[Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles activate Toll-like receptor 2 to promote osteoclast differentiation by carrying lipopolysaccharide].

Objective: To investigate the effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis derived outer membrane vesicles (Pg OMV) on osteoclast differentiation of macrophages and its underlying mechanisms. Methods: The morphology and the size distribution of Pg OMV were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracing analysis, respectively. The osteoclast precursors were treated with 1, 3 and 10 mg/L Pg OMV (1, 3 and 10 mg/L OMV treatment group) or phosphate buffer solution (PBS)(control group). The formation of osteoclasts was analyzed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphase (TRAP) staining and F-actin staining and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were used to detect the expression of Fos and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9). Polymyxin B (PMB) was used to block lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and then Pg OMV was used to treat osteoclast precursor (PMB-OMV treatment group), and OMV treatment group was used as control. TRAP and F-actin staining were used to observe the formation of osteoclasts and actin rings. The effect of Pg OMV on the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 in preosteoclasts was detected by Western blotting. The osteoclast precursors were pretreated with 10, 50, 100 and 200 µmol/L C29, an inhibitor of TLR2, and then treated with Pg OMV(OMV+10, 50, 100 and 200 µmol/L C29 treatment group) and OMV treatment group without C29 pretreatment was control. TRAP and F-actin staining were used to observe the formation of osteoclasts and actin rings. The osteoclast precursor cells were treated with OMV (OMV treatment group) and OMV incubated with PMB (PMB-OMV treatment group) and the expression of TLR2 in osteoclast precursor was detected by Western blotting. Results: Pg OMV showed classical vesicular structures, and the average particle size of Pg OMV were 179.2 nm. A large number of actin rings were observed in the 3 and 10 mg/L OMV treatment groups. The percentages of TRAP-positive osteoclast area in 3 mg/L OMV treatment group [(22.6±2.1)%] and 10 mg/L OMV treatment group [(32.0±2.3)%] were significantly increased compared with control group [(4.9±0.5)%] (P<0.001). Compared with the control group (1.000±0.029), the mRNA relative expression of Fos in 3 mg/L OMV treatment group (1.491±0.114) and 10 mg/L OMV treatment group (1.726±0.254) was significantly increased (P=0.013, P=0.001). Compared with the control group (1.007±0.148), the mRNA relative expression of MMP9 in the group of 10 mg/L OMV (2.232±0.097) was significantly increased (P<0.001). Actin ring formation was less in PMB-OMV treatment groups than in OMV treatment groups. The proportion of TRAP-positive osteoclasts area [(14.8±3.8)%] in PMB-OMV treatment group was significantly lower than OMV treatment group [(31.5±6.7) %] (P=0.004). The relative expression of TLR2 in OMV treatment group (1.359±0.134) was significantly higher than that in the control group (1.000±0.000) (t=4.62, P=0.044). Compared with the OMV treatment group [(29.4±1.7)%], 50, 100 and 200 µmol/L C29 significantly decreased the formation of osteoclasts [(24.0±1.7)%, (18.5±2.1)%, (9.1±1.3) %] (P=0.026, P<0.001, P<0.001). TLR2 protein expression in PMB-OMV group (0.780±0.046) was significantly lower than that in OMV group (1.000±0.000)(t=8.32, P=0.001). Conclusions: Pg OMV can promote osteoclast differentiation by carrying LPS, TLR2 plays an important role in Pg OMV mediated osteoclast differentiation.

[Influencing factors of visual prognosis in patients with persistent submacular fluid after successful scleral buckle surgery for macula-off retinal detachment].

