Sleep Deprivation Impairs Human Cognitive Reappraisal Ability: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Purpose: This study aims to examine the impact of sleep deprivation on individual cognitive reappraisal ability using a standardized behavioral paradigm. Methods: A randomized pretest-posttest control group design was conducted. Thirty-nine participants were eventually enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either the sleep control (SC: n = 17) or the sleep deprivation (SD: n = 22). Both of them were required to perform a standardized behavioral paradigm of measuring cognitive reappraisal ability one time under sleep-rested condition and another time under the condition of different sleep manipulation a week later. Results: Mean valence ratings of SD group were more negative than SC group's (p < 0.05) and mean arousal ratings of SD group were higher than SC group's (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Sleep deprivation may impair individual cognitive reappraisal ability and could potentially undermine the efficacy of cognitive therapy in terms of emotion regulation.

A pooled analysis of adding olanzapine to guideline-recommended antiemetic therapy for breast cancer patients treated with an anthracycline and cyclophosphamide in prospective and retrospective studies.

PURPOSE: As an antipsychotic agent that targets multiple neurotransmitter receptors, olanzapine has been added to antiemetic therapies. For better understanding the application of olanzapine in antiemetic strategies for breast cancer patients who suffered anthracycline plus cyclophosphamide-induced nausea and vomiting, we comprehensively reviewed the antiemetic researches related to olanzapine and pooled-analyzed the results to confirm the efficacy and safety of olanzapine in breast cancer. METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases were searched from inception through Sep 15, 2021. Both prospective and retrospective studies were eligible. The primary outcomes were complete response (defined as no vomiting and no use of rescue medications) and no nausea rate, and the secondary outcome was treatment-related adverse events. RESULTS: Four studies with 466 breast cancer patients were identified in the pooled analysis. In the acute period (0-24 h), the olanzapine group had significantly higher rates of complete response (71.3% vs 48.1%, odds ratio [OR]: 2.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.39-5.11, p = 0.003) and no nausea (70.0% vs 43.0%, OR: 3.55, 95% CI 1.76-7.18, p = 0.04) than the placebo group, while in the delayed period, the olanzapine group was also superior to the placebo group in terms of the complete response (82.5% vs 63.3%, OR: 3.81, 95% CI 1.58-9.15, p = 0.003) and no nausea (66.3% vs 51.9%, OR: 2.08, 95% CI 1.03-4.21, p = 0.04) rates. During the overall period in prospective studies, the proportions of complete response (50.0% vs 34.2%, OR: 1.93, p = 0.04) and no nausea (51.3% vs 25.3%, OR: 3.40, p = 0.0006) in the olanzapine group were higher than those in the placebo group. CONCLUSION: Highly emetogenic chemotherapy breast patients could benefit from olanzapine-contained antiemetic therapy. Furthermore, since the cost is low, olanzapine is worth further clinical application and promotion.

Effect of restricting bedtime mobile phone use on sleep, arousal, mood, and working memory: A randomized pilot trial.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the effects of restricting mobile phone use before bedtime on sleep, pre-sleep arousal, mood, and working memory. METHODS: Thirty-eight participants were randomized to either an intervention group (n = 19), where members were instructed to avoid using their mobile phone 30 minutes before bedtime, or a control group (n = 19), where the participants were given no such instructions. Sleep habit, sleep quality, pre-sleep arousal and mood were measured using the sleep diary, the Pittsburgh sleep quality index, the Pre-sleep Arousal Scale and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule respectively. Working memory was tested by using the 0-,1-,2-back task (n-back task). RESULTS: Restricting mobile phone use before bedtime for four weeks was effective in reducing sleep latency, increasing sleep duration, improving sleep quality, reducing pre-sleep arousal, and improving positive affect and working memory. CONCLUSIONS: Restricting mobile phone use close to bedtime reduced sleep latency and pre-sleep arousal and increased sleep duration and working memory. This simple change to moderate usage was recommended to individuals with sleep disturbances.

