When the only solution is death: suicide among male and female workers in Brazil. / Quando a saída é a própria morte: suicídio entre trabalhadores e trabalhadoras no Brasil.

An ecological study that assessed the frequency of suicides in Brazil in the 14-65 age group, with data reported on the MIS. Objectives: to describe the time-trend of suicides during the period 2010-19, and evaluate the socio-occupational profile of occurrences, exploring aspects connecting suicide and work. We analyzed the percentage distribution, proportional percentage variation (PPV) estimates, and mortality rates (MRs), with population data from IBGE, RAIS, and occupation surveys. Between 2010-19, suicides showed a sustained upward trend (global PPV = 60.1%) which was higher in men (PPV = 62.8%) than women (PPV = 51.4%). The MR was 8.1 suicides/100,000 people of a working age. The risk of suicide was 3.5 times higher in men than women. In 2019, the MR among self-declared indigenous people (19.5/100,000) and agricultural workers (21.7/100,000) is highlighted. Hanging was the most commonly used method (71.4%). The evolution of suicide and accentuated vulnerability in the self-declared indigenous population and agricultural workers is of great concern. The expansion of affected occupations is also highlighted, indicating its dissemination and relevance for attention to characteristics of surveillance work and the control of suicide.

Estudo ecológico que avaliou a frequência de suicídios no Brasil na faixa etária de 14-65 anos com dados notificados no SIM. Objetivos: descrever a tendência temporal de suicídios no período 2010-2019 e avaliar o perfil sócio-ocupacional das ocorrências, explorando aspectos que conectem suicídio e trabalho. Analisou-se a distribuição percentual, estimativas de variação percentual proporcional (VPP) e taxas de mortalidade (TM), com dados populacionais do IBGE, RAIS e inquéritos de ocupação. Entre 2010-2019, os suicídios apresentaram tendência crescente sustentada (VPPglobal = 60,1%; maior em homens (VPP = 62,8%) do que em mulheres (VPP = 51,4%). A TM foi de 8,1 suicídios/100.000 pessoas em idade ativa. O risco do suicídio foi 3,5 vezes maior em homens do que em mulheres. Em 2019, destaca-se a TM entre autodeclarados indígenas (19,5/100 mil) e em trabalhadores da agricultura (21,7/100 mil). O enforcamento foi o método mais utilizado (71,4%). Observa-se evolução preocupante do suicídio e vulnerabilidade acentuada na população autodeclarada indígena e em trabalhadores da agricultura. Ressalta-se ainda ampliação de ocupações afetadas, apontando sua disseminação e a relevância da atenção às características do trabalho na vigilância e controle do suicídio.

Experiência de criação e implementação do programa "adolescer com saúde" no contexto escolar / Creation and implementation of the "adolescer com saúde" program in the school context / Experiencia de creación e implementación del programa "adolescencia con salud" en el contexto escolar

O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar a experiência de criação e implementação de um programa para promoção da saúde mental de adolescentes escolares. Trata-se de um relato de experiência obtido a partir da imersão no contexto escolar, no período de 2019 a 2021, para realização de inquérito epidemiológico, seguido da elaboração de um programa para capacitação de familiares de adolescentes e trabalhadores escolares sobre saúde mental de adolescentes. A pesquisa ocorreu em escolas públicas de um município baiano. Todas as experiências obtidas a partir de observação participante foram registradas em um diário de campo. O sofrimento psíquico percebido entre adolescentes tem sido uma questão preocupante, pois afeta a qualidade de vida desse grupo. Ademais, notou-se distanciamento dos serviços de saúde do ambiente escolar, além da dificuldade de familiares e trabalhadores na abordagem do problema. Nesse contexto, propôs-se o programa intersetorial "Adolescer com saúde", com o objetivo de capacitar familiares e trabalhadores escolares para lidar com tal problemática. O programa favoreceu a aproximação entre profissionais de saúde, da educação e familiares, fomentando a corresponsabilização pela promoção da saúde do adolescente.

This experience report presents the creation and implementation of a health program aimed at the mental health of adolescents. After conduction of an epidemiological survey in public schools from a municipality in Bahia, from 2019 to 2021, a program to train family members and school workers on adolescent mental health was elaborated. All experiences obtained by means of participant observation were recorded in a field diary. Perceived psychic suffering among adolescents has been a matter of concern, as it affects their quality of life. Moreover, we observed an absence of health services from the school environment, as well as difficulties by family members and workers in addressing the problem. Given this scenario, the intersectoral program "Adolescer com Saúde" [Adolescence and Health] was proposed to educate family members and school workers on how to tackle the issue. The program fostered a rapprochement between health professionals, educators and family members, encouraging co-responsibility in promoting adolescent health.

El objetivo de este estudio fue reportar la experiencia de creación e implementación de un programa de promoción de salud mental de los adolescentes en la escuela. Este es un reporte de experiencia obtenido de la inmersión en el contexto escolar, de 2019 a 2021, para la realización de una encuesta epidemiológica, seguida de la elaboración de un programa de formación en salud mental de los adolescentes destinado a familiares de adolescentes y a trabajadores escolares. La investigación se llevó a cabo en escuelas públicas de un municipio de Bahía, Brasil. Se registraron todas las experiencias obtenidas de la observación participante en un diario de campo. El sufrimiento psíquico percibido entre los adolescentes ha sido motivo de preocupación, ya que afecta a la calidad de vida de este grupo. Se constató que los servicios de salud estaban alejados del ámbito escolar y que había dificultad de los familiares y trabajadores para abordar el problema. En este contexto, se planteó el programa intersectorial "Adolescencia con salud", con el objetivo de capacitar a familiares y trabajadores escolares para enfrentar esta problemática. El programa favoreció el acercamiento entre los profesionales de la salud, los de la educación y los familiares, incentivando la corresponsabilidad en la promoción de la salud de los adolescentes.

