CSF-1 and IL-34 levels in peri-implant crevicular fluid and saliva from patients having peri-implant diseases.

OBJECTIVE: Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1 and interleukin (IL)-34 are growth factors that regulate myeloid cell functions and support osteoclastogenesis. CSF-1 and IL-34 levels in peri-implant diseases are yet unknown. This study evaluated CSF-1, IL-34, and IL-1ß levels in saliva and peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) from patients having mucositis or peri-implantitis, as well as their correlation to clinical parameters of disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-three patients were included (mean age 61.1 ± 8.4; 62.8% female), 20 having mucositis and 23 having peri-implantitis. Patients were clinically examined and unstimulated whole saliva and PICF were collected. Levels of CSF-1, IL-34, and IL-1ß were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: CSF-1 levels were higher in PICF from peri-implantitis compared with mucositis patients (p = 0.028), whereas IL-34 levels showed no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.060). No significant difference was found in PICF IL-1ß levels between the groups. Salivary levels of CSF-1 and IL-34 did not differ significantly between mucositis and peri-implantitis. No significant difference was observed in the salivary levels of IL-1ß between groups (p = 0.061). CSF-1 and IL-1ß correlated significantly in both saliva and PICF. CSF-1 levels in saliva correlated with its levels in PICF. PICF CSF-1 levels showed potential to discriminate between peri-implantitis and mucositis (AUC = 0.695, 95% CI 0.53-0.85; p = 0.029). CONCLUSION: Increased levels of CSF-1 in peri-implant crevicular fluid, but not in saliva, were found in peri-implantitis patients, which might aid to discriminate the early and late stages of peri-implant diseases. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This result suggests an increased osteoclastogenic potential in peri-implantitis patients.

Resins-based denture soft lining materials modified by chlorhexidine salt incorporation: an in vitro analysis of antifungal activity, drug release and hardness.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the in vitro growth inhibition of Candida albicans, the rate of chlorhexidine release and shore A hardness from resins-based denture soft lining materials modified by chlorhexidine diacetate (CDA) or chlorhexidine hydrochloride (CHC) incorporation. METHODS: Resin discs were prepared from soft denture liners based on poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or poly (ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) containing 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 wt.% of CDA or CHC. For antifungal activity resin discs were placed on agar plates inoculated with C. albicans, after 48 h at 37°C the diameters of inhibition zones were measured. For the chlorhexidine release, discs were immersed into distilled water at 37°C, and spectral measurements were made after 48 h. Shore A hardness was evaluated at the baseline, 2 and 7 days, using 6mm thick rectangular specimens also immersed into distilled water at 37°C. Data were statistically processed by SigmaStat software using ANOVA and all pairwise multiple comparison procedures was done using the Holm-Sidak method, with α=0.05 (p<0.001). RESULTS: CDA added to PMMA soft liner and PEMA soft liner had a dose-related inhibitory effect on C. albicans and on chlorhexidine release rate (p<0.001). The PMMA and PEMA hardness increased statistically by time but not for the different CDA concentrations. CHC had no inhibitory effect on C. albicans. SIGNIFICANCE: Chlorhexidine diacetate released from resins-based soft lining materials can be convenient to reduce the biofilm development on the material surface and treat denture stomatitis, without depending on patient compliance.