Objective: To investigate the factors influencing visual outcomes in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) who developed persistent submacular fluid (PSF) after scleral buckling surgery. Methods: A retrospective case series analysis was conducted. Clinical data were collected from patients who underwent successful scleral buckling surgery for RRD at Beijing Tongren Hospital from June 2020 to December 2022 and were followed up. Patients with RRD involving the macular area preoperatively and graded as C1 or below in proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) were included. Surgical procedures followed a minimally invasive scleral buckling approach. PSF was defined as subretinal fluid persisting for more than 1 month postoperatively. Regular follow-up visits were scheduled at postoperative days 1, 3, 7, 2 weeks, and 1 month, followed by monthly visits until complete PSF absorption. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure, refractive error, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed at each follow-up time point. Eyes were divided into two groups based on whether the final follow-up BCVA was≥0.5 and whether the absorption time of PSF was>6 months, and statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, chi-squared test, and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: A total of 46 patients (46 eyes) were included in this study, comprising 25 males and 21 females, with a median age of 32.5 (21.0, 57.3) years. The preoperative equivalent spherical refractive error was (-5.27±4.05) D, and the preoperative duration of illness was 30 (14, 92) days. The preoperative BCVA (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution,logMAR) was 2.00 (1.00, 2.50). Scleral buckle surgery was performed in 28 eyes (60.9%), and 18 eyes (39.1%) underwent scleral buckle surgery combined with encircling. External drainage was performed in 15 eyes (32.6%), while 31 eyes (67.4%) had no external drainage. BCVA (logMAR) at 1 month, 3 months, and the final follow-up postoperatively was 0.60 (0.50, 1.00), 0.40 (0.28, 0.53), and 0.15 (0.00, 0.50), respectively. In the final follow-up, 31 eyes (67.4%) achieved BCVA≥0.5, and 26 eyes (56.5%) had continuous ellipsoid zone on OCT. The differences in BCVA (logMAR) between preoperative, 1 month, 3 months, and the final follow-up were statistically significant (Z=-5.85, -5.63, -4.73;all P<0.001). The absorption time of PSF postoperatively was 6.50 (3.00, 9.00) months, ranging from 2 to 19 months. The eyes with PSF duration<3 months, 3-6 months, and>6 months were 12 eyes (26.1%), 11 eyes (23.9%), and 23 eyes (50.0%), respectively. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in preoperative BCVA≥0.05, preoperative duration of illness within 1 month, PVR grading, surgical method, and continuous ellipsoid zone on OCT (all P<0.05), while there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in PSF absorption time, different types of PSF, and intraoperative drainage (all P>0.05). The PSF absorption time in the two groups was 7 (3, 10) months and 6 (4, 8) months, with no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). Conclusions: Preoperative visual acuity, duration of illness, and PVR grading are factors influencing visual outcomes in patients with RRD who have undergone scleral buckling surgery and develop PSF. In contrast, intraoperative drainage, PSF absorption time, and different PSF types are not factors affecting visual prognosis. Although PSF may persist for a long time after scleral buckling surgery, it does not significantly impact long-term visual outcomes.

[Developing traditional medical heritage for further achievements in medical history and literature research-Commemorating the establishment of China Institute for History of Medicine and Medical Literature in the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine].

The Institute of Chinese Medical History and Literature in the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine was officially established on May 28, 1982. Its predecessor was the Medical History Research Office in the Chinese Medicine Institute of the Central Institute of Health, the Editorial Office of the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and the Theory and Literature Research Office of the Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Before that, the Research Office of Chinese Medical History and Literature in the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine was established in 1971. It made remarkable achievements in scientific research, personnel training and discipline construction in terms of medical history and literature. It was upgraded to the Institute with the approval of the Ministry of Health in 1980. After its establishment, the institute has benefited from great achievements.

[Medical figures in Wang Ao Ji].

Wang Ao was a famous politician and litterateur in the middle of Ming Dynasty. Wang Ao Ji comprehensively sorts out Wang's works for the first time, and collects all the poems and notes written by himself. A total of 38 physicians were recorded in Wang Ao Ji, among them, Wang Ao had close contacts with many physicians such as Zhou Geng, Zhou Xu'an, Sheng Rubi, Zhang Yangzheng and Chen Chong. Wang Ao and Zhou Geng are both core members of the literary society of Wuzhong, in the capital of Beijing. Wang Ao once wrote an epitaph for Zhou Xu'an, a tablet inscription for Sheng Rubi and a biography for Zhang Yangzheng. And Chen Chong once cured Wang's nephew's diarrhea caused by acne rash.The biographical records of physicians in Wang Ao Ji are highly reliable, and some medical information is the main source of official history and medical history works, which contains important historical value. Relevant contents about medical figures recorded in class of works, local chronicles, genealogy, anthology, notes and other ancient books, to a great extent, enrich biographical data of physicians, which is worth further research.

[Removal or retention of nonimpacted third molars].

