The Bioactivity of a Hydroxytyrosol-Enriched Extract Originated after Direct Hydrolysis of Olive Leaves from Greek Cultivars.

Nowadays, olive leaf polyphenols have been at the center of scientific interest due to their beneficial effects on human health. The most abundant polyphenol in olive leaves is oleuropein. The biological properties of oleuropein are mainly due to the hydroxytyrosol moiety, a drastic catechol group, whose biological activity has been mentioned many times in the literature. Hence, in recent years, many nutritional supplements, food products, and cosmetics enriched in hydroxytyrosol have been developed and marketed, with unexpectedly positive results. However, the concentration levels of hydroxytyrosol in olive leaves are low, as it depends on several agricultural factors. In this study, a rapid and easy methodology for the production of hydroxytyrosol-enriched extracts from olive leaves was described. The proposed method is based on the direct acidic hydrolysis of olive leaves, where the extraction procedure and the hydrolysis of oleuropein are carried out in one step. Furthermore, we tested the in vitro bioactivity of this extract using cell-free and cell-based methods, evaluating its antioxidant and DNA-protective properties. Our results showed that the hydroxytyrosol-enriched extract produced after direct hydrolysis of olive leaves exerted significant in vitro antioxidant and geno-protective activity, and potentially these extracts could have various applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries.

Development of a Holistic In Vitro Cell-Free Approach to Determine the Redox Bioactivity of Agricultural Products.

In recent years, there has been a strong consumer demand for food products that provide nutritional benefits to human health. Therefore, the assessment of the biological activity is considered as an important parameter for the promotion of high-quality food products. Herein, we introduce a novel methodology comprising a complete set of in vitro cell-free screening techniques for the evaluation of the bioactivity of various food products on the basis of their antioxidant capacity. These assays examine the free radical scavenging activities, the reducing properties, and the protective ability against oxidative damage to biomolecules. The adoption of the proposed battery of antioxidant assays is anticipated to contribute to the holistic characterization of the bioactivity of the food product under examination. Consumer motivations and expectations with respect to nutritious food products with bio-functional properties drive the global food market toward food certification. Therefore, the development and application of scientific methodologies that examine the quality characteristics of food products could increase consumers' trust and promote their beneficial properties for human health.

Toxicity assessment of core-shell and superabsorbent polymers in cell-based systems.

The identification of health risks arising from occupational exposure to submicron/nanoscale materials is of particular interest and toxicological investigations designed to assess their hazardous properties can provide valuable insights. The core-shell polymers poly (methyl methacrylate)@poly (methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) [PMMA@P (MAA-co-EGDMA)] and poly (n-butyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)@poly (methyl methacrylate) [P (nBMA-co-EGDMA)@PMMA] could be utilized for the debonding of coatings and for the encapsulation and targeted delivery of various compounds. The hybrid superabsorbent core-shell polymers poly (methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)@silicon dioxide [P (MAA-co-EGDMA)@SiO2] could be utilized as internal curing agents in cementitious materials. Therefore, the characterization of their toxicological profile is essential to ensure their safety throughout manufacturing and the life cycle of the final products. Based on the above, the purpose of the present study was to assess the acute toxic effects of the above mentioned polymers on cell viability and on cellular redox state in EA. hy926 human endothelial cells and in RAW264.7 mouse macrophages. According to our results, the examined polymers did not cause any acute toxic effects on cell viability after any administration. However, the thorough evaluation of a panel of redox biomarkers revealed that they affected cellular redox state in a cell-specific manner. As regards EA. hy926 cells, the polymers disrupted redox homeostasis and promoted protein carbonylation. Concerning RAW264.7 cells, P (nBMA-co-EGDMA)@PMMA caused disturbances in redox equilibrium and special emphasis was placed on the triphasic dose-response effect detected in lipid peroxidation. Finally, P (MAA-co-EGDMA)@SiO2 activated cellular adaptive mechanisms in order to prevent from oxidative damage.

Redox Biomarkers Assessment after Oral Administration of Wine Extract and Grape Stem Extract in Rats and Mice.