Design, synthesis, and antitubercular activity of 3-amidophenols with 5-heteroatomic substitutions.

A series of novel 3-amidophenols with 5-heteroatomic substitutions were designed and synthesized. Several compounds showed potent antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra (MIC = 0.25-5 µg/mL). Compounds 12j and 14i also displayed good inhibitory activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv and two clinically isolated multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains (MIC = 0.39-3.12 µg/mL). The privileged compound 14i showed certain oral efficacy on a mouse infection model. The compounds are non-cytotoxic against L-O2 hepatocytes and RAW264.7 macrophagocytes. They did not exert inhibitory activity against representative Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Discovery of meta-Amido Bromophenols as New Antitubercular Agents.

A series of meta-amido bromophenol derivatives were designed and synthesized. The compounds were found to potently inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra. They also exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and multidrug-resistant strains. The compounds did not show inhibitory activity against normal Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Moderate cytotoxicities and good metabolic stability were observed for the selected compounds. The results demonstrated meta-amido bromophenols as a new class of antitubercular agents with good potentials.

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of m-amidophenol derivatives as a new class of antitubercular agents.

A series of m-amidophenol derivatives (6a-6l, 7a-7q, 9a, 9b, 12a-12c, 14 and 15) were designed and synthesized. Their antitubercular activities were evaluated in vitro against M. tuberculosis strains H37Ra and H37Rv and clinically isolated multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains. Ten compounds displayed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against M. tuberculosis H37Ra below 2.5 µg mL-1 and 6g was the most active compound (MIC = 0.625 µg mL-1). Compounds 6g and 7a also showed potent inhibitory activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (MIC = 0.39 µg mL-1) and several clinically isolated multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains (MIC = 0.39-3.125 µg mL-1). The compounds did not show inhibitory activity against normal Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. They exhibited low cytotoxicity against HepG2 and RAW264.7 cell lines. The results demonstrated m-amidophenol as an attractive scaffold for the development of new antitubercular agents.

Effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicineas as an Adjunct Therapy for Refractory Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis.

Although recent studies focused on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of refractory schizophrenia have reported that it may be beneficial, there is still lack of convincing evidence and critical meta-analytic work regarding its effectiveness as an adjunctive therapy. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to investigate the effectiveness of TCM in combination with antipsychotics for refractory schizophrenia. Fourteen articles involving 1725 patients published as of December 2016 were included which compared antipsychotic therapies to either TCM alone, or TCM as an adjunctive therapy. TCM was observed to have beneficial effects on aspects of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) including total score changes and negative score changes, as well as clinical effects estimated with PANSS or the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). The changes in extrapyramidal side effects (RSESE) scores from baseline to the end of the treatment period were similar in two groups of related trials. TCM was also reported to mitigate some anti-psychotic related side-effects and overall, TCM adjuvant therapy was generally safe and well tolerated. While, the results indicated the potential utility of TCM as an alternative adjunctive therapeutic for refractory schizophrenia treatment, there remains a need for further high-quality studies.

Correlation Between Brain Activation Changes and Cognitive Improvement Following Cognitive Remediation Therapy in Schizophrenia: An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Several studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have indicated that cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) might improve cognitive function by changing brain activations in patients with schizophrenia. However, the results were not consistent in these changed brain areas in different studies. The present activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis was conducted to investigate whether cognitive function change was accompanied by the brain activation changes, and where the main areas most related to these changes were in schizophrenia patients after CRT. Analyses of whole-brain studies and whole-brain + region of interest (ROI) studies were compared to explore the effect of the different methodologies on the results. METHODS: A computerized systematic search was conducted to collect fMRI and PET studies on brain activation changes in schizophrenia patients from pre- to post-CRT. Nine studies using fMRI techniques were included in the meta-analysis. Ginger ALE 2.3.1 was used to perform meta-analysis across these imaging studies. RESULTS: The main areas with increased brain activation were in frontal and parietal lobe, including left medial frontal gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus, right postcentral gyrus, and inferior parietal lobule in patients after CRT, yet no decreased brain activation was found. Although similar increased activation brain areas were identified in ALE with or without ROI studies, analysis including ROI studies had a higher ALE value. CONCLUSIONS: The current findings suggest that CRT might improve the cognition of schizophrenia patients by increasing activations of the frontal and parietal lobe. In addition, it might provide more evidence to confirm results by including ROI studies in ALE meta-analysis.