Quando a saída é a própria morte: suicídio entre trabalhadores e trabalhadoras no Brasil / When the only solution is death: suicide among male and female workers in Brazil

Resumo Estudo ecológico que avaliou a frequência de suicídios no Brasil na faixa etária de 14-65 anos com dados notificados no SIM. Objetivos: descrever a tendência temporal de suicídios no período 2010-2019 e avaliar o perfil sócio-ocupacional das ocorrências, explorando aspectos que conectem suicídio e trabalho. Analisou-se a distribuição percentual, estimativas de variação percentual proporcional (VPP) e taxas de mortalidade (TM), com dados populacionais do IBGE, RAIS e inquéritos de ocupação. Entre 2010-2019, os suicídios apresentaram tendência crescente sustentada (VPPglobal = 60,1%; maior em homens (VPP = 62,8%) do que em mulheres (VPP = 51,4%). A TM foi de 8,1 suicídios/100.000 pessoas em idade ativa. O risco do suicídio foi 3,5 vezes maior em homens do que em mulheres. Em 2019, destaca-se a TM entre autodeclarados indígenas (19,5/100 mil) e em trabalhadores da agricultura (21,7/100 mil). O enforcamento foi o método mais utilizado (71,4%). Observa-se evolução preocupante do suicídio e vulnerabilidade acentuada na população autodeclarada indígena e em trabalhadores da agricultura. Ressalta-se ainda ampliação de ocupações afetadas, apontando sua disseminação e a relevância da atenção às características do trabalho na vigilância e controle do suicídio.

Abstract An ecological study that assessed the frequency of suicides in Brazil in the 14-65 age group, with data reported on the MIS. Objectives: to describe the time-trend of suicides during the period 2010-19, and evaluate the socio-occupational profile of occurrences, exploring aspects connecting suicide and work. We analyzed the percentage distribution, proportional percentage variation (PPV) estimates, and mortality rates (MRs), with population data from IBGE, RAIS, and occupation surveys. Between 2010-19, suicides showed a sustained upward trend (global PPV = 60.1%) which was higher in men (PPV = 62.8%) than women (PPV = 51.4%). The MR was 8.1 suicides/100,000 people of a working age. The risk of suicide was 3.5 times higher in men than women. In 2019, the MR among self-declared indigenous people (19.5/100,000) and agricultural workers (21.7/100,000) is highlighted. Hanging was the most commonly used method (71.4%). The evolution of suicide and accentuated vulnerability in the self-declared indigenous population and agricultural workers is of great concern. The expansion of affected occupations is also highlighted, indicating its dissemination and relevance for attention to characteristics of surveillance work and the control of suicide.

Perceived stress by mototaxi drivers and its relationship with sociodemographic and occupational characteristics.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of sociodemographic and occupational characteristics with a high level of perceived stress in motorcycle taxi drivers. METHOD: Cross-sectional study carried out with motorcycle taxi drivers who answered instruments on sociodemographic and occupational variables - Perceived Stress Scale, Job Content Questionnaire and Effort-Reward Imbalance. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's chi-square test and Poisson regression with robust variance were used. Statistical significance was 5%. RESULTS: Of the 800 motorcycle taxi drivers, 46.8% had a high level of perceived stress. In the multivariate analysis, a high level of stress was associated with low control over work (PR=7.76; 95%CI=5.19-11.61), low social support at work (PR=3.87; 95%CI =2.95 5.08), working hours longer than eight hours a day (RP=1.47; 95%CI=1.21-1.78) and monthly income less than or equal to two minimum wages (PR=1.34;95%CI=1.13-2.58). CONCLUSION: Long working hours, occupational stressors and low income were associated with a high level of perceived stress. Public policies and interventions to minimize occupational stressors are essential.

Unpaid domestic work: persistence of gender-based labor division and mental disorders.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluating characteristics of unpaid domestic work and its association with mental disorders, exploring gender differences. METHODS: We analyzed cross-sectional data from the second wave of an urban population cohort (n = 2,841) aged 15 and older from a medium-sized city in Bahia (BA). The representative population sample was randomly selected in subsequent multiple steps. We interviewed the survey participants at their homes. This study analyzed sociodemographic, occupational, unpaid domestic work and mental illness data, stratified by sex (gender). We investigated the association between the work-family-personal time conflict, the effort-reward imbalance in domestic and family work and the occurrence of common mental disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder and depression. We estimated prevalence, prevalence ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Among the participants, the unpaid domestic activities were performed by 71.3% of men and 95.2% of women, who were responsible for the investigated activities, except for minor repairs. The percentages of paid work were higher among men (68.1% versus 47.2% among women). The distribution of stressors and conflict experiences showed an inverse situation between genders: men depicted the highest high percentage of low work-family-personal time conflict (39.0%), while among women, the highest percentage was of high conflict (40.0%); 45.8% of the men reported low effort-reward imbalance in domestic and family work, while only 28.8% of women reported low imbalance. The investigated mental disorders were more prevalent among women, who showed a significant association between work-family-personal time conflict and common mental disorders, as well as depression; among men, conflict was positively associated with common mental disorders. The effort-reward imbalance, in turn, was strongly related to CMD (Common Mental Disorders), generalized anxiety disorder and depression among women. Amid men, this discrepancy was only associated to depression. CONCLUSIONS: Domestic work persists as a mostly feminine assigned activity. The stressful situations of unpaid domestic work and the work-family-personal time conflict were more strongly associated with adverse effects on the female mental health.

