Association of organ damage with predicted fat mass in a community-dwelling elderly: the Northern Shanghai study.

BACKGROUND: Body fat mass (FM) is associated with multiple organ damage. However, data regarding the relationship between various organ damage and FM are rare in the elderly. Therefore, we aim to perform an analysis on the relationship between organ damage and FM in a geriatric cohort. METHODS: 3331 participants were included in this analysis. Based on age, body height, body weight, waist circumference, and race, we calculated FM with the established formula. Organ damage, including arterial stiffening, lower extremity atherosclerosis, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), micro-albuminuria, and chronic kidney disease (CKD), were measured and calculated with standard methods. RESULTS: All organ damage parameters were significantly related to FM (all p < 0.001). In univariate logistics regression, the highest quartile of FM was tied to the increased risk of arterial stiffening, lower extremity atherosclerosis, LVH, micro-albuminuria, and CKD (all p < 0.05). After adjustment, participants with higher quantiles of FM had a significantly increased odd ratio (OR) for arterial stiffening [OR = 1.51, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15-1.99, p = 0.002] and LVH (OR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.48-2.67, p < 0.001). Moreover, FM was linearly associated with arterial stiffening and LVH in total population and gender subgroups. Independent of confounders, FM was significantly correlated with arterial stiffening, lower extremity atherosclerosis, LVH and CKD in female, while was only related to LVH in male. CONCLUSIONS: Among various organ damage, elevated FM is significantly and independently associated with arterial stiffening and LVH in the elderly. Compared with men, women with increased FM are more likely to have multiple organ damage.

Etiological Diagnosis and Personalized Therapy for Hypertension: A Hypothesis of the REASOH Classification.

With the epidemic of risk factors such as unhealthy lifestyle, obesity and mental stress, the prevalence of hypertension continues to rise across the world. Although standardized treatment protocols simplify the selection of antihypertensive drugs and ensure therapeutic efficacy, the pathophysiological state of some patients remains, which may also lead to the development of other cardiovascular diseases. Thus, there is an urgent need to consider the pathogenesis and selection of antihypertensive drug for different type of hypertensive patients in the era of precision medicine. We proposed the REASOH classification, based on the etiology of hypertension, including renin-dependent hypertension, elderly-arteriosclerosis-based hypertension, sympathetic-active hypertension, secondary hypertension, salt-sensitive hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia hypertension. The aim of this paper is to propose a hypothesis and provide a brief reference for the personalized treatment of hypertensive patients.

Monocyte to high-density lipoprotein ratio presents a linear association with atherosclerosis and nonlinear association with arteriosclerosis in elderly Chinese population: The Northern Shanghai Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Inflammation closely correlates with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR) is a novel inflammation index that can be obtained by routine blood tests. We aimed to investigate the associations between MHR and atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: We enrolled 2451 participants from the Northern Shanghai Study. Atherosclerosis (carotid plaque (CP), lower extremity atherosclerotic (LEA) assessed by ankle-brachial index) and arteriosclerosis (arterial stiffness (AS) assessed by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity) were measured using standard methods. In the univariable logistic regression model, higher MHR was significantly associated with increased AS, CP, and LEA risk. In the multivariable logistic regression model, after adjustment for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, smoking habit, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and family history of premature CVD, quartile 4 (Q4) of MHR was associated with an increased risk of AS (odds ratio (OR) = 1.41; 95% confidence interval (CI):1.05-1.88; P fortrend = 0.036), CP (OR = 1.35; 95%CI:1.04-1.77; P for trend = 0.044), and LEA (OR = 2.23; 95%CI:1.49-3.35; P for trend< 0.001). Similar results were observed when MHR was analyzed as a continuous variable. The restricted cubic spline (RCS) curve showed that the association between MHR and AS was nonlinear (P nonlinear = 0.021), but not LEA (P nonlinear = 0.177) or CP (P nonlinear = 0.72). CONCLUSION: MHR presents a linear association with atherosclerosis and a nonlinear association with arteriosclerosis in the elderly Chinese population. These findings may indicate the need for early assessment and intervention for inflammation. The registration number for clinical trials: NCT02368938.