Nonimpacted third molars (N-M3s) refer to the third molars (M3s) that completely erupt and reach the occlusal plane without rotation. Although the removal of unerupted M3s in young adults is generally approved by most dentists, the decision on removal or retention of N-M3s remains challenging as a result of unawareness of the potential harm of N-M3s. Recent studies suggested that N-M3s were associated with deteriorated effects to the health of adjacent teeth, including higher risks of caries and alveolar bone resorption. Therefore, regular monitoring and early clinical decision on N-M3s are essential to reduce the risks of adverse effects on adjacent teeth. This review is structure to give a comprehensive overview of the negative impact of N-M3s to the adjacent teeth, in order to provide rational guidelines for clinical decision-making of N-M3s.

[Quantitative study of supraspinatus tendon injury grading based on synthetic magnetic resonance imaging].

Objective: To investigate the diagnostic value of quantitative parameters of synthetic magnetic resonance imaging (SyMRI) in the grade of supraspinatus tendon injury. Methods: Ninety-seven patients with clinical definite of supraspinatus tendon injury from July 2021 to July 2022 in General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University were prospectively collected (case group), including 54 males and 43 females, with an age of 29 to 56 (37.4±9.6) years. According to the results of shoulder arthroscopy, the case group were divided into three subgroups included tendinopathy group (37 cases, grade Ⅱ), partial tear group (34 cases, grade Ⅲ) and complete tear group (26 cases, grade Ⅳ). During the same period, 28 normal rotator cuff volunteers without supraspinatus tendon injury were recruited (control group), including 16 males and 12 females, aged 23 to 49 (36.1±7.2) years, and marked as grade Ⅰ. All the subjects underwent MRI scan of articulatio humeri included T1-weighted imaging(T1WI) fast spin echo(FSE) sequences in axial view, T2-weighted imaging(T2WI) fat suppression(FS) sequences in axial view, T2WI FS sequences in oblique coronal view, proton density-weighted (PDW) imaging in oblique sagittal view and SyMRI in oblique coronal view. The supraspinatus tendon was divided into lateral, medial and middle subregions according to its shape in oblique coronal T2WI view, two radiologists measured the T1, T2 and PD values of the supraspinatus tendon. The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to compare the consistency between and within observers. One-way analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis H test were used to compare the differences of quantitative parameters in different grades, the multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the risk factors of supraspinatus tendon injury grade, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under curve (AUC) was drawn and calculated to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy. The Spearman correlation was used to analyze the correlation between the quantitative values and grades of supraspinatus tendon injury. Results: The ICC values of T1, T2 and PD values for the three subregions of the supraspinatus tendon were greater than 0. 700. The differences of T1 values in the lateral subregion, T2 values in the lateral and middle subregions were statistically significant in the overall comparison across different grades (all P<0. 001).The differences of T1 values in the middle and medial subregions, T2 values in the medial subregion and PD values in the lateral, middle and medial subregions were not statistically significant in the overall comparison of different grades (all P>0. 05). Multiple logistic regression model analysis showed that T2 values in the lateral and middle subregions were related factors for the grade of supraspinatus tendon injury[ OR (95%CI):1.123 (1.037-1.216), 0.122 (1.151-1.197);all P<0.001 ]. The AUC of the T2 values in lateral subregion diagnosing grade Ⅰ vs grade Ⅳ, grade Ⅱ vs grade Ⅳ and grade Ⅲ vs grade Ⅳ were 0.891(95%CI: 0.801-0.981), 0.797(95%CI: 0.680-0.914), 0.723(95%CI: 0.594-0.853) (all P<0.001), and the AUC of the T2 values in middle subregion diagnosing grade Ⅰ vs Ⅳ, grade Ⅱ vs Ⅳ, grade Ⅱ vs Ⅲ, and grade Ⅰ vs Ⅲ were 0.946 (95%CI: 0.849-0.989), 0.886 (95%CI: 0.809-0.962), 0.746 (95%CI: 0.631-0.861), 0.843 (95%CI: 0.745-0.941)(all P<0.001). The T2 values in the lateral and middle subregions were positively correlated with the grade of supraspinatus tendon injury (r=0.542, 0.615; both P<0.001), while T1 values and T2 values in the medial subregions were not significantly correlated with the grade of supraspinatus tendon injury (both P>0.05). Conclusion: SyMRI has high clinical application value in the grading of supraspinatus tendon injury, especially T2 value can be used as an effective quantitative parameter for the grading of supraspinatus tendon injury.

[A retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics and prognostic factors for 152 cases of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection].