Unpaid domestic work: persistence of gender-based labor division and mental disorders / Trabalho doméstico não remunerado: persistência da divisão sexual e transtornos mentais

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Evaluating characteristics of unpaid domestic work and its association with mental disorders, exploring gender differences. METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional data from the second wave of an urban population cohort (n = 2,841) aged 15 and older from a medium-sized city in Bahia (BA). The representative population sample was randomly selected in subsequent multiple steps. We interviewed the survey participants at their homes. This study analyzed sociodemographic, occupational, unpaid domestic work and mental illness data, stratified by sex (gender). We investigated the association between the work-family-personal time conflict, the effort-reward imbalance in domestic and family work and the occurrence of common mental disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder and depression. We estimated prevalence, prevalence ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Among the participants, the unpaid domestic activities were performed by 71.3% of men and 95.2% of women, who were responsible for the investigated activities, except for minor repairs. The percentages of paid work were higher among men (68.1% versus 47.2% among women). The distribution of stressors and conflict experiences showed an inverse situation between genders: men depicted the highest high percentage of low work-family-personal time conflict (39.0%), while among women, the highest percentage was of high conflict (40.0%); 45.8% of the men reported low effort-reward imbalance in domestic and family work, while only 28.8% of women reported low imbalance. The investigated mental disorders were more prevalent among women, who showed a significant association between work-family-personal time conflict and common mental disorders, as well as depression; among men, conflict was positively associated with common mental disorders. The effort-reward imbalance, in turn, was strongly related to CMD (Common Mental Disorders), generalized anxiety disorder and depression among women. Amid men, this discrepancy was only associated to depression. CONCLUSIONS Domestic work persists as a mostly feminine assigned activity. The stressful situations of unpaid domestic work and the work-family-personal time conflict were more strongly associated with adverse effects on the female mental health.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar características do trabalho doméstico não remunerado e sua associação com transtornos mentais, explorando diferenciais de gênero. MÉTODOS Neste estudo foram analisados dados transversais da segunda onda de uma coorte da população urbana (n = 2.841) com idade a partir dos 15 anos de uma cidade de médio porte da Bahia (BA). A amostra representativa da população foi aleatoriamente selecionada em etapas múltiplas subsequentes. As entrevistas foram realizadas nos domicílios dos participantes do levantamento. O estudo analisou dados sociodemográficos, ocupacionais, do trabalho doméstico não remunerado e adoecimento mental, estratificadas por sexo. Investigou-se associação entre o conflito trabalho-família-tempo para si, o desequilíbrio esforço-recompensa no trabalho doméstico e familiar e a ocorrência de transtornos mentais comuns, de transtorno de ansiedade generalizada e de depressão. Foram estimadas prevalências, razões de prevalência e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS Entre os participantes, verificou-se que as atividades domésticas não remuneradas eram realizadas por 71,3% dos homens e 95,2% das mulheres, que se mostraram as principais responsáveis pelas atividades de trabalho investigadas, exceto pequenos consertos. A inserção em trabalho remunerado foi maior entre os homens (68,1% contra 47,2% entre as mulheres). A distribuição dos estressores e experiência de conflitos evidenciou situação inversa entre homens e mulheres: o maior percentual entre os homens foi de baixo conflito trabalho-família-tempo para si (39,0%), já entre as mulheres, maior percentual foi de alto conflito (40,0%); entre os homens, 45,8% referiram baixo desequilíbrio esforço-recompensa no trabalho doméstico e familiar, enquanto apenas 28,8% das mulheres relataram baixo desequilíbrio. Os transtornos mentais investigados foram mais prevalentes entre as mulheres, que apresentaram significativa associação entre o conflito trabalho-família-tempo pessoal e os transtornos mentais comuns e a depressão; entre os homens o alto conflito foi associado aos transtornos mentais comuns. Já o desequilíbrio esforço-recompensa se mostrou fortemente relacionado aos TMC, ao transtorno de ansiedade generalizada e à depressão entre as mulheres. Entre os homens, esse desequilíbrio relacionou-se apenas à depressão. CONCLUSÕES O trabalho doméstico persiste como atribuição majoritariamente feminina. As situações estressoras do trabalho doméstico não remunerado e o conflito trabalho-família-tempo para si associaram-se mais fortemente aos efeitos adversos na saúde mental das mulheres.

Perceived stress by mototaxi drivers and its relationship with sociodemographic and occupational characteristics / Estrés percibido por mototaxistas y su relación con características sociodemográficas y ocupacionales / Estresse percebido por mototaxistas e sua relação com características sociodemográficas e ocupacionais

