RESUMO
The endothelium lines the interior surface of blood vessels, and under pathophysiologic conditions, its integrity can be compromised due to a disturbance in the expression of tight junctions. Donepezil is a licensed drug used in the palliative treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Increasing evidence has reported that donepezil has an anti-inflammatory activity. However, little information is available regarding the role of donepezil in vascular diseases. In this study, we found that pretreatment with donepezil significantly ameliorated endothelial permeability induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) by restoring the expression of the tight junction proteins vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Mechanistically, our results indicate that donepezil regulates the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1), but not matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) or tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2 (TIMP-2). Importantly, the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/ serine-threonine kinase (AKT)/ nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway was found to be involved in this process. These results suggest that donepezil may potentially play an important therapeutic role in vascular diseases.
Assuntos
Endotélio/efeitos dos fármacos , Endotélio/metabolismo , Indanos/farmacologia , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Donepezila , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/metabolismo , Humanos , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/metabolismo , Permeabilidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidor Tecidual de Metaloproteinase-1/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inibidores , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/farmacologiaRESUMO
Recruitment of monocytes to endothelial cells is important during early stages of atherosclerosis development, which is activated in response to a number of inflammatory stimuli, including oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). Montelukast is a licensed drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and clinically used for the treatment of asthma by reducing the eosinophilic inflammation in the airway. Little information regarding the effects of Montelukast on endothelial inflammation has been reported before. In the current study, we found that Montelukast markedly reduced ox-LDL-induced monocyte adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In addition, the inhibitory mechanism of Montelukast was associated with suppression of adhesion molecule expression, including VCAM-1 and E-selectin. Mechanistically, ERK5 mediated expression of the transcriptional factor KLF2 was found to be involved in the anti-inflammation effects of Montelukast against ox-LDL induced endothelial inflammation. Results indicate that Montelukast plays a protective role in the early stages of atherosclerosis.
Assuntos
Acetatos/farmacologia , Endotélio Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipoproteínas LDL/farmacologia , Monócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Quinolinas/farmacologia , Acetatos/química , Antiasmáticos/química , Antiasmáticos/farmacologia , Aterosclerose/tratamento farmacológico , Aterosclerose/prevenção & controle , Western Blotting , Adesão Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Células Cultivadas , Ciclopropanos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Selectina E/genética , Selectina E/metabolismo , Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/metabolismo , Humanos , Fatores de Transcrição Kruppel-Like/genética , Fatores de Transcrição Kruppel-Like/metabolismo , Proteína Quinase 7 Ativada por Mitógeno/genética , Proteína Quinase 7 Ativada por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Estrutura Molecular , Monócitos/metabolismo , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacologia , Quinolinas/química , Interferência de RNA , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Sulfetos , Molécula 1 de Adesão de Célula Vascular/genética , Molécula 1 de Adesão de Célula Vascular/metabolismoRESUMO
Among the protease-producing bacterial strains isolated from deep-sea sediments, SWJS2 was finally selected and identified as genus Exiguobacterium. Plackett-Burman and orthogonal array designs were applied to optimize the fermentation conditions, and the results are as follows: Glucose 5g, yeast extract 15g, glycerin 2g and CaCl2 â 2H2 O 0.5 g dissolved in 1 L artificial seawater; temperature 25 °C, original pH 7, inoculum rate 2%, seed age 12 H, loading volume 25 mL (250-mL Erlenmeyer flask), shaking speed 150 rpm, and fermentation time 44 H. The protease activity production was improved from about 80 to 660 U/mL under the optimized parameters. The protease was purified fourfold with specificity activity of 30,654.1 U/mg protein and a total yield of 16.2%. The protease exhibited the maximum activity at 40-45 °C and pH 7. Moreover, the enzyme activity was found to be inhibited by Cu(2+) , Ba(2+) , Cd(2+) , Hg(2+) , and Al(3+) at 5 mM, whereas it can be increased by Mg(2+) , Mn(2+) , and Ca(2+) at 0.5-5 mM. The enzyme was totally inactivated by 1 or 5 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid but not by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, tyrpsin inhibitor from Glycine max (STI), benzamidine, 5,5'-dithio-bis-(2-nitro benzoic acid), or pepstatin A, suggesting that it belonged to metalloprotease.