To understand the clinical characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection and the main risk factors affecting clinical prognosis, providing a reference for clinical prevention and control of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection. In this study, the clinical data of 152 patients with Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection admitted to Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital from January 2019 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed by reviewing the electronic medical record system, including underlying diseases, clinical characteristics, risk factors, and bacterial resistance. Statistical methods such as Chi-Squared Test and t Test were used to analyze the related risk factors that may affect the clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infection, then the variables with P<0.05 in univariate analysis were included in the multivariate logistic regression model to analyze the independent risk factors of poor prognosis. The results showed among 152 patients with Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection, 50 patients (32.89%) were infected with MRSA. In comparison, 102 patients (67.11%) were infected with methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Except for rifampicin, the resistance rate of MRSA to commonly used antibiotics was all higher than that of MSSA, and the difference was statistically significant (Chi-square values were 8.272, 11.972, 4.998, 4.776, respectively;all P-values are less than 0.05). Strains resistant to vancomycin, linezolid, and quinupristin/dalfopristin were not found. In the MRSA group, indwelling catheter and drainage tube, carbapenems, and ß-lactamase inhibitor treatment were significantly higher than the MSSA group. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The incidence of poor prognosis of bloodstream infection in the MRSA group was higher than that in the MSSA group (34.00% vs 13.73%), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=8.495, P<0.05). No independent risk factors associated with poor prognosis were found in the included patients with MRSA bloodstream infection.Multivariate Logistic regression model analysis showed that solid malignant tumors (OR=13.576, 95%CI: 3.352-54.977, P<0.05), mechanical ventilation (OR=7.468, 95%CI: 1.398-39.884, P<0.05) were the most important independent risk factors for poor prognosis in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection. In summary, the poor prognosis rate of MRSA bloodstream infection is higher than that of MSSA. The clinical evaluation of related risk factors should be strengthened, targeted prevention and control interventions should be taken to improve the prognosis of patients with Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection, and the use of antibiotics should be rational and standardized, to control bacterial infection and drug resistance effectively.

[Research progress of CRISPR/Cas biosensors based on different signal amplification strategies].

CRISPR/Cas(the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR associated)system exists in most bacteria and all archaea. It is an important strategy for bacteria and archaea to resist foreign nucleic acid invasion and use for self-defense. The CRISPR/Cas system is a simple, fast, and specific diagnostic tool, which is widely used in agriculture, industry, animal husbandry, and medicine. This article mainly introduces and discusses recently advantages and limitations of biosensors combining CRISPR/Cas system with fluorescence, visualization and surface enhanced raman related technologies, as well as future research directions.

[Long non-coding RNA LINC01133 regulates cementogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells by modulating mitochondrial functions].

Objective: To investigate the effects of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) LINC01133 on the cementogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSC) and the underlying mechanism. Methods: A total of 12 teeth were harvested from 10 patients aged 17-30 years in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University for impacted or orthodontic reasons from September 2021 to January 2022. The hPDLSCs were isolated from the teeth and transfected with small interfering RNA-LINC01133 (si-LINC01133) or small interfering RNA-negative control (si-NC). The si-LINC01133 was regarded as the experimental group, and the si-NC was regarded as the control one. The silencing efficiency of LINC01133 in the hPDLSCs was evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression levels of cementogenic differentiation-related factors including bone sialoprotein (BSP), cementum attachment protein (CAP), and cementum protein-1 (CEMP-1). Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production was assessed using the MitoSox by flow cytometry. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was detected by JC-1 fluorescence staining. Mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes proteins including NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8 (NDUFB8), succinate dehydrogenase complex flavoprotein subunit A (SDHA), ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein 1 (UQCR1), cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1 (COXⅣ), and ATP synthase F1 subunit alpha (ATP5A) were evaluated by Western blotting. Results: The expression levels of LINC01133 could be suppressed by more than 60% with si-LINC01133 (control group: 1.000±0.000, experimental group: 0.385±0.128) (t=10.72, P<0.01). Suppression of LINC01133 in hPDLSCs decreased the levels of cementogenic differentiation-related proteins including BSP (control group: 1.000±0.000, experimental group: 0.664±0.179) (t=4.62, P<0.01) and CAP (control group: 1.000±0.000, experimental group: 0.736±0.229) (t=2.83, P<0.05). Suppression of LINC01133 in hPDLSCs increased the production of mtROS (control group: 1.000±0.000, experimental group: 1.458±0.185) (t=4.96, P<0.05) and the expression of NDUFB8 (control group: 1.000±0.000, experimental group: 1.683±0.397) (t=3.45, P<0.05), as well as decreased MMP levels (control group: 1.000±0.000, experimental group: 0.209±0.029) (t=53.99, P<0.01) and the expression of SDHA (control group: 1.000±0.000, experimental group: 0.428±0.228) (t=5.02, P<0.05). No significant changes in the UQCR1, COXⅣ, and ATP5A expression levels were found between the control group and exprimental group (P>0.05). Conclusions: LINC01133 regulates the cementogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs possibly via modulating the mitochondrial functions.