P300 aberration in first-episode schizophrenia patients: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Decreased P300 amplitude is one of the most consistent findings in patients with schizophrenia. However, whether prolonged P300 latency occurs in patients with schizophrenia, especially first-episode schizophrenia (FES) patients, remains controversial. METHODS: A meta-analyses of P300 aberration in FES patients and healthy control(HC) group was conducted. The meta-regression analysis was performed using a random effects model. The pooled standardized effect size (PSES) was calculated as the division of the difference between the means of the two groups by the common standard deviation. RESULTS: A total of 569 FES patients and 747 HCs were included in this meta-analysis. P300 amplitude was significantly reduced (PSES = -0.83, 95% CI: -1.02-0.65, P = 0.00001) and P300 latency was delayed significantly in FES patients (PSES = -0.48, 95% CI: 0.14-0.81, P = 0.005). The meta-regression analysis showed that task difficulty was a source of heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS: The meta-analysis confirms that disrupted information processing is found in FES patients, which is manifested by smaller P300 amplitude and delayed P300 latency.

Nonlinear dynamics of electroencephalography study in schizophrenic patients.

BACKGROUND: Few characteristic changes of linear electroencephalograph (EEG) have been reported in schizophrenia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the changes in temporal-spatial dimensional properties of EEG under different cognitive tasks in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: EEG was recorded by using EEG-1518K system and mapping system (Nihon Kohden Tomioka Corporation, Japan) in 45 schizophrenic patients and 47 healthy adults (normal control, NC) under five states: eyes closed, eyes open, mental arithmetic test with eyes closed, memory test with eyes open, and number cancellation test. Correlation dimension (D2) and point-wise correlation dimension (PD2) were calculated for all EEG analyses. RESULTS: (1) There were no significant differences of D2 and PD2 between NC and schizophrenic patients under states of eyes open and closed. (2) Compared with NC, schizophrenic patients showed decreased performance of D2 in mental arithmetic test with eyes closed and number cancellation test (mental arithmetic test with eyes closed: Nc 5.9 ± 0.6, Sch 3.0 ± 0.8; number cancellation test: Nc 6.0 ± 0.6, Sch 4.4 ± 0.7; P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). (3) Schizophrenic patients also showed decrease performance of PD2 in mental arithmetic test with eyes closed, memory test with eyes open, and number cancellation test (mental arithmetic test with eyes closed: Nc 6.9 ± 0.7, Sch 4.0 ± 0.8; memory test with eyes open: Nc 6.6 ± 0.8, Sch 5.0 ± 0.9; number cancellation test: Nc 7.1 ± 0.7, Sch 4.8 ± 0.9; P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Nonlinear dynamic analysis provided a new approach in clinical investigation of EEG signals. It was helpful to further understand the cerebral mechanism in schizophrenic cognitive process.