Prognostic Value of Arm Circumference for Cardiac Damage and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events: A Friend or a Foe? A 2-Year Follow-Up in the Northern Shanghai Study.

Background: The high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases globally causes a great social burden and much individual suffering. The effective recognition of high-risk subjects is critical for primary prevention in the general population. In the elderly cohort, anthropometric measurements may have different prognostic values. Our study aimed to find convincing anthropometric measures to supplement conventional risk factors for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in the elderly cohort. Materials and Methods: A total of 1,576 elderly participants (44.5% male, aged 72.0 ± 6.0 years) recruited into the Northern Shanghai Study (2014-2015) were followed up between 2016 and 2017. Following the standard guideline for cardiovascular risk evaluation, all conventional cardiovascular risk factors were assessed. The body measures were made up of body weight, body height, hip circumference, waist circumference, and middle-upper arm circumference (MUAC). Organ damage (OD) markers for cardiac, vascular, and renal diseases will be evaluated by the standardized methods. Results: After the average 571 (±135) days of follow-up, a total of 90 MACEs (5.7%) occurred, i.e., 13 non-fatal myocardial infarction, 68 non-fatal stroke, and 9 cardiovascular deaths. Univariable COX survival analysis revealed that only MUAC could validly predict MACEs among anthropometric characters [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.89; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.82-0.96]. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, the group of high MUAC showed the lowest MACE risk (log-rank p = 0.01). Based on OD analysis, MUAC was independently linked to higher risk of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in women and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) in both men and women. In adjusted COX analysis, only MUAC indicated statistical significance, but all other anthropometric parameters such as BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) did not indicate significance. The higher level of MUAC remained a protective factor in fully adjusted models (HR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.59-0.91), with p-values markedly significant in men (HR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.49-0.97) and marginally significant in women (HR: 0.0.77; 95% CI: 0.59-1.01). After considering all factors (i.e., cardiovascular risk factors, MUAC, BMI, and WHR), the fully adjusted COX regression analysis demonstrated that the increased MUAC level was linked to decreased MACE risk in both men (HR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.37-0.88) and women (aHR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.46-0.93). Conclusion: Despite being associated with a higher rate of cardiac damage, higher MUAC independently and significantly conferred protection against the MACE, in the elderly cohort.

Associations of Walking Activity With Hypertensive Mediated Organ Damage in Community-Dwelling Elderly Chinese: The Northern Shanghai Study.

Background: Walking, as the most common campaign in older people, is recommended to improve their cardiovascular health. However, the direct association between weekly walking activity and asymptomatic hypertensive mediated organ damage (HMOD) remains unclear. Methods: 2,830 community-dwelling elderly subjects (over 65 years) in northern Shanghai were recruited from 2014 to 2018. Weekly walking activity was assessed by International Physical Activity Questionnaires (IPAQ). Within the framework of comprehensive cardiovascular examinations, HMOD, including left ventricular mass index, peak transmitral pulsed Doppler velocity/early diastolic tissue Doppler velocity, creatinine clearance rate, urinary albumin-creatinine ratio, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV), carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), arterial plaque, and ankle-brachial index (ABI), were all evaluated. Results: 1,862 (65.8%) participants with weekly walking activity showed lower CIMT, lower cf-PWV, fewer abnormal ABI, and lower prevalence of hypertension and coronary heart disease (p < 0.05). Walking activity was negatively correlated with age and smokers (correlation coefficient: -0.066, -0.042; both p < 0.05). After adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors and concomitant diseases, walking activity was significantly associated with better indicator of most vascular HMOD in multivariate logistic regressions, including arterial stiffness [odds ratio (OR) = 0.75, p = 0.01], increased CIMT (OR = 0.70, p = 0.03), and peripheral artery disease (OR = 0.72, p = 0.005), but not cardiac or renal HMOD. Subgroup analysis further showed that walking duration ≥1 h/day was significantly associated with decreased risk of most vascular HMOD after adjustment for confounders and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity based on IPAQ (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: In the community-dwelling elderly Chinese, there was a significant negative association of weekly walking activity with vascular HMOD, but not cardiac or renal HMOD. Increased daily walking duration, but not walking frequency, was significantly associated with improved vascular HMOD. Hence, increasing daily walking duration seems to encourage a healthy lifestyle in terms of vascular protection. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02368938.