[Risk factors and characteristics of gut microbiota and metabolites in inflammatory bowel diseases patients with urolithiasis].

Objective: To identify the related factors and characteristics of gut microbiota and metabolites in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients with urolithiasis. Methods: A total of 68 IBD patients with urolithiasis and 136 gender-and age-matched IBD patients without urolithiasis in the Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2014 to December 2019 were recruited. The diagnosis of urolithiasis was confirmed by plain films, ultrasonography, abdominal computed tomography or intravenous urography. The clinical data of patients were collected, and the association between the clinical characteristics and urolithiasis was further analyzed. The fecal samples were collected from 10 patients with urolithiasis and 18 patients without urolithiasis, and the gut microbiota and metabolites composition were analyzed. Results: There were 49 male and 19 female IBD patients with urolithiasis, with a mean age of (36.0±12.4) years, and 98 male and 38 female patients without urolithiasis, with a mean age of (36.1±12.5) years. Univariate analysis revealed that the rate of ileostomy and the resection of small intestine in Crohn's disease (CD) patients with urolithiasis (n=34) was significantly higher than CD patients without urolithiasis (n=68) (26.5% vs 7.4%, P=0.019). And the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was also higher [26.5 (12.0, 40.8) vs 13.0 (7.2, 32.5) mm/1 h, P=0.022] in CD patients with urolithiasis. There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics and biochemical parameters between the ulcerative colitis (UC) patients with urolithiasis (n=34) and without urolithiasis (n=68) (all P>0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that ileostomy and the resection of small intestine were the independent related factors for urolithiasis in CD patients (OR=4.619, 95%CI: 1.178-18.111, P=0.028). There was no significant difference in α and ß diversity between the two groups (all P>0.05). At the phylum level, there was no significant difference in the abundance of microbiota (all P>0.05). At the genus level, the abundance of Enterococcus (P=0.049), Eubacterium_eligens (P=0.036) was significantly decreased. At the species level, the abundance of Bacteroides_coprocola was increased in urolithiasis group (P=0.035), while the abundance of Blautia_caecimuris was significantly decreased (P=0.042). No significant difference was found in fecal metabolites between the two groups (all P>0.05). According to LDA effect size (Lefse) analysis, taxa including Sphingomonadales, Fenollaria, Bacteroides_coprocola contributed greatly to the difference between the two groups. Conclusions: Ileostomy and the resection of small intestine are related factors for urolithiasis in patients with CD. Gut microbiota may be involved in the occurrence of urolithiasis in patients with IBD.

[Safety and efficacy of left atrial appendage closure combined with patent foramen ovale closure for atrial fibrillation patients with patent foramen ovale].

Objective: To analyze the safety and efficacy of combined left atrial appendage (LAA) and patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure in adult atrial fibrillation (AF) patients complicating with PFO. Methods: This study is a retrospective and cross-sectional study. Seven patients with AF complicated with PFO diagnosed by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in Zhoupu Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences from June 2017 to October 2020 were selected. Basic data such as age, gender and medical history were collected. The atrial septal defect or PFO occluder and LAA occluder were selected according to the size of PFO, the ostia width and depth of LAA. Four patients underwent left atrial appendage closure(LAAC) and PFO closure at the same time. PFO closure was performed during a one-stop procedure of cryoablation combined with LAAC in 2 patients. One patient underwent PFO closure at 10 weeks after one-stop procedure because of recurrent transient ischemic attack (TIA). All patients continued to take oral anticoagulants. TEE was repeated 8-12 weeks after intervention. In case of device related thrombus(DRT), TEE shall be rechecked 6 months after adjusting anticoagulant and antiplatelet drug treatment. Patients were follow-up at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 months by telephone call, and the occurrence of cardio-cerebrovascular events was recorded. Results: Among the 7 patients with AF, 2 were male, aged (68.0±9.4) years, and 3 had a history of recurrent cerebral infarction and TIA. Average PFO diameter was (3.5±0.8)mm. Three patients were implanted with Watchman LAA occluder (30, 30, 33 mm) and atrial septal defect occluder (8, 9, 16 mm). 2 patients were implanted with LAmbre LAA occluder (34/38, 18/32 mm) and PFO occluder (PF1825, PF2525). 2 patients were implanted with LACbes LAA occluder (24, 28 mm) and PFO occluder (PF2525, PF1825) respectively. The patients were followed up for 12 (11, 24) months after operation. TEE reexamination showed that the position of LAA occluder and atrial septal defect occluder or PFO occluder was normal in all patients. DRT was detected in 1 patient, and anticoagulant therapy was adjusted in this patient. 6 months later, TEE showed that DRT disappeared. No cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events occurred in all patients with AF during follow-up. Conclusions: In AF patients complicated with PFO, LAAC combined with PFO closure may have good safety and effectiveness.