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the association of sociodemographic and occupational characteristics with a high level of perceived stress in motorcycle taxi drivers. Method: Cross-sectional study carried out with motorcycle taxi drivers who answered instruments on sociodemographic and occupational variables - Perceived Stress Scale, Job Content Questionnaire and Effort-Reward Imbalance. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's chi-square test and Poisson regression with robust variance were used. Statistical significance was 5%. Results: Of the 800 motorcycle taxi drivers, 46.8% had a high level of perceived stress. In the multivariate analysis, a high level of stress was associated with low control over work (PR=7.76; 95%CI=5.19-11.61), low social support at work (PR=3.87; 95%CI =2.95 5.08), working hours longer than eight hours a day (RP=1.47; 95%CI=1.21-1.78) and monthly income less than or equal to two minimum wages (PR=1.34;95%CI=1.13-2.58). Conclusion: Long working hours, occupational stressors and low income were associated with a high level of perceived stress. Public policies and interventions to minimize occupational stressors are essential.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Investigar relación de características sociodemográficas y ocupacionales con alto nivel de estrés percibido en mototaxistas. Método: Estudio transversal realizado con mototaxistas que respondieron a instrumentos sobre variables sociodemográficas y ocupacionales - Perceived Stress Scale, Job Content Questionnaire y Effort-Reward Imbalance. Empleado la estadística descriptiva, prueba chi-cuadrado de Pearson y regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta. La relevancia estadística fue 5%. Resultados: De los 800 mototaxistas, 46,8% presentaron alto nivel de estrés percibido. En el análisis multivariado, el alto nivel de estrés fue relacionado con bajo control sobre el trabajo (RP=7,76; IC95%=5,19-11,61), bajo soporte social en el trabajo (RP=3,87; IC95%=2,95 5,08), jornada laboral mayor que ocho horas al día (RP=1,47; IC95%=1,21-1,78) y renta mensual menor o igual a dos salarios mínimos (RP=1,34; IC95%=1,13-2,58). Conclusión: Extensa jornada laboral, estresores ocupacionales y baja renta fueron relacionados al alto nivel de estrés percibido. Políticas públicas e intervenciones para minimizar estresores ocupacionales son imprescindibles.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar associação de características sociodemográficas e ocupacionais com alto nível de estresse percebido em mototaxistas. Método: Estudo transversal realizado com mototaxistas que responderam a instrumentos sobre variáveis sociodemográficas e ocupacionais - Perceived Stress Scale, Job Content Questionnaire e Effort-Reward Imbalance. Empregou-se a estatística descritiva, teste qui-quadrado de Pearson e regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. A significância estatística foi 5%. Resultados: Dos 800 mototaxistas, 46,8% apresentaram alto nível de estresse percebido. Na análise multivariada, o alto nível de estresse foi associado com baixo controle sobre o trabalho (RP=7,76; IC95%=5,19-11,61), baixo suporte social no trabalho (RP=3,87; IC95%=2,95 5,08), jornada de trabalho maior que oito horas por dia (RP=1,47; IC95%=1,21-1,78) e renda mensal menor ou igual a dois salários mínimos (RP=1,34; IC95%=1,13-2,58). Conclusão: Extensa jornada de trabalho, estressores ocupacionais e baixa renda foram associados ao alto nível de estresse percebido. Políticas públicas e intervenções para minimizar estressores ocupacionais são imprescindíveis.

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics and individual experiences of illness in men with COVID-19: mixed method study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, studies have shown that this disease has affected the male population on a significant scale in various parts of the world, making men one of the main risk groups. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and experiences of illness in men with COVID-19. DESIGN AND SETTING: A mixed sequential-explanatory study with cross-sectional and exploratory-descriptive approaches. METHOD: Data was collected from a small municipality located in the central-north region of the state of Bahia, Brazil. Primary quantitative data was extracted from compulsory notification forms from 598 men. Qualitative data from individual interviews of 30 men was analyzed by the Discourse of the Collective Subject method. RESULTS: The findings identified the characterization of reports of suspected and confirmed cases of COVID-19 in men, the organization of the healthcare system, and strategies for the control and combat of COVID-19 directed towards the men of the investigated municipality. They revealed the clinical characteristics based on the collective discourse of men with COVID-19. CONCLUSION: In men, the individual experience of disease explicitly explains the clinical markers of COVID-19 expressed by the self-reported syndromic approach. Additionally, this understanding also explains the behaviors observed in their search for health care, as well as the adoption of prevention and control measures and therapies recommended by health professionals.

Prevalência e fatores associados a sintomas de depressão em familiares de pessoas hospitalizadas em unidade de terapia intensiva / Prevalence and factors associated with symptoms of depression in family members of people hospitalized in the intensive care unit

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar prevalência e fatores associados à depressão em familiares de pessoas hospitalizadas em unidades de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Estudo transversal, desenvolvido com 980 familiares de pacientes internados nas unidades de terapia intensiva de um hospital público de grande porte no interior da Bahia. A depressão foi mensurada pelo Patient Health Questionnaire-8. O modelo multivariado foi composto pelas seguintes variáveis: sexo e idade do paciente, sexo e idade do familiar, escolaridade, religião, residir com o familiar, problema psíquico prévio e ansiedade. Resultados: A depressão apresentou prevalência de 43,5%. Na análise multivariada, o modelo com melhor representatividade indicou que fatores associados à maior prevalência de depressão foram ser do sexo feminino (39%), idade menor que 40 anos (26%) e problema psíquico prévio (38%). A maior escolaridade se associou a uma prevalência de depressão 19% menor em familiares. Conclusão: O aumento na prevalência de depressão esteve associado a sexo feminino, idade menor de 40 anos e problemas psíquicos prévios. Tais elementos devem ser valorizados nas ações direcionadas aos familiares de pessoas internadas na terapia intensiva.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with depression in family members of people hospitalized in intensive care units. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 980 family members of patients admitted to the intensive care units of a large public hospital in the interior of Bahia. Depression was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-8. The multivariate model consisted of the following variables: sex and age of the patient, sex and age of the family member, education level, religion, living with the family member, previous mental illness and anxiety. Results: Depression had a prevalence of 43.5%. In the multivariate analysis, the model with the best representativeness indicated that factors associated with a higher prevalence of depression were being female (39%), age younger than 40 years (26%) and previous mental illness (38%). A higher education level was associated with a 19% lower prevalence of depression in family members. Conclusion: The increase in the prevalence of depression was associated with female sex, age younger than 40 years and previous psychological problems. Such elements should be valued in actions aimed at family members of people hospitalized in intensive care.

