although most patients exhibit a poor response to Pem, individuals with low FGFR3 expression and immune hot status may benefit clinically from Pem treatment. PATIENT SUMMARY: We conducted immunohistochemical staining to evaluate fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3)-related immune microenvironment by evaluating the expressions of CD4, CD8, CD68, CD163, CD204, and PD-L1 in 214 upper tract urothelial carcinoma patients. We identified three distinct immune clusters based on FGFR3 expressions and found that patients with a low FGFR3 expression but immune hot status received the maximum benefit from an immune checkpoint inhibitor.
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INTRODUCTION: To investigate the impact of prostatic shape observed on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on the difficulty of robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the operative records of 211 patients who underwent RALP. We excluded patients who received neoadjuvant therapy. All surgeries in this study were performed by two surgeons. Each patient clinicopathological and surgical data were reviewed. Prostate sphericity was evaluated by measuring the roundness of the prostate at the largest axial slice by MRI. The console time was adopted as an objective indicator for assessing surgical difficulty. RESULTS: The mean prostate volume was 34 cc (range 14-88) and the mean prostate roundness was 0.55 (range 0.24-0.90). The mean console time was 194 min (range 95-296). To assess the relationship between prostate volume and console time, scatter plot analysis was performed. The prostate volume had a weak positive correlation with the console time (r = .165, p = .016). Similarly, scatter plot analysis between the prostate roundness and console time demonstrated a weak positive correlation (r = .167, p = .015). Next, we performed subgroup analysis of 56 patients with a large prostate volume (≥40 cc), and the positive correlation between the prostate volume and the console time disappeared (r = .142, p = .296). On the other hand, the prostate roundness was more strongly correlated with the console time (r = .439, p = .001). CONCLUSIONS: The spherical shape of the prostate is associated with the surgical difficulty of RALP, especially in patients with a large prostate volume.
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Laparoscopia , Neoplasias da Próstata , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Robóticos , Robótica , Masculino , Humanos , Próstata/cirurgia , Próstata/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Neoplasias da Próstata/cirurgia , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Laparoscopia/métodos , Prostatectomia/métodos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Robóticos/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Due to an increase in life expectancy, the incidence of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) in patients aged ≥75 years has been increasing. In this study we investigated the characteristics before treatment and the outcomes of systemic therapies for patients aged ≥75 years with mRCC and compared the results with those for patients aged < 75 years in order to determine whether differences in age influenced survival. METHODS: A total of 206 consecutive Japanese patients with mRCC, including 47 patients aged ≥75 years, who received systemic therapy were included. Clinical data from medical records were retrieved and analyzed retrospectively. Survival analyses were determined using a Kaplan-Meier method, and analyzed with a log-rank test. RESULTS: Elderly patients categorized as favorable risk group based on the International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium (IMDC) stratification system were significantly lower. Among IMDC risk factors, the rate of anemia was significantly higher in elderly patients. No statistically significant benefit in progression free survival for first and second line treatment was observed, whereas improvements in overall survival as well as cancer specific survival were seen in patients aged < 75 years. CONCLUSIONS: For mRCC patients aged ≥75 years, a higher proportion of base line anemia, which resulted in higher rates of IMDC intermediate/poor risk, would be responsible for shorter OS/CSS. Furthermore, mRCC patients aged ≥75 years tend to receive BSC instead of second line active treatment. Overcoming under-treatment in elderly patients might help to prolong survival in mRCC.
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Carcinoma de Células Renais , Neoplasias Renais , Idoso , Humanos , Carcinoma de Células Renais/patologia , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Prognóstico , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
PURPOSE: Several preoperative factors have been suggested to be risk factors of disease recurrence after radical cystectomy. There is no study focusing on the impact on prognosis of bladder tumor ureteral invasion in preoperative imaging. METHODS: The study population consisted of 136 patients, all of whom underwent radical cystectomy during the period between 2007-2019. We excluded patients with concurrent or a history of upper tract urothelial carcinoma and who underwent radical cystectomy for other cancers or nononcologic reasons. The starting point of this study was the timing of neoadjuvant chemotherapy or radical cystectomy and the endpoint was the timing of disease recurrence. To identify the factors influencing recurrence, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the Cox proportional hazard model. Recurrence-free survival curves were constructed using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Ureteral invasion was observed in 20 (14.7%) patients. Disease recurrence was observed in 11 (55.0%) of 20 ureteral invasion positive patients and 35 (30.2%) of 116 ureteral invasion negative patients, respectively. In the ureteral invasion positive group, clinical T and N stage were higher and hydronephrosis were more common than in the ureteral invasion negative group. According to the multivariate analysis, ureteral invasion (hazard ratio: 2.307, p = 0.016) and clinical N stage ≥ 1 (hazard ratio: 2.140, p = 0.028) were independent risk factors for postoperative recurrence. In the ureteral invasion positive group, more local recurrences were observed. CONCLUSION: This study suggested that ureteral invasion in preoperative imaging is a significant risk factor for postoperative recurrence.
