Religious Involvement and the Impact on Living Alone and Depression: An Examination of Gendered Pathways Post-Widowhood.

This study analyzed data from the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to examine the association between widowhood and depression. The results revealed that both men and women experienced increased depression after widowhood, with women exhibiting a better recovery pattern over time. Religiosity, especially attending religious services, was found to be a beneficial coping mechanism for both genders, although men were less religious than women. Living alone was a significant factor associated with depression in widowhood for both men and women. High religious service attendance moderated the association between living alone and depression for women, while both high and moderate religious service attendance moderated this association for men. These findings emphasize the importance of considering gender differences and the potential benefits of religious involvement in addressing depression during widowhood, highlighting the need for tailored interventions and support services for widows and widowers, particularly those living alone.

How Medicaid Financial Eligibility Rules Exclude Financially and Medically Vulnerable Older Adults.

Millions of older Americans rely on Medicaid because it is the largest payer of long-term services and supports. To qualify for the program, low-income individuals age 65 and over must meet income standards based on the dated Federal Poverty Level as well as asset tests that are often viewed as quite stringent. There has long been concern that current eligibility standards exclude many adults with significant health and financial vulnerabilities. We use updated household socio-demographic and financial information to simulate the impacts of five alternative financial eligibility standards on the number and profile of older adults that would gain Medicaid coverage. The study clearly demonstrates that a large number of financially- and health-vulnerable older adults are excluded from the Medicaid program under current policy. The study highlights the implications for policymakers of updating Medicaid financial eligibility standards to assure that Medicaid benefits are targeted to vulnerable older adults who need them.

Medicaid Utilization among Middle-age and Older Adults: A Health and Retirement Study Longitudinal Analysis (1998 to 2014).

With over fifteen million older adults in the United States relying on the means-tested Medicaid program for healthcare coverage, there has been concern over rising Medicaid costs among this rapidly growing age group. Few studies have longitudinally examined trends among older beneficiaries over time to identify factors related to Medicaid utilization and to better understand how potential coverage changes might impact this group. This study used the 1998 to 2014 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (N = 8,162) to analyze a representative sample of those aged 50 and older to ascertain demographic, health, and economic factors associated with Medicaid utilization over a sixteen-year period. The analyses showed stable probabilities of accessing the program over time and observed that the most vulnerable older adults make up the pool of Medicaid beneficiaries. There is no evidence of significant asset divestment in order to qualify for benefits. Multivariate analyses further revealed those who were older, female, minority race/ethnicity, less educated, in poorer health, below the federal poverty line, and with lower net wealth had a higher risk of utilizing Medicaid during the observed time period than their counterparts. Findings highlight the importance of monitoring changes in the documented risk factors over time in terms of their impact on Medicaid utilization and underscore the need to consider how these factors may be interrelated.

The effect of the right care, right place, right time (R3) initiative on Medicare health service use among older affordable housing residents.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of an affordable housing-based supportive services intervention, which partnered with health and community service providers, on Medicare health service use among residents. DATA SOURCES: Analyses used aggregated fee-for-service Medicare claims data from 2017 to 2020 for beneficiaries living in 34 buildings in eastern Massachusetts. STUDY DESIGN: Using a quasi-experimental design, a "difference-in-differences" framework was employed to isolate changes in outcomes, focusing on changes in pre- and post-intervention health service use across two stages of the intervention. Phase 1 encompassed the initial implementation period, and Phase 2 introduced a strategy to target residents at high risk of poor health outcomes. Key health service outcomes included hospitalizations, 30-day hospital readmission, and emergency department use. DATA COLLECTION: Medicare claims data for 10,412 individuals were obtained from a Quality Improvement Organization and aggregated at the building level. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Analyses for Phase 1 found that hospital admission rates, emergency department admissions and payments, and hospital readmission rates grew more slowly for intervention sites than comparison sites. These findings were strengthened after the introduction of risk-targeting in Phase 2. Compared to selected control buildings, residents in intervention buildings experienced significantly lower rates of increases in inpatient hospitalization rates (-16% vs. +6%), hospital admission days (-25% vs. +29%), average hospital days (-12% vs. +14%), hospital admission payments (-22% vs. +33%), and 30-day hospital readmission rates (-22% vs. +54%). When accounting for the older age of the intervention residents, the size of the decline recorded in emergency department admissions was 6.7% greater for the intervention sites than the decline in comparison sites. CONCLUSIONS: A wellness-focused supportive services intervention was effective in reducing select health service use. The introduction of risk-targeting further strengthened this effect. Age-friendly health systems would benefit from enhanced partnerships with affordable housing sites to improve care and reduce service use for older residents.

Are Wealthy Older Adults who use Medicaid Opportunistically Accessing the Program?