Determinants of sexual exposure to HIV in Portuguese and Brazilian adolescents: a path analysis. / Fatores determinantes da exposição sexual ao HIV em adolescentes luso-brasileiros: uma análise de caminhos.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the direct and indirect effects of determinants of sexual exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus among male adolescents who have sex with men and the implications for nursing care. METHOD: cross-sectional study carried out with 578 Portuguese and Brazilian adolescents aged 18 and 19. Interrelationships of conjugal status, use of dating apps, practice of chemsex, unawareness, partner credibility, challenging sexual practices and ineffective forms of protection against sexual exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus were evaluated using the Path Analysis technique. RESULTS: significant direct effect on sexual exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus: conjugal status (ß=-0.16), use of apps (ß=-0.30), challenging sexual practices (ß=0.48) and ineffective forms of protection (ß=0.35). Indirect paths: partner credibility influenced ineffective forms of protection (ß=0.77); having a steady/polyamorous relationship influenced the use of dating apps (ß=-0.46); chemsex, mediated by challenging sexual practices (ß=0.67), determined greater sexual exposure. CONCLUSION: adolescent sexual behaviors and forms of amorous/sexual relationship must be considered in nursing care planning to reduce sexual exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus.(1) Adolescents present high prevalence (81.0%) of sexual exposure to HIV. (2) Specificities of sexual practices are determinant factors of sexual exposure. (3) The higher the credibility given to a partner, the higher the sexual exposure to HIV. (4) Challenging sexual practices (such as fisting) determine sexual exposure. (5) Nursing care must focus on lowering exposure to HIV.

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics and individual experiences of illness in men with COVID-19: mixed method study.

BACKGROUND: Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, studies have shown that this disease has affected the male population on a significant scale in various parts of the world, making men one of the main risk groups. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and experiences of illness in men with COVID-19. DESIGN AND SETTING: A mixed sequential-explanatory study with cross-sectional and exploratory-descriptive approaches. METHOD: Data was collected from a small municipality located in the central-north region of the state of Bahia, Brazil. Primary quantitative data was extracted from compulsory notification forms from 598 men. Qualitative data from individual interviews of 30 men was analyzed by the Discourse of the Collective Subject method. RESULTS: The findings identified the characterization of reports of suspected and confirmed cases of COVID-19 in men, the organization of the healthcare system, and strategies for the control and combat of COVID-19 directed towards the men of the investigated municipality. They revealed the clinical characteristics based on the collective discourse of men with COVID-19. CONCLUSION: In men, the individual experience of disease explicitly explains the clinical markers of COVID-19 expressed by the self-reported syndromic approach. Additionally, this understanding also explains the behaviors observed in their search for health care, as well as the adoption of prevention and control measures and therapies recommended by health professionals.

Influence of Sociodemographic and Emotional Factors on the Relationship between Self-Compassion and Perceived Stress among Men Residing in Brazil during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The analysis of sociodemographic and emotional factors is essential to understanding how men perceive stress and practice self-compassion. In health crises, this problem becomes an emergency for public health. This study aimed to analyze the influence of sociodemographic and emotional factors on the relationship between self-compassion and the perceived stress of men residing in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a nationwide cross-sectional study carried out between June and December 2020 with 1006 men who completed a semi-structured electronic questionnaire. Data were collected using the snowball technique. Perceived stress was measured by the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14), and self-compassion was assessed using the Self-Compassion Scale. Most men had low self-compassion (51.5%; n = 516) and a moderate level of perceived stress (60.9%; n = 613), while 15.9% (n = 170) had a high level of stress. The prevalence of men in the combined situation of low self-compassion and high perceived stress was 39.4% (n = 334). Living with friends had a higher prevalence of low self-compassion and high perceived stress. The prevalence of common mental disorders was high (54.3%). Men with low levels of self-compassion reported higher levels of perceived stress; however, this association was moderated by emotional and sociodemographic variables. These findings highlight the importance of considering individual and contextual factors in public policies promoting men's mental health.

Measurement of depression in the Brazilian population: validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8).

We aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8). A study with a sample of 4,170 individuals (≥ 15 years old) from the urban area. Conglomerate sampling was adopted in two stages (census sectors and streets), with weighting of estimates by sample weights. A structured questionnaire with sociodemographic data, the PHQ - the modules for depression, generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder - and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) were used. In the evaluation of the PHQ-8, we verified the construct validity by analyzing the dimensional structure, convergent validity and internal consistency. We found a linear disorder without losses to maintain the four response categories. The factor analysis found unidimensionality of the depression construct, with strong factor loads, low residual variances, low residual correlation between items, good fit of the model, internal consistency and satisfactory convergent factorial validity (high loads and correlations with other tests/scales of similar constructs). The PHQ-8 has a one-dimensional structure with evidence of good validity and reliability, being suitable for use in the Brazilian population.

Sociohistorical Analysis of Normative Standards of Masculinity in the Pandemic of COVID-19: Impacts on Men's Health/Mental Health.

Objective: This study aims to analyze sociohistorically how the normative patterns of hegemonic masculinity produced impacts on men's health/mental health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A qualitative study from a socio-historical perspective was conducted with 50 men based on an online survey. A semistructured form was applied. The data were analyzed by the Collective Subject Discourse method, interpreted in the light of the context of epidemic disease and hegemonic masculinity. Results: The experience of the pandemic exposed the normative patterns of masculinities from the consummation of acts representative of the pandemic context, which incited men to deny the existence of COVID-19 disease and to delay the understanding and adoption of measures to protect and control COVID-19. As a repercussion, men presented conflicts in the regulation of emotions; presented emotional suppression; were more reactive; felt threatened regarding the loss of the role of family provider, virility; and revealed a sense of invulnerability, added to the weakening of self-care. Conclusion: The discourse revealed that the men's behaviors are consistent with the characteristics of hegemonic masculinity, but express signs of recognition that this behavior causes harm to themselves and their health.

Factors Associated with Emotion Regulation in Men with Internet Access Living in Brazil during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objective: to evaluate the factors associated with emotion regulation in men with internet access living in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: an epidemiological survey, conducted with 1015 men. An electronic form was applied containing sociodemographic and occupational characteristics, support and coping strategies, as well as emotional and behavioral aspects. Emotion regulation was assessed using the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Results: The prevalence values observed were 44.6% for Low Cognitive Reappraisal and of 47.1% for High Emotional Suppression. The following factors were identified as associated: (a) with Low Cognitive Reappraisal: being aged 30 years old or more, practicing physical activity, worrying about social distancing and having positive emotions and feelings; and (b) with High Emotional Suppression: being heterosexual, non-white race/skin color, having security support or public administration, not sanitizing food, worrying about lack of physical activity and not having negative emotions. Conclusion: the adoption of emotion regulation strategies was associated with individual, contextual and emotional/behavioral characteristics. Masculinity ideals seem to exert an influence on these relationships.