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Carcinoma de Células de Transição , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária , Humanos , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/patologia , Prognóstico , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/patologia , Cistectomia/métodos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Keloids are benign fibroproliferative skin tumors caused by aberrant wound healing that can negatively impact patient quality of life. The lack of animal models has limited research on pathogenesis or developing effective treatments, and the etiology of keloids remains unknown. Here, we found that the characteristics of stem-like cells from keloid lesions and the surrounding dermis differ from those of normal skin. Furthermore, the HEDGEHOG (HH) signal and its downstream transcription factor GLI1 were upregulated in keloid patient-derived stem-like cells. Inhibition of the HH-GLI1 pathway reduced the expression of genes involved in keloids and fibrosis-inducing cytokines, including osteopontin. Moreover, the HH signal inhibitor vismodegib reduced keloid reconstituted tumor size and keloid-related gene expression in nude mice and the collagen bundle and expression of cytokines characteristic for keloids in ex vivo culture of keloid tissues. These results implicate the HH-GLI1 pathway in keloid pathogenesis and suggest therapeutic targets of keloids.
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Queloide , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Citocinas , Proteínas Hedgehog/genética , Queloide/tratamento farmacológico , Queloide/genética , Queloide/metabolismo , Camundongos Nus , Qualidade de Vida , Proteína GLI1 em Dedos de Zinco/genética , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
"Farm HACCP" incorporates the concept of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) into farm animal husbandry and sanitation management to ensure the safety of livestock products and improve productivity. Implementing farm HACCP may reduce the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are derived from livestock manure and are responsible for odors, PM2.5 , and photochemical oxidants. In this study, the effects of implementing farm HACCP on the emissions, composition, and environmental impact of VOCs from sheds were evaluated. VOCs in swine, dairy cattle, and hen sheds were measured before and after implementing farm HACCP. After implementing farm HACCP, the concentrations in the sheds were 55%-80% lower than the concentration in the sheds before. Odor activity values decreased in the cattle and hen sheds, whereas they increased in the swine shed. In addition, OH radical reactivity, an indicator of reactivity with OH radicals, decreased in all sheds. Finally, the emission rates of VOCs from each shed were estimated to be 42%-97% lower. These results suggest that implementing farm HACCP can reduce emissions of VOCs from livestock industries.
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Poluentes Atmosféricos , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis , Animais , Feminino , Bovinos , Suínos , Gado , Fazendas , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/análise , Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle , Japão , Galinhas , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análiseRESUMO
Tumor suppressor p53 plays a central role in response to DNA damage. DNA-damaging agents modulate nuclear actin dynamics, influencing cell behaviors; however, whether p53 affects the formation of nuclear actin filaments remains unclear. In this study, we found that p53 depletion promoted the formation of nuclear actin filaments in response to DNA-damaging agents, such as doxorubicin (DOXO) and etoposide (VP16). Even though the genetic probes used for the detection of nuclear actin filaments exerted a promotive effect on actin polymerization, the detected formation of nuclear actin filaments was highly dependent on both p53 depletion and DNA damage. Whilst active p53 is known to promote caspase-1 expression, the overexpression of caspase-1 reduced DNA damage-induced formation of nuclear actin filaments in p53-depleted cells. In contrast, co-treatment with DOXO and the pan-caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPh or the caspase-1 inhibitor Z-YVAD-FMK induced the formation of nuclear actin filament formation even in cells bearing wild-type p53. These results suggest that the p53-caspase-1 axis suppresses DNA damage-induced formation of nuclear actin filaments. In addition, we found that the expression of nLifeact-GFP, the filamentous-actin-binding peptide Lifeact fused with the nuclear localization signal (NLS) and GFP, modulated the structure of nuclear actin filaments to be phalloidin-stainable in p53-depleted cells treated with the DNA-damaging agent, altering the chromatin structure and reducing the transcriptional activity. The level of phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX), a marker of DNA damage, in these cells also reduced upon nLifeact-GFP expression, whilst details of the functional relationship between the formation of nLifeact-GFP-decorated nuclear actin filaments and DNA repair remained to be elucidated. Considering that the loss of p53 is associated with cancer progression, the results of this study raise a possibility that the artificial reinforcement of nuclear actin filaments by nLifeact-GFP may enhance the cytotoxic effect of DNA-damaging agents in aggressive cancer cells through a reduction in gene transcription.