[Reanalysis on the Preface of Medical Classics and Classical Prescriptions in Hanshu Yiwenzhi].

Hanshu Yiwenzhi is the earliest comprehensive catalogue of medical books in China, in which FangJi Lue was divided into four categories: "Medical Classics", "Classical Prescriptions", "Fangzhong" and "Shenxian". This paper reanalysed the preface contents of "Medical Classics" and "Classical Prescriptions", and found that the differences between the two sections focused on the definitions of disease treatment and standpoints. "Medical Classics" refers to people who suffered from diseases, but "Classical Prescriptions" refers to the disease which people suffered. This means "Medical Classics" focuses on the human body, but "Classical Prescriptions" centres on diseases.

[Artificial intelligence based on images in ophthalmology].

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in ophthalmology will greatly reduce the workload of ophthalmologists. Machine learning is an important branch of AI, and deep learning is the most important algorithm in machine learning. At present, AI is well applied in the ophthalmic field. This article summarizes the use of AI in ophthalmology and discusses its inadequacy and future to provide reference for clinical practice. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2021, 57: 465-469).

LncRNA PRNCR1 aggravates the malignancy of oral squamous cell carcinoma by regulating miR-326/FSCN1 axis.

OBJECTIVE: The important regulatory mechanism of lncRNA PRNCR1 has been emphasized in malignant tumors. However, the role of lncRNA PRNCR1 remains unclear in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The purpose of this study is to reveal the role of lncRNA PRNCR1 in OSCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: RT-qPCR was used to detect mRNA expression. The functional mechanism of lncRNA PRNCR1 in OSCC was investigated by CCK-8, transwell and Luciferase reporter assays. RESULTS: LncRNA PRNCR1 was upregulated in OSCC and promoted cell proliferation, migration and invasion. LncRNA PRNCR1 directly binds to miR-326. The mutual inhibition between the expressions of lncRNA PRNCR1 and miR-326 was identified in OSCC. In addition, miR-326 restrained cell proliferation, migration and invasion in OSCC. Further, miR-326 directly targets FSCN1. FSCN1 expression was positively regulated by lncRNA PRNCR1 in OSCC. And FSCN1 promoted the progression of OSCC and aggravated the carcinogenic effect of lncRNA PRNCR1 in OSCC. CONCLUSIONS: LncRNA PRNCR1 promotes the progression of OSCC by functioning as a miR-326 'sponge' to upregulate FSCN1 expression.

[Research advances on depression and anxiety disorders in burn patients].

As a stressor, burn not only causes physical damage to the patient, but also causes depression and anxiety, which is not conducive to the rehabilitation and restoration of normal life of the patient. The results of studies on the incidence of depression and anxiety disorders in burn patients are different, and the possible pathogenesis remains to be studied. Whether the screening scales of depression and anxiety disorders that are suitable for the general population are equally suitable for burn patients remains questionable. The efficacy of non-pharmaceutical therapy for depression and anxiety disorders in burn patients remains to be studied. This article reviews the possible pathogenesis of depression and anxiety disorders in burn patients, the commonly used screening scales, and the progress of non-pharmaceutical therapy in recent years, aiming to provide a reference for accurately assessing depression and anxiety disorders in burn patients.

Knockdown of microRNA-181a inhibits osteosarcoma cells growth and invasion through triggering NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis.

The article "Knockdown of microRNA-181a inhibits osteosarcoma cells growth and invasion through triggering NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis, by B.-G. Tian, Z. Hua, Z.-J. Wang, J. Li, published in Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020; 24 (3): 1030-1040-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202002_20153-PMID: 32096182" has been withdrawn from the authors. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. https://www.europeanreview.org/article/20153.