[Influenza vaccine hesitancy among health workers, Bahia State, Brazil]. / Hesitação vacinal para influenza entre trabalhadores(as) da saúde, Bahia, Brasil.

The World Health Organization acknowledges vaccine hesitancy as one of the ten most serious global health threats. The study investigated the association between confidence, convenience, and complacency and influenza vaccine hesitancy among male and female health workers. The study included 453 workers in primary and medium-complexity health services in a medium-sized city in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Vaccine-hesitant individuals were defined as those who had not received an influenza vaccine in 2019. Structural equation models were used to assess interrelations between target predictive variables and vaccine hesitancy. One-fourth of the workers (25.4%) hesitated to be vaccinated for influenza. Lower confidence (standardized coefficient - SC = 0.261; p = 0.044) and higher complacency (SC = 0.256; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy. Convenience was not associated with vaccine hesitancy. Workers not involved in patient care, workers in medium-complexity services, and male workers reported less receptiveness from the health professional administering the vaccines. Fear of needles was associated with both lower confidence and greater vaccine hesitancy. History of vaccine reactions was not associated directly with vaccine hesitancy, but it was associated with greater complacency, that is, less perception of risk from vaccine-preventable diseases. Since annual influenza vaccination is recommended, influenza vaccine hesitancy can increase the burden of this disease in the population. The data back the hypothesis that factors related to confidence and complacency produce harms in this vaccine´s acceptance and should be considered in the development of strategies and actions for greater adherence to vaccination.

A Organização Mundial da Saúde reconhece a hesitação vacinal como uma das dez maiores ameaças à saúde pública no mundo. Este estudo investigou a associação entre confiança, conveniência e complacência e a hesitação vacinal para influenza entre trabalhadores(as) do setor saúde. Foram incluídos 453 trabalhadores(as) de serviços de atenção primária e média complexidade de uma cidade de médio porte do estado brasileiro da Bahia. Foram considerados hesitantes em vacinar aqueles que não receberam vacina para influenza em 2019. Modelos de equações estruturais foram utilizados para avaliar interrelações entre variáveis preditoras de interesse e hesitação vacinal. Um quarto dos(as) trabalhadores(as) (25,4%) hesitaram em se vacinar para influenza. Menor confiança (coeficiente padronizado - CP = 0,261; p = 0,044) e maior complacência (CP = 0,256; p < 0,001) associaram-se significativamente à hesitação vacinal. A conveniência não esteve associada à hesitação vacinal. Trabalhadores(as) não assistenciais, da média complexidade e do sexo masculino referiram menor acolhimento pelo profissional que administrava as vacinas. O medo de agulhas associou-se à menor confiança e à hesitação vacinal. História de reação vacinal não esteve associada diretamente com hesitação vacinal, mas associou-se à maior complacência, isto é, menor percepção do risco de doenças imunopreveníveis. Por ser uma vacina recomendada anualmente, a hesitação vacinal para influenza pode contribuir para aumentar a carga da doença na população. Os dados sustentam a hipótese de que fatores relacionados à confiança e complacência produzem prejuízos na aceitação desta vacina, devendo ser considerados no desenvolvimento de estratégias e ações para maior adesão à vacinação.

La Organización Mundial de la Salud reconoce la vacilación en la vacunación como una de las diez mayores amenazas para la salud pública en el mundo. Este estudio investigó la asociación entre confianza, conveniencia y complacencia, así como la indecisión para vacunarse contra la gripe entre trabajadores/as del sector salud. Se incluyeron a 453 trabajadores/as de servicios de atención primaria y media complejidad de una ciudad de tamaño medio en Bahía, Brasil. Se consideraron vacilantes para vacunarse a aquellos que no recibieron una vacuna contra la gripe en 2019. Se utilizaron los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales para evaluar interrelaciones entre variables predictoras de interés y vacilación en vacunarse. Un cuarto de los/as trabajadores/as (25,4%) dudaron en si vacunarse contra la gripe. Menor confianza (coeficiente estandarizado - CE = 0,261; p = 0,044) y mayor complacencia (CE = 0,256; p < 0,001) se asociaron significativamente a la vacilación en la vacunación. La conveniencia no estuvo asociada a la vacilación en la vacunación. Los trabajadores/as no asistenciales, de media complejidad y de sexo masculino informaron de una menor acogida por parte del profesional que administraba las vacunas. El miedo a las agujas se asoció a una menor confianza y a la vacilación en la vacunación. Un historial de reacción a la vacunación no estuvo asociado directamente con la vacilación en la vacunación, pero se asoció a una mayor complacencia, esto es, menor percepción del riesgo de enfermedades inmunoprevenibles. Al tratarse de una vacuna recomendada anualmente, la vacilación en la vacunación para la gripe puede contribuir a aumentar la carga de enfermedad en la población. Los datos sostienen la hipótesis de que factores relacionados con la confianza y la complacencia producen prejuicios en la aceptación de esta vacuna, debiendo ser considerados en el desarrollo de estrategias y acciones para una mayor adhesión a la vacunación.