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Actinas , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53 , Actinas/metabolismo , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Citoesqueleto de Actina/metabolismo , Dano ao DNA , Caspases/metabolismo , DNA/metabolismoRESUMO
We performed surgical treatment for cerebellar metastasis of relatively rare small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNC) of the urinary bladder. On preoperative imaging, the lesion was solitary, and the edema around the tumor was unremarkable; thus, other differential diagnoses besides a metastatic brain tumor were also considered preoperatively. Intraoperatively, the tumor was soft, and the circumference brain and boundary were indistinct and easily hemorrhagic. The tumor was grossly totally removed, and postoperative radiotherapy was added. The clinical symptoms of the patient were relieved, and he was discharged on foot. Thus far, relatively few reports have described surgical treatment of brain metastases of SCNC of the urinary bladder. We herein report a case of metastatic brain tumor due to SCNC of the urinary bladder that required surgical treatment, along with a review of the previous literature regarding its clinical features and the characteristics of intracranial lesions related to surgery, such as imaging and intraoperative findings.
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BACKGROUND: Osimertinib was first approved for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients who have developed the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) T790M mutation after treatment with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). We routinely evaluated the plasma of NSCLC patients with the T790M mutation to more rapidly detect an increase in disease activity and resistance to treatment. METHODS: Eligible patients received osimertinib after resistance to the first- or second-generation of EGFR-TKIs in NSCLC harboring T790M mutation detectable in tumor tissue or plasma. Plasma samples were collected every 8 weeks during osimertinib treatment. The plasma analysis was performed using an improved PNA-LNA PCR clamp method. We tested samples for a resistance mechanism, including EGFR-activating, T790M, and C797S mutations, and assessed the association between the mutations and osimertinib treatment. RESULTS: Of the 60 patients enrolled in the study, 58 were eligible for this analysis. In plasma collected before osimertinib treatment, activating mutations were detected in 47 of 58 patients (81.0%) and T790M was detected in 44 patients (75.9%). Activating mutations were cleared in 60.9% (28/46) and T790M was cleared in 93.0% (40/43). Of these, 71.4% (20/28) of activating mutations and 87.5% (35/40) of T790M mutation were cleared within 8 weeks of treatment. The total response rate (RR) was 53.4% (31/58). The median duration of treatment was 259 days, with a trend toward longer treatment duration in patients who experienced the clearance of activating mutations with osimertinib. At the time of disease progression during osimertinib treatment, C797S was detected in 3 of 37 patients (8.1%). CONCLUSION: Plasma EGFR mutation analysis was effective in predicting the effect of osimertinib treatment.
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PURPOSE: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is thought to be undetectable (< 0.1 ng/mL) after radical prostatectomy (RP), and persistent PSA (≥ 0.1 ng/mL) is considered a failure of curative treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 135 patients, all of whom underwent RP for localized prostate cancer, and developed persistent PSA. We set the starting point at the timing of RP, and the endpoints were the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and cancer-specific survival. RESULTS: Salvage radiation therapy (RT) and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) were performed in 53 (39.3%) and 64 (47.4%) patients, respectively. Eighteen (13.3%) patients didn't receive any salvage treatment. During the median follow-up of 10.1 years, CRPC was observed in 23 patients, and 6 patients died due to prostate cancer. Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated the 15-year CRPC-free and cancer-specific survivals were 79.5% and 92.7%, respectively. Cox multivariate analysis demonstrated that seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) (p = 0.007) and nadir PSA ≥1.0 ng/mL (p = 0.002) were independent risk factors for CRPC. Salvage RT demonstrated better cancer control (the 10-and 15-year CRPC-free survival was 94.1% and 94.1%) compared to ADT (75.9% and 58.5%, p = 0.017) after 1:1 propensity score matching. CONCLUSIONS: SVI and nadir PSA ≥1.0 ng/mL are independent risk factors for CRPC in patients with persistent PSA after RP. Salvage RT is considered to be the optimal treatment for this condition.