Association Between Lipid Accumulation Product and Target Organ Damage in Elderly Population: The Northern Shanghai Study.

INTRODUCTION: Lipid accumulation product (LAP), calculated from waist circumference (WC) and triglycerides (TG), is a novel index that correlates cardiovascular disease. We aimed to investigate the relationship between LAP and target organ damage (TOD) in elderly Chinese community-dwelling individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 3363 participants whose age was ≥65 years old. TOD, including left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), arterial stiffness (AS), lower extremity atherosclerotic (LEA), micro-albuminuria (MAU) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), was measured using standard methods. LAP was calculated as (WC-65) × TG in men and (WC-58) × TG in women. Both quartiles and continuation of LAP were analyzed. RESULTS: Age-sex adjusted partial correlation analysis showed that LAP was significantly associated with CVD risk factors. With the first quartile (Q1) as a reference, in univariate logistic regression, the fourth quartile (Q4) of LAP was associated with all TOD. In multivariate model, Q4 of LAP was only associated with an increased risk of AS (odds ratio (OR) = 1.88, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.37-2.58, P for trend < 0.001), MAU (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.01-1.75, P for trend = 0.02) and CKD (OR = 2.39, 95% CI: 1.39-4.12, P for trend < 0.001). But, Q4 of LAP was not associated with an increased risk of LVH (OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.85-1.65, P for trend = 0.25) or LEA (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.58-1.29, P for trend = 0.96). Similar associations were found when analyzed continuously. CONCLUSION: The novel metabolic parameter LAP is significantly and independently associated with an increased risk of arterial stiffness, chronic kidney disease and micro-albuminuria in Chinese community-dwelling elderly individuals.

Cardiac, Macro-, and Micro-Circulatory Abnormalities in Association With Individual Metabolic Syndrome Component: The Northern Shanghai Study.

Objective: This study investigated the association of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components with cardiac, macro-, and micro-circulatory abnormalities in an elderly Chinese population. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using data for 1,958 participants from the Northern Shanghai Study aged over 65 years without a history of cardiovascular disease. MS was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III in 2005 (NCEPIII 2005). Asymptomatic cardiovascular impairment parameters, including the left ventricle mass index (LVMI), peak transmitral pulsed Doppler velocity/early diastolic tissue Doppler velocity (E/Ea), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV), ankle-brachial index (ABI), carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), arterial plaque, and urinary albumin-creatinine rate (UACR), were evaluated. Results: LVMI, E/Ea, cf-PWV, and the proportion of UACR > 30 mg/g exhibited increasing trends while ABI exhibited a decreasing trend according to the number of MS components (all p for trend < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis revealed that MS was significantly associated with LV hypertrophy (LVH), LV diastolic dysfunction, arteriosclerosis, and microalbuminuria (all p < 0.001). Central obesity and high blood pressure were associated with all cardiovascular abnormalities (all p < 0.05), whereas elevated plasma glucose was associated with arteriosclerosis and microalbuminuria (both p < 0.001). In addition, high triglyceride levels were associated with microalbuminuria (p < 0.05). Conclusions: MS is significantly associated with cardiac, macro-, and micro-circulatory abnormalities in elderly Chinese. Moreover, the presence of individual MS components may have specific prognostic significance.

Somatotype and Its Impact on Asymptomatic Target Organ Damage in the Elderly Chinese: The Northern Shanghai Study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between asymptomatic target organ damage (TOD) and different somatotypes in a population of elderly from Chinese community-dwelling. METHODS: A total of 2098 Chinese senior residents from northern Shanghai older than 65 years were recruited in the research. The following somatotype parameters were recorded and analyzed: body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-hip ratio were recorded and calculated. Asymptomatic TOD, including urine albumin/creatinine ratio, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), intima-media thickness (IMT), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), left ventricular diastolic function, and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) was recorded using the MyLab30 Gold CV system and SphygmoCor. RESULTS: Of all 2098 residents, 817 (38.9%) were overweight and 289 (13.8%) were obese. All somatotype measures were significantly correlated with TOD parameters (p<0.05). After adjustment for age and male gender, in total population, LVMI (p<0.001), cardiac diastolic function (E/Ea, p<0.001), PWV (p<0.001), eGFR (p=0.03), and urine albumin/creatinine ratio (p<0.001) changed gradually and significantly correlated with increasing BMI values. Obesity and overweight were independently related to the incidence of LVH, LVDD, artery stiffness, carotid arterial plaque, and microalbuminuria. CONCLUSION: The incidence of asymptomatic TOD was significantly correlated with overweight and obesity, especially in women, whereas the underweight may favor in the prevention of TOD.