Prevalence and factors associated with symptoms of depression in family members of people hospitalized in the intensive care unit. / Prevalência e fatores associados a sintomas de depressão em familiares de pessoas hospitalizadas em unidade de terapia intensiva.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with depression in family members of people hospitalized in intensive care units. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 980 family members of patients admitted to the intensive care units of a large public hospital in the interior of Bahia. Depression was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-8. The multivariate model consisted of the following variables: sex and age of the patient, sex and age of the family member, education level, religion, living with the family member, previous mental illness and anxiety. RESULTS: Depression had a prevalence of 43.5%. In the multivariate analysis, the model with the best representativeness indicated that factors associated with a higher prevalence of depression were being female (39%), age younger than 40 years (26%) and previous mental illness (38%). A higher education level was associated with a 19% lower prevalence of depression in family members. CONCLUSION: The increase in the prevalence of depression was associated with female sex, age younger than 40 years and previous psychological problems. Such elements should be valued in actions aimed at family members of people hospitalized in intensive care.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar prevalência e fatores associados à depressão em familiares de pessoas hospitalizadas em unidades de terapia intensiva. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, desenvolvido com 980 familiares de pacientes internados nas unidades de terapia intensiva de um hospital público de grande porte no interior da Bahia. A depressão foi mensurada pelo Patient Health Questionnaire-8. O modelo multivariado foi composto pelas seguintes variáveis: sexo e idade do paciente, sexo e idade do familiar, escolaridade, religião, residir com o familiar, problema psíquico prévio e ansiedade. RESULTADOS: A depressão apresentou prevalência de 43,5%. Na análise multivariada, o modelo com melhor representatividade indicou que fatores associados à maior prevalência de depressão foram ser do sexo feminino (39%), idade menor que 40 anos (26%) e problema psíquico prévio (38%). A maior escolaridade se associou a uma prevalência de depressão 19% menor em familiares. CONCLUSÃO: O aumento na prevalência de depressão esteve associado a sexo feminino, idade menor de 40 anos e problemas psíquicos prévios. Tais elementos devem ser valorizados nas ações direcionadas aos familiares de pessoas internadas na terapia intensiva.

Low Psychological Well-being in Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) During the Shelter-in-Place Orders to Prevent the COVID-19 Spread: Results from a Nationwide Study.

INTRODUCTION: Little is known about how sheltering in place to contain the spread of COVID-19 over extended periods affects individuals' psychological well-being. This study's objective was to analyze the factors associated with MSM's (men who have sex with men) low psychological well-being in the COVID-19 pandemic context. METHOD: This cross-sectional study was conducted online across Brazil (26 states and federal district) in April and May 2020. The participants were recruited using snowball sampling and Facebook posts. Data were collected using social media and MSM dating apps. We estimated the prevalence, crude prevalence ratio (PR), and the respective confidence intervals (CI95%). RESULTS: The prevalence of low psychological well-being found in the sample was 7.9%. Associated factors were belonging to the youngest group (PR 2.76; CI95% 1.90-4.01), having polyamorous relationships (PR 2.78; CI95% 1.51-5.11), not complying with social isolation measures (PR 6.27; CI95% 4.42-8.87), not using the social media to find partners (PR 1.63; CI95% 1.06-2.53), having multiple sexual partners (PR 1.80; CI95% 1.04-3.11), having reduced the number of partners (PR 2.67; CI95% 1.44-4.95), and group sex (PR 1.82; CI95% 1.23-2.69). CONCLUSION: The well-being of MSM living in Brazil was negatively affected during the social distancing measures intended to control the spread of COVID-19. The variables that contributed the most to this outcome include social isolation, relationships established with partners, and sexual behavior. POLICY IMPLICATIONS: Planning and implementing public policies and actions to promote psychological well-being are needed to improve MSM's resilience by adopting safe strategies and behavior.

Hesitação vacinal para influenza entre trabalhadores(as) da saúde, Bahia, Brasil / Influenza vaccine hesitancy among health workers, Bahia State, Brazil / Vacilación en la vacunación contra la gripe entre trabajadores/as de salud, Bahía, Brasil

Resumo: A Organização Mundial da Saúde reconhece a hesitação vacinal como uma das dez maiores ameaças à saúde pública no mundo. Este estudo investigou a associação entre confiança, conveniência e complacência e a hesitação vacinal para influenza entre trabalhadores(as) do setor saúde. Foram incluídos 453 trabalhadores(as) de serviços de atenção primária e média complexidade de uma cidade de médio porte do estado brasileiro da Bahia. Foram considerados hesitantes em vacinar aqueles que não receberam vacina para influenza em 2019. Modelos de equações estruturais foram utilizados para avaliar interrelações entre variáveis preditoras de interesse e hesitação vacinal. Um quarto dos(as) trabalhadores(as) (25,4%) hesitaram em se vacinar para influenza. Menor confiança (coeficiente padronizado - CP = 0,261; p = 0,044) e maior complacência (CP = 0,256; p < 0,001) associaram-se significativamente à hesitação vacinal. A conveniência não esteve associada à hesitação vacinal. Trabalhadores(as) não assistenciais, da média complexidade e do sexo masculino referiram menor acolhimento pelo profissional que administrava as vacinas. O medo de agulhas associou-se à menor confiança e à hesitação vacinal. História de reação vacinal não esteve associada diretamente com hesitação vacinal, mas associou-se à maior complacência, isto é, menor percepção do risco de doenças imunopreveníveis. Por ser uma vacina recomendada anualmente, a hesitação vacinal para influenza pode contribuir para aumentar a carga da doença na população. Os dados sustentam a hipótese de que fatores relacionados à confiança e complacência produzem prejuízos na aceitação desta vacina, devendo ser considerados no desenvolvimento de estratégias e ações para maior adesão à vacinação.