Wine and by-products of the winemaking process, such as grape stems, are rich in bioactive polyphenolic compounds that might be beneficial for animal and human health. In recent years, the administration of dietary polyphenols with strong antioxidant and cytoprotective properties has constituted an emerging line of research interest toward disease prevention. However, in scientific literature, only a limited number of studies have investigated the safety and the toxicological risks of polyphenolic compounds in vivo. Based on the above, the purpose of the present study was two-fold: first, to examine the effects of oral administration of a grape stem extract, derived from the Greek red wine Mavrodaphne, on mice redox biomarkers; and second, to investigate the biological effects of oral administration of a wine extract, derived from the emblematic Greek red wine Xinomavro, on rats. Toward this purpose, body weight, growth rate, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters, as well as a panel of redox biomarkers, were examined. According to our results, the administration of Mavrodaphne grape stem extract in mice induced alterations in redox homeostasis, preventing mice from the adverse effects of lipid peroxidation. Contrariwise, the administration of Xinomavro wine extract induced both beneficial and harmful outcomes on rat redox status determined by the examined tissue. Collectively, our study reports that the Mavrodaphne grape stem extract, a serious pollutant when disposed in environmental matrices, is an important source of bioactive polyphenolic compounds that could protect from oxidative damage and improve animal and human health. Finally, the Xinomavro wine extract exerts tissue-specific changes in redox balance, which are indicative of the complexity that characterizes the biological systems.

Determination of Redox Status in Different Tissues of Lambs and Kids and Their in-between Relationship.

The objective of this study was to assess the resting values of the physiological oxidative stress exhibited by lambs and kids reared in Greece, and the potential correlations between redox biomarker levels in blood and other tissues (liver, diaphragm, quadriceps, psoas major muscle). For this purpose, lambs and kids at different developmental stages (d.s.) were used. The latter corresponded to four live weight categories (LWC), each representing 25%, 35%, 70% and 100% of mature body weight. In each of the above tissues, the levels of five common redox biomarkers were determined: glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS), and protein carbonyls (CARBS). The results revealed that lambs and kids belonging to the 35% LWC had weaker endogenous antioxidant pools, while animals in the 70% and 100% LWC had elevated intrinsic antioxidant defense systems. Blood redox biomarkers were associated with the respective ones measured in the diaphragm, liver, quadriceps, and psoas major of both species. Importantly, TBARS levels in blood of animals in the 25% and 100% LWC are correlated with the TBARS levels in all other tissues tested. Blood antioxidant parameters might be used as potential biomarkers to predict the antioxidant status of tissues that affect meat quality. The latter would facilitate quality assessment prior to slaughter, allowing for timely nutritional interventions that can improve meat products.

The impact of diet upon mitochondrial physiology (Review).

Mitochondria are considered the 'powerhouses' of cells, generating the essential energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate that they need for their energy demands. Nevertheless, their function is easily adaptable as regards the energy demands and the availability of chemical substrates. This allows cells to buffer sudden changes and reassure cellular metabolism, growth or survival. Currently, humans have different dietary habits, which provide several stimuli to the cell. According to the energy substrate availability due to the diet quality and diet temporality, mitochondrial physiology is greatly affected. The present review article aimed to collect all the available information that has been published to date concerning the impact of five different popular diets (high­fat diet, ketogenic diet, fasting, caloric restriction diet and the Mediterranean diet) on specific mitochondrial physiological aspects, such as function, biogenesis, mitophagy and mitochondrial fission/fusion.

Estimation of Redox Status in Military Pilots during Hypoxic Flight-Simulation Conditions-A Pilot Study.

At high altitude conditions, the low-pressure atmospheric oxygen reduces the generation of energy, thus inducing a decrease in oxygen availability. As a result, endurance flights evoke imbalance in redox signaling, posing a safety risk for the pilots involved. The aim of the present study was to assess changes in the redox status of military pilots during flight simulation conditions according to their flight hours (experts vs. novice). A total of seven expert pilots and an equal number of novice pilots (trainees) were recruited from the Center for Airforce Medicine of the Greek Military Airforce. Glutathione (GSH) levels, catalase activity (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), lipid peroxidation through the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), and protein oxidative damage through the assay of protein carbonyls (PCs) levels were assessed at two time points, once prior to and once immediately post a scheduled flight simulation. In the experienced pilots' arms, GSH was significantly increased post-flight simulation, with TAC being simultaneously reduced. On the other hand, in the trainees' arms, CAT and TAC were both increased post-flight. No differences were noted with regard to the TBARS and PCs post-simulation. When the two groups were compared, TAC and PCs were significantly lower in the trainees compared to the experienced pilots. The present study provides useful insight into the physiological redox status adaptations to hypobaric hypoxic flight conditions among pilots. In a further detail, an increase in GSH response post-flight simulation is being evoked in more experienced pilots, indicating an adaptation to the extreme flight conditions, as they battle oxidative stress.

Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effect of a Grape Pomace Extract on Oxaliplatin-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Rats: Biochemical, Behavioral and Histopathological Evaluation.

Oxaliplatin is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent. Despite its many beneficial aspects in fighting many malignancies, it shares an aversive effect of neuropathy. Many substances have been used to limit this oxaliplatin-driven neuropathy in patients. This study evaluates the neuroprotective role of a grape pomace extract (GPE) into an oxaliplatin induced neuropathy in rats. For this reason, following the delivery of the substance into the animals prior to or simultaneously with oxaliplatin, their performance was evaluated by behavioral tests. Blood tests were also performed for the antioxidant activity of the extract, along with a histological and pathological evaluation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells as the major components of the neuropathy. All behavioral tests were corrected following the use of the grape pomace. Oxidative stressors were also limited with the use of the extract. Additionally, the morphometrical analysis of the DRG cells and their immunohistochemical phenotype revealed the fidelity of the animal model and the changes into the parvalbumin and GFAP concentration indicative of the neuroprotective role of the pomace. In conclusion, the grape pomace extract with its antioxidant properties alleviates the harmful effects of the oxaliplatin induced chronic neuropathy in rats.

ROS and COVID.

In recent years, the pandemic of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), an infectious disease caused by variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has indisputably emerged as the predominant public health issue [...].

Effects of a 12-Month Treatment with Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors, and Their Combination on Oxidant and Antioxidant Biomarkers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

Imbalance between oxidative stress burden and antioxidant capacity is implicated in the course of atherosclerosis among type 2 diabetic patients. We addressed the effects of insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RA), sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i), and their combination on levels of oxidant and antioxidant biomarkers. We recruited a total of 160 type 2 diabetics, who received insulin (n = 40), liraglutide (n = 40), empagliflozin (n = 40), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n = 40). We measured at baseline, at 4 and at 12 months of treatment: (a) Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS), (b) Malondialdehyde (MDA), (c) Reducing Power (RP), (d) 2,2¢-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical (ABTS) and (e) Total Antioxidant Capacity TAC). Dual treatment resulted in significant improvement of TBARS, MDA, and ABTS at four months compared with the other groups (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). At twelve months, all participants improved TBARS, MDA, and ABTS (p < 0.05). At 12 months, GLP1-RA and GLP-1RA+SGLT2-i provided a greater reduction of TBARS (-8.76% and -9.83%) compared with insulin or SGLT2i (-0.5% and 3.22%), (p < 0.05). GLP1-RA and GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i showed a greater reduction of MDA (-30.15% and -31.44%) compared with insulin or SGLT2i (4.72% and -3.74%), (p < 0.05). SGLT2i and GLP-1RA+SGLT2-i showed increase of ABTS (12.87% and 14.13%) compared with insulin or GLP1-RA (2.44% and -3.44%), (p < 0.05). Only combined treatment resulted in increase of TAC compared with the other groups after 12 months of treatment (p < 0.05).12-month treatment with GLP1-RA and SGLT2i resulted in reduction of biomarkers responsible for oxidative modifications and increase of antioxidant biomarker, respectively. The combination treatment was superior and additive to each separate agent and also the beneficial effects appeared earlier.

Assessment of Antioxidant and Antimutagenic Properties of Red and White Wine Extracts In Vitro.