Association between hypertension-mediated organ damage and obesity defined by novel anthropometric indices in community-dwelling elderly individuals.

OBJECTIVE: Body mass index (BMI), the most common anthropometric index, has recently been challenged by two emerging parameters: a body shape index (ABSI) and body roundness index (BRI). The purpose of this study was to explore the associations of hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD) with conventional and novel anthropometric parameters. METHODS: This is a multistage community-based observational and cross-sectional study. A total of 3077 elderly Chinese individuals (mean age 70.92 ± 5.84, 1329 (43%) men) from the communities in the northern area of Shanghai were enrolled from June 2014 to August 2019. Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), ABSI and BRI were calculated with validated formulas. HMOD, including left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), arterial stiffness (AS), lower limb atherosclerosis (LLA), and microalbuminuria (MAU), was assessed using standardized methods. Correlation and multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to detect the relations between HMOD and anthropometric indices. RESULTS: In the total population, compared to those with ABSI, BRI and WHR in the lowest quartiles, participants with values in the highest quartiles exhibited a significantly higher risk of LVH, AS and MAU independent of BMI and other confounders (all P for trend <0.01). In females but not in males, compared to BMI, BRI and WHR had a greater area under the curve (AUC) for detecting HMOD. In the further stepwise logistic regression with all anthropometric indices put into models simultaneously, only BRI remained in the LVH (odds ratio [OR]: 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30-1.55) and LLA (OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.23-1.77) models, and WHR remained in the AS (OR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.18-1.43) and MAU (OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.28-1.72, all P < 0.01) models. CONCLUSION: Compared to BMI, the novel anthropometric parameter BRI, together with the conventional parameter WHR, exhibits a closer relationship with HMOD in the elderly population, especially in females.

Renal functional impairment in the elderly, the importance of fasting plasma glucose: the Northern Shanghai Study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease is a global health problem that is closely related to the aging population. Although plasma glucose levels have been shown to be related to renal dysfunction, risk factors for renal functional impairment in the geriatric population are unknown. The authors therefore aimed to investigate the determinants of renal functional impairment in an elderly population. METHODS: From June 2014 to August 2015, 912 participants (aged > 65 years) were recruited. Renal function was assessed at baseline; follow-up was conducted in 2016. Within the framework of comprehensive cardiovascular examinations, all conventional cardiovascular risk factors, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and renal function were assessed. Renal function was evaluated by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (e-GFR) using a modified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula. Rapid decline in e-GFR was defined as an e-GFR slope > 5 mL/min per 1.73 m2 per year. RESULTS: We observed that FPG levels were significantly higher in participants with (6.15 ± 2.76 mmol/L) than in those without (5.56 ± 1.61 mmol/L) a rapid decline in e-GFR (p = 0.02). The average decline in e-GFR was 0.149 mL/min/1.73m2 per year in this elderly population, and the increasing risk of having rapid decline in e-GFR was 0.44-fold each year. In the full adjustment model, decline in e-GFR (p = 0.02) and rapid decline in e-GFR (OR1.33, 95% CI 1.03-1.72) were significantly associated with FPG, independent of other conventional cardiovascular risk factors. Using the same models, decline in e-GFR (p = 0.04) and rapid decline in e-GFR (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.05-2.35) were also significantly associated with FPG in diabetic population, but they were not in non-diabetic population. CONCLUSIONS: In community-dwelling elderly Chinese, the average decline in e-GFR was 0.149 mL/min/1.73m2 per year. FPG control is important for delaying renal functional impairment in elderly population. Trial registration NSS, NCT02368938.