Abstract: The World Health Organization acknowledges vaccine hesitancy as one of the ten most serious global health threats. The study investigated the association between confidence, convenience, and complacency and influenza vaccine hesitancy among male and female health workers. The study included 453 workers in primary and medium-complexity health services in a medium-sized city in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Vaccine-hesitant individuals were defined as those who had not received an influenza vaccine in 2019. Structural equation models were used to assess interrelations between target predictive variables and vaccine hesitancy. One-fourth of the workers (25.4%) hesitated to be vaccinated for influenza. Lower confidence (standardized coefficient - SC = 0.261; p = 0.044) and higher complacency (SC = 0.256; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy. Convenience was not associated with vaccine hesitancy. Workers not involved in patient care, workers in medium-complexity services, and male workers reported less receptiveness from the health professional administering the vaccines. Fear of needles was associated with both lower confidence and greater vaccine hesitancy. History of vaccine reactions was not associated directly with vaccine hesitancy, but it was associated with greater complacency, that is, less perception of risk from vaccine-preventable diseases. Since annual influenza vaccination is recommended, influenza vaccine hesitancy can increase the burden of this disease in the population. The data back the hypothesis that factors related to confidence and complacency produce harms in this vaccine´s acceptance and should be considered in the development of strategies and actions for greater adherence to vaccination.

Resumen: La Organización Mundial de la Salud reconoce la vacilación en la vacunación como una de las diez mayores amenazas para la salud pública en el mundo. Este estudio investigó la asociación entre confianza, conveniencia y complacencia, así como la indecisión para vacunarse contra la gripe entre trabajadores/as del sector salud. Se incluyeron a 453 trabajadores/as de servicios de atención primaria y media complejidad de una ciudad de tamaño medio en Bahía, Brasil. Se consideraron vacilantes para vacunarse a aquellos que no recibieron una vacuna contra la gripe en 2019. Se utilizaron los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales para evaluar interrelaciones entre variables predictoras de interés y vacilación en vacunarse. Un cuarto de los/as trabajadores/as (25,4%) dudaron en si vacunarse contra la gripe. Menor confianza (coeficiente estandarizado - CE = 0,261; p = 0,044) y mayor complacencia (CE = 0,256; p < 0,001) se asociaron significativamente a la vacilación en la vacunación. La conveniencia no estuvo asociada a la vacilación en la vacunación. Los trabajadores/as no asistenciales, de media complejidad y de sexo masculino informaron de una menor acogida por parte del profesional que administraba las vacunas. El miedo a las agujas se asoció a una menor confianza y a la vacilación en la vacunación. Un historial de reacción a la vacunación no estuvo asociado directamente con la vacilación en la vacunación, pero se asoció a una mayor complacencia, esto es, menor percepción del riesgo de enfermedades inmunoprevenibles. Al tratarse de una vacuna recomendada anualmente, la vacilación en la vacunación para la gripe puede contribuir a aumentar la carga de enfermedad en la población. Los datos sostienen la hipótesis de que factores relacionados con la confianza y la complacencia producen prejuicios en la aceptación de esta vacuna, debiendo ser considerados en el desarrollo de estrategias y acciones para una mayor adhesión a la vacunación.

Men's Mental Health in the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Social Support / Saúde Mental de Homens na Pandemia de COVID-19: O Papel da Intolerância à Incerteza e do Apoio Social / La Salud Mental de los Hombres en la Pandemia de COVID-19: El Papel de la Intolerancia a la Incertidumbre y del Apoyo Social

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic exerted a tremendous toll on individuals' mental health. This study aimed to examine the associations between men's common mental disorders (CMD), intolerance of uncertainty (IU), and social support (SS). A cross-sectional online study was carried out in all Brazilian states. Participants were 1.006 adult men recruited through social media using a snowball technique. Men completed the Self-Report Questionnaire-20, the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, the Two-Way Social Support Scale, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. In addition, a t-Test and a regression analysis were performed. Men in the clinical group reported significantly higher levels of IU and lower levels of SS. Furthermore, SS moderated the relationship between IU and CMD, suggesting that SS might help protect men's mental health against the deleterious effects of IU in a pandemic scenario. These results indicate that different forms of social support seem to be a promising focus of psychosocial intervention in this context.

Resumo A pandemia da COVID-19 impactou consideravelmente a saúde mental dos indivíduos. Este estudo teve por objetivo examinar associações entre transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) de homens, a intolerância à incerteza (II) e apoio social (AS). Trata-se de um estudo transversal online realizado em todos os estados brasileiros, com 1.006 homens adultos recrutados em redes sociais mediante a técnica de bola de neve. Os participantes responderam ao Self-Report Questionnaire-20, à Escala de Intolerância à Incerteza, à Escala de Apoio Social Two-way e a um questionário sociodemográfico. Teste t e análise de regressão foram realizados. Os homens do grupo clínico relataram significativamente níveis maiores de II e níveis inferiores de AS. Além disso, o AS moderou a relação entre II e TMC, sugerindo que AS protege a saúde mental dos homens contra efeitos deletérios da II na pandemia. Esses resultados sugerem que o apoio social parece ser um foco promissor de intervenção psicossocial nesse contexto.

Resumen La pandemia de COVID-19 afectó considerablemente la salud mental individual. Este estudio examinó las asociaciones entre los trastornos mentales comunes (TMC) de los hombres, la intolerancia a la incertidumbre (II) y el apoyo social (AS). Es un estudio transversal online realizado en los estados brasileños, con 1.006 hombres adultos reclutados en redes sociales mediante la técnica de bola de nieve. Respondieron el Self-Report Questionnaire-20, la Escala de Intolerancia a Incertidumbre, la Escala de Apoyo Social Two-way y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Se realizaron el test t y el análisis de regresión. Hombres del grupo clínico informaron significativamente niveles superiores de II e inferiores de AS. Además, AS moderó la relación entre II y TMC, lo que sugiere que AS protege la salud mental de los hombres contra los efectos nocivos de II en la pandemia. Estos resultados sugieren que el apoyo social es un foco prometedor de intervención psicosocial en este contexto.