Wine is an alcoholic beverage of complex composition obtained through the fermentation of grape must. The consumption of wine has already been associated with a multitude of beneficial effects due to its high polyphenolic content. In this study, four Greek emblematic wines from two red (i.e., Xinomavro and Agiorgitiko) and two white (i.e., Assyrtiko and Malagouzia) varieties were analyzed for the estimation of their antioxidant profiles. To address this question, we assessed their ability to scavenge both synthetic and endogenous free radicals, such as DPPH•, ABTS+•, OH•, O2-, their potential reducing power, and their antimutagenic and antigenotoxic properties. All varieties exhibited potent antioxidant activity, as indicated by the results of methods above, with the red wines appearing more effective than the white ones regarding antioxidant capacity. Our small-scale study is the first to reveal that these wine varieties may have the ability to scavenge the most reactive endogenous radicals. In the future, this finding must be accompanied by larger studies to fill a knowledge gap in the scientific literature concerning a holistic approach of the in vitro antioxidant action of plant polyphenolic compounds. Conclusively, we believe that wines possess high bioactivity that allow them to settle in the industry of food additives and medicinal products.

Patients Undergoing Surgery for Hip Fractures Suffer from Severe Oxidative Stress as Compared to Patients with Hip Osteoarthritis Undergoing Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Hip fractures are associated with the highest degree of morbidity and mortality of all fractures in elderly patients and pose a major risk for subsequent fractures. Patients with hip fractures also present accelerated bone turnover despite early stable fracture fixation and early mobilization. We aimed to evaluate oxidative stress in two groups of patients (25 patients each, matched for age, side, and BMI) who underwent internal fixation of hip fractures and total hip arthroplasty for hip osteoarthritis. Blood samples were taken from all patients during admission, the day of surgery, the 4th postoperative day, and the 15th postoperative day. Reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, GSH/GSSG, catalase (CAT), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyls (PC), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) as a widely used battery of redox biomarkers were recorded from blood samples. Patients with hip fractures who undergo fixation surgery, compared to those with hip osteoarthritis, suffer significant oxidative stress with an active but insufficient first line of oxidative defense, an intensive first line reaction, a very active second line of oxidative defense, and a low plasma antioxidant capacity. Surgery worsened already present lipid- and protein-related tissue damage. The severe oxidative stress observed may explain high morbidity and mortality rates and high bone turnover status, as well as the high incidence of refractures. Furthermore, the question of whether antioxidant therapy measures should be introduced in the management of hip fracture patients is raised.

Redox Biomarker Baseline Levels in Cattle Tissues and Their Relationships with Meat Quality.

Cattle breeds or crossbreds with high productivity traits have been developed to meet a growing demand for food. When intensive farming practices are followed, animals face several challenges which can result in poor performance, compromised welfare and the reduced quality of their products. Our study aims to highlight the resting values of the physiological oxidative stress that three cattle breeds exhibit, and their potential relationship with meat quality. For this purpose, we determined the levels of five common redox biomarkers (glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyls (CARBS)) in the tissues of three commonly used beef cattle breeds (Charolais (CHA), Limousin (LIM) and Simmental (SIM)) and their association with specific meat quality traits that depend on color, pH and texture. The results revealed that LIM cattle breed animals have elevated intrinsic antioxidant defense systems in comparison to CHA and SIM cattle breed animals. In addition, the meat quality parameters were associated with the redox biomarkers. We propose that the determination of specific antioxidant parameters in the blood might be used as potential biomarkers to predict meat quality. This would allow farmers to nutritionally intervene to improve the quality of their products.

The EU endocrine disruptors' regulation and the glyphosate controversy.

Endocrine disruptors are compounds that alter the functioning of the endocrine system of humans and wildlife. A large number of chemicals have been identified as EDs and humans can be exposed to them through dietary and/or environmental exposure (air, water, soil). At international level, scientific discussion on the topic of EDs focuses on the issue of setting out the scientific criteria according to which the key properties of these substances that render them EDs are determined. Regulatory action in EU has been impacted by the aforementioned discussion and, in particular, Regulation 2017/2100 and Regulation 2018/605 have been issued. However, these scientific criteria do not constitute a complete framework for the detection of EDs and, therefore, their adoption does not entail a fully effective human health protection. Moreover, glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH), are the most widely used pesticides worldwide. The glyphosate controversy turned the spotlight on pesticide regulation in the EU. The disagreement between IARC and regulatory evaluations of EFSA/ECHA has received great attention of citizens, organizations and stakeholders, as a result of methodological differences in the evaluation of the available evidence have been identified. This paper outlines the glyphosate controversy, following an overview of the EU EDs Regulation and pesticide legislation.