[Diagnostic P300 threshold based on the analysis of receiver operating characteristic curve].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the diagnostic application of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of P300 amplitude and latency in schizophrenia. METHODS: ROC curve of P300 amplitude and latency was plotted from 91 first episode schizophrenia (FES) and 141 normal controls (NC). Youden's index and distance were calculated in ROC curve to determine the optimal cutoff point of P300 amplitude and latency for schizophrenic diagnosis. Then the subjects were layered by gender and age for improved diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS: The area under ROC curve for P300 amplitude for predicting schizophrenia was 0.746 (P < 0.001), while P300 latency showed poor power in predicting schizophrenia (P = 0.373). The optimal cutoff point of P300 amplitude was 5.097 µV with a sensitivity of 80.14% and a specificity of 63.74%. After gender and age stratification, Youden' s index was enhanced in all 5 subgroups (from 1.8% to 14.88%) and the sensitivities of corresponding cutoff were enhanced obviously in subgroups of males (25.01%), ≤ 25 years (22.22%) and >40 years (28.80%) patients. CONCLUSION: P300 amplitude has certain values in schizophrenic diagnosis. Gender and age stratification may enhance the diagnostic efficiency of ROC curve in the diagnosis of frequent schizophrenia.

[Preliminary study on variations and neural generators of error-related negativity in first episode schizophrenics].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the variations and their activated brain areas of error-related negativity (ERN) in first episode schizophrenics. METHODS: ERN was tested by an ERP device and their activated brain areas were compared in 58 first episode schizophrenics (FES) and 62 normal controls (NC) from March 2010 to February 2011. RESULTS: (1) The ERN latencies in the FES group were significantly longer on Cz (58 ± 14 ms), Fz (60 ± 11 ms), C3 (57 ± 17 ms) and C4 (60 ± 13 ms) electrodes compared with those in the NC group (49 ± 13 ms, 47 ± 13 ms, 50 ± 14 ms, 51 ± 12 ms). And the ERN amplitudes were significantly lower than those in the controls in Cz (5.0 ± 2.8 µV; 7.5 ± 3.1 µV, P < 0.01), C3 (5.5 ± 4.0 µV; 8.0 ± 3.7 µV, P < 0.01), Fz (5.0 ± 3.1 µV; 7.7 ± 3.8 µV, P < 0.01) and Pz (4.5 ± 3.3 µV: 7.5 ± 3.0 µV, P < 0.01) electrodes.(2) The variations of ERN latencies and amplitudes showed an insignificant correlation with the positive symptom scores and total scores of PANSS. (3) The activation levels of insula, superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule were obviously lower in the FES group than those in the NC group. CONCLUSION: The anomalies of ERN latencies and amplitudes in first episode schizophrenics may reflect the deficient error-monitoring functions. Further studies are warranted. And such brain areas as insular may contribute pathogenically to the dysfunctions of error-monitoring in schizophrenics.

[N400 changes elicited by Chinese sentences in first episode schizophrenia].

OBJECTIVE: To explore N400 changes elicited by Chinese sentences ending with matching (congruent) or mismatching (incongruent) words in first episode schizophrenia. METHODS: ERP (event-related potentials) component N400 were recorded by an ERP device in 56 first episode schizophrenia (FES) and 62 normal controls (NC) according to a paradigm of Chinese sentences ending with matching or mismatching words. RESULTS: (1) Latencies: compared with NC, FES showed prolonged N400 latencies in five areas at pre-treatment: in Cz. The latencies were (358 ms ± 32 ms vs 394 ms ± 45 ms, P < 0.01) in congruent and (410 ms ± 29 ms vs 446 ms ± 35 ms, P < 0.01) in incongruent situation. And so did in Fz, Pz, C3 and C4; (2) amplitudes: compared with NC, FES also showed smaller N400 amplitudes in five areas at pre-treatment. The amplitudes were (8.6 µV ± 5.1 µV vs 5.2 µV ± 4.6 µV, P < 0.01) in congruent and (13.4 µV ± 6.7 µV vs 8.5 µV ± 5.9 µV, P < 0.01) in incongruent situation. And so did in Fz, Pz, C3 and C4; (3) the prolonged N400 latencies and decreased amplitudes were negatively correlated with the patients' positive scale and total scale of PANSS. CONCLUSION: With clear priming effect in first episode schizophrenia, Chinese sentences are suitable stimuli in N400 experiment. They may be used for further study of neural mechanism and early diagnosis of schizophrenia.

