RESUMO
The cellular response to hypoxia, in addition to HIF-dependent transcriptional reprogramming, also involves less characterized transcription-independent processes, such as alternative splicing of the VEGFA transcript leading to the production of the proangiogenic VEGF form. We now show that this event depends on reorganization of the splicing machinery, triggered after short-term hypoxia by ROS production and intranuclear redistribution of the nucleoskeletal proteins SAFB1/2. Exposure to low oxygen causes fast dissociation of SAFB1/2 from the nuclear matrix, which is reversible, inhibited by antioxidant treatment, and also observed under normoxia when the mitochondrial electron transport chain is blocked. This is accompanied by altered interactions between SAFB1/2 and the splicing machinery, translocation of kinase SRPK1 to the cytoplasm, and dephosphorylation of RS-splicing factors. Depletion of SAFB1/2 under normoxia phenocopies the hypoxic and ROS-mediated switch in VEGF mRNA splicing. These data suggest that ROS-dependent remodeling of the nuclear architecture can promote production of splicing variants that facilitate adaptation to hypoxia.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação à Região de Interação com a Matriz , Proteínas Associadas à Matriz Nuclear , Humanos , Proteínas Associadas à Matriz Nuclear/genética , Proteínas Associadas à Matriz Nuclear/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação à Região de Interação com a Matriz/genética , Proteínas de Ligação à Região de Interação com a Matriz/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/genética , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Receptores de Estrogênio/genética , Receptores de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Matriz Nuclear/metabolismo , Hipóxia/genética , Hipóxia/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/metabolismo , Hipóxia Celular/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina QuinasesRESUMO
Nanoparticles (NPs), due to their increased application and production, are being released into the environment with unpredictable impact on the physiology of marine organisms, as well as on entire ecosystems and upcoming effects on human health. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the oxidative responses of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis after exposure to iron oxide NPs and to iron oxide NPs incorporated into zeolite for 1, 3 and 7 days. Our results showed that both effectors induced changes on animal physiology by causing oxidative stress in hemocytes of exposed mussels compared to control animals. This was shown by the significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, protein carbonylation, lipid peroxidation, ubiquitin conjugates and DNA damage. In addition an increase in prooxidant levels as measured by the prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) assay was observed in exposed mussels' hemolymph. The results show that ROS, DNA damage, protein and lipid oxidation, ubiquitin conjugates and PAB could constitute, after further investigation, reliable biomarkers for the evaluation of pollution or other environmental stressors. In addition, more studies are needed in order to ensure the safety of these NPs on various biomedical applications, since it is critical to design NPs that they meet the demands of application without causing cellular toxicity.