Fasting-mediated metabolic and toxicity reprogramming impacts circulating microRNA levels in humans.

It is well-established that long-term fasting improves metabolic health, enhances the total antioxidant capacity and increases well-being. MicroRNAs oversee energy homeostasis and metabolic processes and are widely used as circulating biomarkers to identify the metabolic state. This study investigated whether the expression levels of twenty-four metabolism-associated microRNAs are significantly altered following long-term fasting and if these changes correlate with biochemical and redox parameters in the plasma. Thirty-two participants with an average BMI of 28 kg/m2 underwent a 10-day fasting period with a daily intake of 250 kcal under medical supervision. RT-qPCR on plasma small-RNA extracts revealed that the levels of seven microRNAs (miR-19b-3p, miR-22-3p, miR-122-5p, miR-126-3p, miR-142-3p, miR-143-3p, and miR-145-5p) were significantly altered following fasting. Importantly, the expression levels of these microRNAs have been consistently shown to change in the exact opposite direction in pathological states including obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and cardiovascular disease. Linear regression analyses revealed that among the microRNAs analyzed, anti-inflammatory miR-146-5p expression displayed most correlations with the levels of different biochemical and redox parameters. In silico analysis of fasting-associated microRNAs demonstrated that they target pathways that are highly enriched for intracellular signaling such mTOR, FoxO and autophagy, as well as extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions and cell-senescence. Overall, these data are consistent with a model in which long-term fasting engages homeostatic mechanisms associated with specific microRNAs to improve metabolic signaling regardless of health status.

A novel combined bioactivity / chemoactivity holistic approach for the evaluation of dietary supplements.

There is increasing evidence that the excessive generation of free radicals in the human body plays a major role in the pathophysiology and development of various diseases, closely associated with oxidative damage. In this frame, the consumption of antioxidant nutrients through food or dietary supplements may prevent from the harmful effects of free radicals on human cells. This work proposes a holistic approach consisting of distinct methodologies, suitable to evaluate the antioxidant and chemoprotective activity of three novel dietary supplements, each one containing active substances with complementary properties. In the first step, this approach includes in vitro studies to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the dietary supplements by measuring the parameters of free radical scavenging capacity, of reducing power activity, as well as, their ability to protect biomolecules from oxidation. Furthermore, the evaluation of their antimutagenic and antigenotoxic effects is also presented. SubsequentlySub, the specific effects of the dietary supplements were examined in three cancer cell lines (HepG2, HeLa, MKN45), by measuring redox biomarkers such as glutathione, reactive oxygen species and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, using flow cytometry and spectrophotometry. Our results indicate that all the dietary supplements exhibit high antioxidant, antimutagenic, antigenotoxic and lipid protective activity. The most prominent result is their capability to induce oxidative damage on cancer cells via the critical decrease of the levels of their intracellular glutathione, as well as the increase of ROS and lipid peroxidation levels after the administration of non-cytotoxic concentrations. We suggest that the proposed methodology could constitute a valuable tool for the characterization of dietary supplements based on their chemical and functional properties.

An integrated approach for assessing the in vitro and in vivo redox-related effects of nanomaterials.

Over the last few decades, nanotechnology has risen to the forefront of both the research and industrial interest, resulting in the manufacture and utilization of various nanomaterials, as well as in their integration into a wide range of fields. However, the consequent elevated exposure to such materials raises serious concerns regarding their effects on human health and safety. Existing scientific data indicate that the induction of oxidative stress, through the excessive generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), might be the principal mechanism of exerting their toxicity. Meanwhile, a number of nanomaterials exhibit antioxidant properties, either intrinsic or resulting from their functionalization with conventional antioxidants. Considering that their redox properties are implicated in the manifestation of their biological effects, we propose an integrated approach for the assessment of the redox-related activities of nanomaterials at three biological levels (in vitro-cell free systems, cell cultures, in vivo). Towards this direction, a battery of translational biomarkers is recommended, and a series of reliable protocols are presented in detail. The aim of the present approach is to acquire a better understanding with respect to the biological actions of nanomaterials in the interrelated fields of Redox Biology and Toxicology.