N400 elicited by incongruent ending words of Chinese idioms in healthy adults.

BACKGROUND: Prior research about N400 has been mainly based on English stimuli, while the cognitive processing of Chinese characters is still unclear. The aim of the present study was to further investigate the semantic processing of Chinese idioms. METHODS: Event related potentials (ERP) component N400 was elicited by 38 pairs of matching (congruent) and mismatching (incongruent) ended Chinese idioms: ending words with same phoneme but different shape and meaning (sPdSdM), with similar shape but different phoneme and meaning (sSdPdM), with same meaning but different phoneme and shape (sMdPdS), and words with different phoneme, shape and meaning (dPdSdM) and recorded by Guangzhou Runjie WJ-1 ERP instruments. In 62 right-handed healthy adults (age 19 - 50 years), N400 amplitudes and latencies were compared between matching and mismatching conditions at Fz, Cz and Pz. RESULTS: N400 showed a midline distribution and could be elicited in electrodes Fz, Cz and Pz. The mean values of N400 latencies and amplitudes were obtained for matching and mismatching ending words in healthy adults. Significant differences were found in N400 latencies and amplitudes in matching and mismatching ending-words idioms in healthy adults (P < 0.05). Compared with matching ending-words idioms, N400 latencies were prolonged and the amplitudes were increased in mismatching ones. N400s elicited by different types of stimuli showed different latencies and amplitudes, and longest N400 latency and largest N400 amplitude were elicited by ending-words with dPdSdM. No gender difference was found of N400 latency and amplitude in this study (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with English stimuli, Chinese ideographic words could provide more flexible stimuli for N400 research in that the words have 3-dimension changes - phoneme, shape and meaning. Features of N400 elicited by matching and mismatching ending words in Chinese idioms are mainly determined by the meaning of the word. Some issues of N400 elicited by Chinese characters deserve further research.

[Experimental study on sensory gating in generalized anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorders].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the characteristics of sensory gating P50 in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) patients. METHODS: Auditory evoked potentials P50 were recorded in 41 GAD patients, 69 OCD patients and in 58 normal controls by the conditioning/testing paradigm presented with auditory double clicks stimuli, using American Nicolet Bravo instrument. RESULTS: (1) No significant differences was found in latencies of S1-P50 and S2-P50 among these three groups (P > 0.05). (2) Significant differences were found in indices of S1-P50 amplitudes (NC: 6 +/- 3, GAD: 3 +/- 2, OCD: 5 +/- 3, P < 0.01), S2-P50 amplitudes (NC: 2 +/- 1, GAD: 4 +/- 1, OCD: 2 +/- 1, P < 0.01), S2/S1, S1-S2 and 100(1-S2/S1). (3) Compared with NC, GAD and OCD patients showed a decreased S1-P50 amplitude and OCD patients also showed an increased S2-P50 amplitude. (4) P50 inhibition significantly decreased in GAD and OCD patients. The values of S2/S1 ratio were 39% +/- 22% in NC, 50% +/- 29% in GAD and 88% +/- 42% in OCD (P < 0.01). (5) Both S1-S2 and 100 (1-S2/S1) decreased in GAD and OCD patients (NC: 3 +/- 2, 61 +/- 22; OCD: 1 +/- 1, 15 +/- 22; GAD: 3 +/- 3, 50 +/- 29. P < 0.01). (6) Compared with GAD, OCD patients showed a lower S2/S1 ratio (P < 0.01) and a higher value of S1-S2 (P < 0.01) and 100 (1-S2/S1) (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The anxiety disorder patients has sensory gating deficits. The inhibition deficit can be measured by auditory evoked potential P50. And S2/S1 ratio, S1-S2 and 100(1-S2/S1) may be biological markers of GAD and OCD patients.