Medicaid is the largest payer of long-term services and supports (LTSS) and millions of older Americans rely on this means-tested program, especially during late life. There has been longstanding concern that wealthy older adults may be accessing the program by opportunistically divesting assets in order to qualify for coverage rather than by having high medical or LTSS expenses on which they spend down their resources to eligibility levels. Few current studies analyze this question longitudinally. Thus, questions remain about whether states need to tighten asset eligibility rules to prevent opportunistic asset divestiture. This analysis explores robust longitudinal data to determine the extent to which older, wealthier Americans accessing Medicaid do so by engaging in opportunistic asset transfer. Our findings demonstrate that this may occur among a relatively small proportion of wealthy people, and that tightening Medicaid eligibility criteria would likely have only a very modest impact on program expenditures.

The Effects of Religiosity on Depression Trajectories After Widowhood.

This longitudinal study analyzed data from the 2006-2016 waves of the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Trajectories of depression among older adults ≥ 50 years (N = 1254) were examined over time to explore patterns of depression among those entering widowhood and the potential impact of religiosity on depressive symptoms during various stages of widowhood. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis was used to examine the association between widowhood and depression and the role of religiosity as a moderator of this association. Older adults experienced a statistically significant increase in depressive symptomology after the onset of widowhood, and depressive symptomology decreased post widowhood, but did not return to pre-widowhood levels. Additionally, high religious service attendance and higher intrinsic religiosity were both associated with lower depressive symptomology. High religious service attendance moderated the relationship between widowhood and depression among widowed older adults living alone.

The impact of health-related supports in senior housing on ambulance transfers and visits to emergency departments: The Right Care, Right Place, Right Time Project.

OBJECTIVE: To test the impact of placing a wellness team (nurse and social worker) in senior housing on ambulance transfers and visits to emergency departments over 18 months. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Intervention sites included seven Boston-area buildings, with five buildings at comparable settings acting as controls. Data derive from building-level ambulance data from emergency responders; building-level Medicare claims data on emergency department utilization; and individual-level baseline assessment data from participants in the intervention (n = 353) and control (n = 208) sites. STUDY DESIGN: We used a pre/postdifference in difference quasi-experimental design applying several analytic methods. The preintervention period was January 2016-March 2017, while the intervention period was July 2017-December 2018. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: Emergency responders provided aggregate transfer data on a daily basis for intervention and control buildings; the Quality Improvement Organization provided quarterly aggregate data on emergency department visit rates; and assessment data came from a modified Vitalize 360 assessment and coaching tool. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The study found an 18.2% statistically significant decline in ambulance transfers in intervention buildings, with greater declines in buildings that had fewer services available at baseline, compared to other intervention sites. Analysis of Medicare claims data, adjusted for the proportion of residents over 75 per building, found fewer visits to emergency departments in intervention buildings. CONCLUSIONS: Health-related supports in senior housing sites can be effective in reducing emergency transfers and visits to emergency departments.

Who are the Most At-Risk Older Adults in the COVID-19 Era? It's Not Just Those in Nursing Homes.

COVID-19 has taken a terrible toll on the nursing home population. Yet, there are five times the number of seniors living in the community who are also extremely vulnerable because they suffer from respiratory illnesses. Using the 2018 wave of the Health and Retirement Study we analyze this group of roughly 7 million seniors living in the community and find that they have multiple risk factors that make them particularly exposed. We also show how current strategies for protecting this population may be exacerbating risks and suggest concrete steps for better protecting this group.

Health Benefits Associated With Three Helping Behaviors: Evidence for Incident Cardiovascular Disease.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between three helping behaviors and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD; heart attack, stroke; fatal and nonfatal), with an exploration of gender differences. The study is framed within the caregiving system model. Helping others is argued to be an evolved characteristic of humans that yields beneficial health effects. Methods: Data were taken from the 2004-2014 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. The three forms of helping others considered were formal volunteering, informal helping, and caregiving for a parent or spouse. Cox proportional hazards models were estimated for gender-stratified samples. Results: Women who volunteered showed a lower risk of incident CVD compared to women who did not volunteer. Men who informally helped others in the community exhibited a lower risk of incident CVD compared to men who did not provide this form of help. Caregiving status was generally not associated with incident CVD for women or men. Discussion: The results demonstrated that specific types of prosocial behavior may be beneficial for women and men. However, tests for effect differences showed that gender did not moderate the relationships between these helping behaviors and CVD risk.

Social Activities, Incident Cardiovascular Disease, and Mortality.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the relationships between social activities, incident cardiovascular disease (CVD), and non-CVD mortality among older adults in the United States. METHOD: Data from the Health and Retirement Study (2006-2010) were employed. Two measures of social engagement, volunteering and informal helping, along with two measures of social participation, attendance at religious services and social group meetings, were included. Mediation models for health behaviors were estimated. RESULTS: Multinomial logistic regression models demonstrated that volunteering provided the most consistent results in terms of a lower risk of incident CVD and mortality. Furthermore, volunteering at higher time commitments is related to lower CVD incidence and death; informally helping others at a modest time commitment is related to lower risk of death only. Health behaviors mediated the relationships. Social participation was not related to either CVD or mortality. DISCUSSION: Social activity is a modifiable behavior that may be considered a potential health intervention.