Association between organ damage and visceral adiposity index in community-dwelling elderly Chinese population: the Northern Shanghai Study.

BACKGROUND: The visceral adiposity index (VAI) is a newly developing indicator about visceral fat function and insulin resistance. This research aims to assess the association between organ damage and VAI in the community-dwelling elderly Chinese population. METHODS: In total, 3363 elderly participants were recruited between June 2014 and August 2019. VAI was used to measure visceral adipose accumulation, and organ damage was measured with standardized methods, including arterial stiffness, lower extremity atherosclerosis, carotid hypertrophy, left ventricular hypertrophy, micro-albuminuria, and chronic kidney disease. RESULTS: According to multivariable linear regression analysis, VAI was related to carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV; ß = 0.047, P = 0.024), urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR; ß = 3.893, P = 0.008), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; ß = - 0.526, P = 0.003) and loge(ankle-to-brachial index) (ABI; ß = -0.003, P = 0.024). Using multivariable stepwise logistic regression model, higher VAI was found to be significantly related to cf-PWV > 10 m/s (OR 1.44, [95% CI 1.17-1.78]; Pfor trend < 0.001), and chronic kidney disease (CKD; OR 1.54, [95% CI 1.09-2.20]; Pfor trend = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: Since higher VAI is related to increased risk of arterial stiffness and CKD, it may serve as a useful index for the assessment of arteriosclerosis and CKD in elderly population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NSS, NCT02368938.

Relationship Between Vascular Aging and Left Ventricular Concentric Geometry in Community-Dwelling Elderly: The Northern Shanghai Study.

PURPOSE: There have been few recent studies regarding vascular aging and its relationship with left ventricular (LV) geometry. Moreover, the association of abnormal LV geometry with various kinds of vascular aging has not yet been systematically analyzed. Thus, this study aimed to further elucidate this relationship. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 3363 older participants (43.6% male, aged 71.1±5.9 years; 56.4% female, aged 71.1±6.1 years) derived from the Northern Shanghai Study were enrolled. Vascular aging criteria included arteriosclerosis, defined as carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity >10 m/s or brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity >1800 cm/s, and peripheral atherosclerosis, defined as ankle-brachial index <0.9, carotid artery intima-media thickness (cIMT) greater than 0.9 mm, or carotid plaque indicating carotid artery abnormality. Micro-albuminuria was defined as urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >30 mg/g. Decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was defined as eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. RESULTS: When vascular aging parameters were respectively adjusted for age and sex, arteriosclerosis, micro-albuminuria, and peripheral atherosclerosis were significantly associated with concentric remodeling, eccentric LV hypertrophy (LVH), and concentric LVH (P<0.045) but not with decreased eGFR or abnormal cIMT and presence of plaque. Peripheral atherosclerosis was strongly associated with LV concentric geometry (LVCG) when considering other covariates (risk factors, diseases, and treatments) (P<0.012). CONCLUSION: Vascular aging parameters such as arteriosclerosis, micro-albuminuria, and peripheral atherosclerosis are significantly and independently associated with LVCG in community-dwelling older Chinese population, suggesting the importance of vascular aging during early clinical assessment of abnormal LV geometry change and serious cardiovascular events.

Early detection of ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction by artificial intelligence with 12-lead electrocardiogram.

Patient delay is a worldwide unsolved problem in ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI). An accurate warning system based on electrocardiogram (ECG) may be a solution for this problem, and artificial intelligence (AI) may offer a path to improve its accuracy and efficiency. In the present study, an AI-based STEMI autodiagnosis algorithm was developed using a dataset of 667 STEMI ECGs and 7571 control ECGs. The algorithm for detecting STEMI proposed in the present study achieved an area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) of 0.9954 (95% CI, 0.9885 to 1) with sensitivity (recall), specificity, accuracy, precision and F1 scores of 96.75%, 99.20%, 99.01%, 90.86% and 0.9372 respectively, in the external evaluation. In a comparative test with cardiologists, the algorithm had an AUC of 0.9740 (95% CI, 0.9419 to 1), and its sensitivity (recall), specificity, accuracy, precision, and F1 score were 90%, 98% and 94%, 97.82% and 0.9375 respectively, while the medical doctors had sensitivity (recall), specificity, accuracy, precision and F1 score of 71.73%, 89.33%, 80.53%, 87.05% and 0.8817 respectively. This study developed an AI-based, cardiologist-level algorithm for identifying STEMI.