Reconceptualization of Hormetic Responses in the Frame of Redox Toxicology.

Cellular adaptive mechanisms emerging after exposure to low levels of toxic agents or stressful stimuli comprise an important biological feature that has gained considerable scientific interest. Investigations of low-dose exposures to diverse chemical compounds signify the non-linear mode of action in the exposed cell or organism at such dose levels in contrast to the classic detrimental effects induced at higher ones, a phenomenon usually referred to as hormesis. The resulting phenotype is a beneficial effect that tests our physiology within the limits of our homeostatic adaptations. Therefore, doses below the region of adverse responses are of particular interest and are specified as the hormetic gain zone. The manifestation of redox adaptations aiming to prevent from disturbances of redox homeostasis represent an area of particular interest in hormetic responses, observed after exposure not only to stressors but also to compounds of natural origin, such as phytochemicals. Findings from previous studies on several agents demonstrate the heterogeneity of the specific zone in terms of the molecular events occurring. Major factors deeply involved in these biphasic phenomena are the bioactive compound per se, the dose level, the duration of exposure, the cell, tissue or even organ exposed to and, of course, the biomarker examined. In the end, the molecular fate is a complex toxicological event, based on beneficial and detrimental effects, which, however, are poorly understood to date.

Interplay between oxidative damage, the redox status, and metabolic biomarkers during long-term fasting.

Obesity and its related metabolic disorders, as well as infectious diseases like covid-19, are important health risks nowadays. It was recently documented that long-term fasting improves metabolic health and enhanced the total antioxidant capacity. The present study investigated the influence of a 10-day fasting on markers of the redox status in 109 subjects. Reducing power, 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical cation(ABTS) radical scavenging capacity, and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity increased significantly, and indicated an increase of circulating antioxidant levels. No differences were detected in superoxide scavenging capacity, protein carbonyls, and superoxide dismutase when measured at baseline and after 10 days of fasting. These findings were concomitant to a decrease in blood glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides as well as an increase in total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio. In addition, the well-being index as well as the subjective energy levels increased, documenting a good tolerability. There was an interplay between redox and metabolic parameters since lipid peroxidation baseline levels (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]) affected the ability of long-term fasting to normalize lipid levels. A machine learning model showed that a combination of antioxidant parameters measured at baseline predicted the efficiency of the fasting regimen to decrease LDL levels. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that long-term fasting enhanced the endogenous production of antioxidant molecules, that act protectively against free radicals, and in parallel improved the metabolic health status. Our results suggest that the outcome of long-term fasting strategies could be depending on the baseline values of the antioxidative and metabolic status of subjects.

The Importance of Redox Status in the Frame of Lifestyle Approaches and the Genetics of the Lung Innate Immune Molecules, SP-A1 and SP-A2, on Differential Outcomes of COVID-19 Infection.

The pandemic of COVID-19 is of great concern to the scientific community. This mainly affects the elderly and people with underlying diseases. People with obesity are more likely to experience unpleasant disease symptoms and increased mortality. The severe oxidative environment that occurs in obesity due to chronic inflammation permits viral activation of further inflammation leading to severe lung disease. Lifestyle affects the levels of inflammation and oxidative stress. It has been shown that a careful diet rich in antioxidants, regular exercise, and fasting regimens, each and/or together, can reduce the levels of inflammation and oxidative stress and strengthen the immune system as they lead to weight loss and activate cellular antioxidant mechanisms and reduce oxidative damage. Thus, a lifestyle change based on the three pillars: antioxidants, exercise, and fasting could act as a proactive preventative measure against the adverse effects of COVID-19 by maintaining redox balance and well-functioning immunity. Moreover, because of the observed diversity in the expression of COVID-19 inflammation, the role of genetics of innate immune molecules, surfactant protein A (SP-A)1 and SP-A2, and their differential impact on the local lung microenvironment and host defense is reviewed as genetics may play a major role in the diverse expression of the disease.