Volunteering and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Does Helping Others Get "Under the Skin?".

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: This study investigated whether volunteering was related to 5 risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) among middle-aged and older adults. DESIGN AND METHODS: Data from the 2004 and 2006 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (N = 7,803) were examined. Logistic regression was used to describe the relationships among volunteering and central adiposity, hypertension, lipid dysregulation, elevated blood glucose levels, and high inflammation, along with 2 indexes of the MetS. RESULTS: Among middle-aged adults, results showed that volunteers were less likely to have high central adiposity, lipid dysregulation, elevated blood glucose levels, and MetS compared with non-volunteers. For older adults, results showed volunteers were less likely to be hypertensive and more likely to have lipid dysregulation than their non-volunteer counterparts. IMPLICATIONS: These results supported findings from other studies that formal volunteering is beneficial for middle-aged adults, and to a lesser degree, older adults. Further research is required to determine what factors may mediate the volunteer-CVD risk relationships.

Race differences in the relationship between formal volunteering and hypertension.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated race differences in the relationship between formal volunteering and hypertension prevalence among middle-aged and older adults. METHOD: Using data from the 2004 and 2006 Health and Retirement Study (N = 5,666; 677 African Americans and 4,989 whites), we examined regression models stratified by race to estimate relationships among hypertension prevalence, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and volunteer status and hours spent volunteering among persons aged 51 years old and older. RESULTS: White volunteers had a lower risk of hypertension than white nonvolunteers. A threshold effect was also present; compared with nonvolunteers, volunteering a moderate number of hours was associated with lowest risk of hypertension for whites. Results for hypertension were consistent with results from alternative models of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. We found no statistically significant relationship between volunteering activity and hypertension/blood pressure for African Americans. DISCUSSION: There may be unmeasured cultural differences related to the meaning of volunteering and contextual differences in volunteering that account for the race differences we observed. Research is needed to determine the pathways through which volunteering is related to hypertension risk and that may help explain race differences identified here.

The living arrangements of older immigrants from the former Soviet Union: a comparison of Israel and the United States.

With the unprecedented emigration from the former Soviet Union (FSU) during the 1990s as context, this study described the living arrangements of older FSU immigrants living in Israel and the US. Living arrangement choices represented an important strategy for coping with the migration process. Census data from Israel and the US were employed to examine the relationships among living arrangements (independent households, multigenerational households, and extended households) and personal characteristics, including duration of residence, Jewish identity, education, and home ownership. Results showed that the less time older immigrants lived in the host country, the more likely they lived in a multigenerational or extended household. The residency length and household relationship was stronger in Israel than in the US. Also, older FSU immigrants who owned their own home and who lived in a metropolitan area were more likely to live in a complex household than in an independent household. We discussed how the economic and social environments in each country contributed to the variability in living arrangement options among these older immigrants.

Volunteering and hypertension risk in later life.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the relationship between volunteer activity and hypertension, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, renal failure, and cognitive impairment. METHOD: Employing data from the Health and Retirement Study, we estimated regression models of hypertension status that include volunteer activity and psychosocial and health behavior risk factors for middle-aged and older persons. RESULTS: Multivariate analyses showed volunteers had lower hypertension risk and lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure than nonvolunteers and that a threshold effect was present, whereby a modest amount of volunteer time commitment (but not a high amount) was associated with lower risk of hypertension. We did neither find support that psychosocial and health behaviors mediated this relationship nor find support for a moderating effect of volunteering for the relationships among health behaviors and hypertension. DISCUSSION: The results of this study indicate that research is needed to determine what mediates the relationship between volunteering and hypertension.

Avaliaçäo experimental das variaçöes dos níveis de glicogênio, lípides totais, triglicérides e água no miocárdio submetido a parada anóxica hipotérmica / Experimental evaluation of the variations of glycogen, total lipids, triglycerides and water levels in the myocardium subjected to anoxic hypothermic arrest

Analisam-se as variaçöes tissulares miocárdicas de glicogênio, lípides, triglicérides e teores de água que ocorreram em dois grupos de cäes submetidos a parada cardíaca anóxica sob circulaçäo extracorpórea, respectivamente em normotermia e hipotermia sistêmica de 28-C. Houve quedas dos níveis de glicogênio nos dois grupos sem diferenças significativas entre eles. Os níveis miocárdicos de lípideos totais apresentaram-se relativamente estáveis nos cäes a 28-C e apresentaram quedas expressivas no grupo sob normotermia. Os níveis de triglicérides mantiveram-se relativamente estáveis nos primeiros 30 minutos de anóxia, apresentando a partir daí quedas expressivas. Os teores de água decresceram em ambos os grupos, particularmente nos cäes operados sob normotermia