Does healthy obesity exist in the elderly? Findings from the Northern Shanghai Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Metabolic unhealthiness and obesity are both associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We aimed to investigate the significance of metabolic unhealthiness and obesity in organ damages in a community-based elderly cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 3325 elderly participants (>65 years old) were recruited in northern Shanghai. Associations of metabolic status and obesity with organ damages were investigated. In all, 1317 (39.6%) participants were metabolically unhealthy and 481 (14.5%) were obese. Compared with metabolically healthy nonobese (MH-nonobese) individuals, metabolically healthy obese subjects had a greater left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and pulse wave velocity (PWV). Metabolically unhealthy subjects, regardless of their obesity status, had greater organ damage parameters including E/Ea, LVMI, PWV, and urine albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) than MH-nonobese subjects (all P < 0.05). After multivariate adjustments, both metabolic unhealthiness and obesity increased the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.10-1.57 and OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.30-2.04), diastolic dysfunction (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.06-1.67 and OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.14-1.99), and lower extremity atherosclerosis (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.11-1.85 and OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.49-2.70). Metabolic unhealthiness was also associated with arterial stiffness, microalbuminuria and chronic kidney disease (all P < 0.05). In a subgroup analysis, metabolic unhealthiness was associated with more organ damages in nonobese subjects, and obesity was associated with LVH and lower extremity atherosclerosis regardless of metabolic status. CONCLUSION: Both obesity and metabolic unhealthiness were associated with organ damages. Metabolic unhealthiness was associated with more organ damages, especially in nonobese individuals. Even healthy obesity was significantly associated with cardiac and vascular impairment. REGISTRATION NUMBER FOR CLINICAL TRIALS: NCT02368938.

The association of four-limb blood pressure differences with cardiovascular risk factors and target organ changes in elderly Chinese: The Northern Shanghai Study.

Background: The association of four-limb systolic blood pressure differences (SBPDs) including inter-arm (IASBPD), inter-leg (ILSBPD) and ankle-brachial index (ABI) with cardiovascular risk factors and target organ changes (TOCs) remains controversial. This study aims at investigating the association of those parameters with cardiovascular risk factors and TOCs in an elderly Chinese population.Methods: A total of 1528 subjects derived from the Northern Shanghai Study were studied. Four-limb BPs were simultaneously measured by VP-1000 device. Cardiovascular risk factors and TOCs including parameters of left ventricular structure and function, carotid intima-media thickness, carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity (CF-PWV), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, were evaluated with standardized methods.Results: ABI significantly associated age (ß = -0.004, p < .01), female gender (ß = 0.02, p < .01), body mass index (ß = -0.004, p < .01), smoking (ß = -0.04, p < .01), high-density lipoprotein (ß = 0.04, p < .01), low-density lipoprotein (ß = -0.01, p = .01) and diabetes mellitus (ß = -0.02, p < .01), while the fourth root of IASBPD significantly associated with body mass index (ß = 0.03, p < .01), high-density lipoprotein (ß = -0.10, p = .02) and brachial SBP (ß = 0.003, p < .01); the fourth root of ILSBPD significantly associated with high-density lipoprotein (ß = -0.12, p < .01) and diabetes mellitus (ß = 0.09, p = .01). IASBPD, ILSBPD, and ABI all significantly associated with CF-PWV and eGFR (all p < .05) in either unadjusted or adjusted models, but not with other TOCs.Conclusion: Four-limb SBPDs, namely ABI, IASBPD, and ILSBPD, bore various burdens of cardiovascular risk factors and significantly and independently associated with CF-PWV and eGFR.

Association between macro- and microvascular damage and the triglyceride glucose index in community-dwelling elderly individuals: the Northern Shanghai Study.

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index may serve as a simple and credible surrogate marker of insulin resistance (IR). However, its association with macrovascular and microvascular damage is unclear. Accordingly, the objective of the present study is to investigate the association of macrovascular and microvascular damage with the TyG index. METHODS: A total of 2830 elderly participants from the Northern Shanghai Study (NSS) were enrolled. The TyG index was calculated as ln[fasting triglycerides (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2]. Parameters of vascular damage, including carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV), brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV), ankle-brachial index (ABI), carotid intima-media thickness (CMT), carotid plaque, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), were measured and calculated. RESULTS: In univariate logistic regression, an increased TyG index was associated with a higher risk of cf-PWV > 10 m/s, ba-PWV > 1800 cm/s, ABI < 0.9, microalbuminuria (MAU) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In multivariable logistic regression, there was a significant increase in the risk of cf-PWV > 10 m/s (OR = 1.86, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.37-2.53, Pfor trend < 0.001), ba-PWV > 1800 cm/s (OR = 1.39, [95% CI] 1.05-1.84, Pfor trend= 0.02), MAU (OR = 1.61, [95% CI] 1.22-2.13, Pfor trend < 0.001) and CKD (OR = 1.67, [95% CI] 1.10-1.50, Pfor trend= 0.02) after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, waist circumference, smoking habit, hypertension, family history of premature CVD, diabetes, HDL-C, LDL-C, insulin therapy and statin therapy. However, no significant relationship was observed between the TyG index and lower extremity atherosclerosis, carotid hypertrophy or carotid plaque. CONCLUSION: An elevated TyG index was significantly associated with a higher risk of arterial stiffness and nephric microvascular damage. This conclusion lends support to the clinical significance of the TyG index for the assessment of vascular damage.

Significance of the combination of inter-limb blood pressure differences in the elderly: The Northern Shanghai Study.

Whether the combination of inter-arm and inter-leg systolic blood pressure differences (BPDs) and ankle-brachial index is of clinical significance remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association of the combination of inter-limb systolic BPDs with cardiovascular risk factors and hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD). A total of 2621 elderly subjects from the Northern Shanghai Study were divided into Group A, B, and C consisting of participants with 0, 1, and ≥2 abnormal inter-limb systolic BPDs, respectively. Comparisons of cardiovascular risk factors and parameters of cardiac, vascular, and renal damage between groups and logistic regression models were conducted. The proportions of subjects presenting 0, 1, and ≥2 abnormal inter-limb systolic BPDs were 60.9%, 25.1%, and 14.0%, respectively. Upward trends, from Group A, through Group B, to Group C, were observed for the level or prevalence of nearly all cardiovascular risk factors and HMOD (P for trend ≤0.007 for all). In multiple logistic regression, Group C showed significantly higher odds for carotid plaque (vs Group A: Odds ratio [OR] = 1.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.43-2.48; vs Group B: OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.08-1.97), arterial stiffness (vs Group A: OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 0.96-1.65; vs Group B: OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.01-1.83), and left ventricular hypertrophy (vs Group A: OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.04-1.76; vs Group B: OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 0.93-1.67), when compared with Group A and B. In conclusion, the combination of abnormal inter-limb systolic BPDs significantly associates with greater burden of cardiovascular risk factors and higher likelihood for HMOD, especially carotid plaque, arterial stiffness, and left ventricular hypertrophy.

Consistency of left ventricular hypertrophy diagnosed by electrocardiography and echocardiography: the Northern Shanghai Study.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is one of the preclinical manifestations of hypertensive target organ damage (TOD). However, it remains unclear which electrocardiographic criterion perform better in diagnosing LVH. PURPOSE: To investigate the consistency of LVH diagnosed by electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography (ECHO). Taking LVH by ECHO as reference, to compare three different ECG criteria (Sokolow-Lyon, Cornell and Cornell Product criteria) and find the best ECG indicator for identifying LVH in community-based elderly Chinese. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Echocardiography and electrocardiography were applied to define LVH in 1789 elderly Chinese aged >65 years old in communities located at the northern Shanghai. Echocardiographic LVH (ECHO-LVH) was defined by left ventricular mass indexed for Body Surface Area (LVM/BSA) or for height2.7 (LVM/height2.7). Electrocardiographic LVH (ECG-LVH) was defined by Sokolow-Lyon (SL), Cornell and Cornell Product (CP) criteria. ECHO-LVH was defined by LVM/BSA≥125 g/m2 in male or ≥110 g/m2 in female (LVH1); LVM/BSA≥115 g/m2 in male, or ≥95 g/m2 in female (LVH2) and LVM/height2.7 ≥51 g/m2.7 in male or ≥47 g/m2.7 in female (LVH3). RESULTS: As compared with SL and Cornell criteria, CP had the greatest correlation coefficient in the association with echocardiography-defined LVH, except for LVM/BSA in men. Of note, CP criterion had the greatest area under curve of ROC than Cornell criterion and the SL index, not only in total population but also in subgroups classified by blood pressure. CONCLUSION: In ECG-LVH criteria, CP criterion complies better than SL index and Cornell criterion in assessing cardiac hypertrophy.

SFRP5 serves a beneficial role in arterial aging by inhibiting the proliferation, migration and inflammation of smooth muscle cells.

Secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (SFRP5) is one of the anti-inflammatory adipokines secreted from white adipose tissue. However, little is known about the effect of SFRP5 on the cardiovascular system. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of SFRP5 on smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, migration and inflammation. The plasma levels of SFRP5 were evaluated in a cohort­based elderly population using ELISA, and the expression of SFRP5 in Sprague­Dawley rat aortas was detected using immunohistochemistry. SMC proliferation and migration were evaluated in vitro using 5­ethynyl­2'­deoxyuridine cell proliferation and wound­healing assays, respectively, while reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell signaling were assessed using a 2',7'­dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate assay and immunoblotting, respectively. The results revealed that plasma levels of SFRP5 were positively correlated with age in the elderly Chinese cohort. Similarly, aorta SFRP5 expression was significantly higher in 15­month­old rats compared with 6­month­old rats. In vitro, SFRP5 significantly inhibited rat aortic SMC proliferation and migration that were induced by platelet­derived growth factor (PDGF)­BB, as well as inhibiting ROS generation. Compared with the effect of PDGF­BB on SMCs, SFRP5 at 100 and 200 ng/ml significantly decreased SMC proliferation by 31.5 and 34.8%, respectively (P<0.05). SFRP5 at 100 and 200 ng/ml also inhibited the migration of SMCs by 24.9 and 28.4%, respectively, when compared with the effects of PDGF­BB. SFRP5 attenuated the PDGF­BB­induced expression of ß­catenin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, while p38 phosphorylation was significantly attenuated. Together, the present results suggested that SFRP5 may inhibit SMC proliferation, migration and inflammation by suppressing the Wnt/ß­catenin and p38/mitogen­activated protein kinase signaling pathways.

Comparison of various lipid parameters in association of target organ damage: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Recommendations of non-HDL amplification varied from different guidelines. We aim to test the relationships between various lipid parameters and target organ damage (TOD) including aortic stiffness, peripheral arterial disease and chronic kidney disease in a community-based elderly cohort. METHODS: 1599 (aged 71.4 ± 6.1 years) participants were recruited. Eight lipid parameters, including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), LDL-C, HDL-C, non-HDL-C, TC/HDL ratio, TG/HDL ratio and LDL/HDL ratio, together with other plasma biomarkers like creatinine were measured. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured by the SphygmoCor device, and ankle-brachial index (ABI) was assessed by Omron VP-1000 device. RESULTS: Four individual lipid parameters (TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C) significantly correlated with most, but not all, TOD indices. Meanwhile, 4 combined lipid parameters, namely non-HDL-C, TC/HDL, TG/HDL and LCL/HDL, significantly correlated with all TOD (P ≤ 0.033). In multiple linear regression analyses, 4 combined lipid parameters also significantly associated with TOD (P ≤ 0.027), while none of individual lipid parameters significantly associated with all TOD indices. In multiple logistic regression analyses, only non-HDLC and TC/HDL significantly associated with TOD (P ≤ 0.039), and other lipid parameters did not significantly associate with TOD. CONCLUSION: In an elderly community sample, non-HDLC and TC/HDLC were better associated with TOD than other lipid parameters. This finding should be considered in future clinical lipid-lowing therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial was retrospectively registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (No. NCT02368938 , registered on 15 Feb 2015).