A relationship between MAPK/ERK pathway expression and neuronal apoptosis in rats with white matter lesions.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the association between the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathway and neuronal apoptosis in rats with white matter lesions (WML). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were selected as the research objects. Rat models of ischemic WML were established by bilateral common carotid artery ligation. Subsequently, brain tissues were collected from rats in sham operation group and WML group, respectively. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining assay was conducted to observe the pathological changes in white matters (WMs) (callosum, internal capsule, and optic nerve) and apoptotic cells in brain tissues. The protein expression levels of phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) and ERK, phosphorylated MAPK (p-MAPK), and MAPK in tissues were measured by Western blotting. Immunohistochemistry was employed to detect the expression levels of p-ERK, ERK, p-MAPK, and MAPK in brain tissues of the two groups. Next, nerve cells were isolated from rats with WML as research objects. The phosphorylation of the MAPK/ERK pathway was suppressed using PD03259019 (a chemical drug, hereafter referred to as PD). Then, the changes in the protein expressions of apoptosis proteins B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) were determined before and after MAPK/ERK pathway inhibition. Meanwhile, changes in the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression levels were detected via real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and changes in apoptosis were observed. RESULTS: HE staining revealed that in sham operation group, WMs had normal structure and intact morphology. The cells were regularly arranged, with little apoptosis of the nuclei in the center. However, there were abnormally arranged nerve cells, loose cortical structure, swollen cells, aberrant nuclear membrane, pyknosis, signs of cell degeneration and necrosis, apoptotic cells filled most of the field of vision, and relatively evident lesions in WML group. Besides, WML group exhibited significantly up-regulated expressions of p-ERK and p-MAPK, as well as basically unchanged expressions of ERK and MAPK (p<0.05). After PD was added for 1 d, 2 d, and 3 d, the MAPK/ERK pathway was repressed, which was the most significantly at 3 d. Furthermore, the anti-apoptotic phenotype of neurons was detected, which was more pronounced at 3 d (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Rats with WML exhibited elevated MAPK/ERK activity and evident apoptosis. After inhibiting the phosphorylation site of MAPK/ERK in rat neuronal cells, the expression of pro-apoptotic protein decreased, and the apoptosis was relieved. In rats with WML, neuronal apoptosis is promoted by activating the MAPK/ERK pathway, thus worsening the condition.

Knockdown of microRNA-181a inhibits osteosarcoma cells growth and invasion through triggering NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the physiological function and molecular mechanism of microRNA-181a (miRNA-181a) in the carcinogenesis of osteosarcoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The relative expression of miRNA-181a in tissues and cultured cells was detected by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). MiR-181a inhibitor and miR-181a mimics were used to manipulate its level in cells. Cell proliferation and invasion were measured using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and transwell assay, respectively. The protein levels of the targeted genes were detected by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) assay was employed to detect cell apoptosis. Moreover, a xenograft tumor bearing mice model was used to evaluate the effect of miR-181a in vivo. RESULTS: We found that miRNA-181a was aberrantly elevated in osteosarcoma tissues and cells. Moreover, the overexpression of miRNA-181a could facilitate cell proliferation and migration. By contrast, miRNA-181a knockdown reverses these effects. Additionally, downregulation of miRNA-181a could activate NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)-dependent pyroptosis, as evidenced by the increase of pyroptosis-related genes (NLRP3, caspase-1, interleukin-18, and interleukin-1ß) in miRNA-181a inhibitor transfected cells compared with the control. Further mechanistic studies identified that miRNA-181a knockdown suppresses cell proliferation and invasion by activating NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis. Silencing NLRP3 could effectively reverse the effects mediated by miRNA-181a inhibitor. Consistently, in vitro results also demonstrated that blockade of miRNA-181a notably suppresses tumor growth via activating pyroptosis. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide that miRNA-181a might serve as potential therapeutic target for osteosarcoma patients.

[The name of Northern Qi physician "Xu Minqi" should be "Xu Minxing"].

Nearly all of the writings on history of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and TCM reference books referred "Xu Minqi" (), a physician of the Northern Qi Dynasty(550-577), as a son of Xu Zhifan(), and some medical books and literary sketches recorded the name as "Xu Minzhai" (), or "Xu Min" (). But there are no mention of "Xu Minqi" , "Xu Minzhai" , nor "Xu Min" among Xu Zhifan's 12 sons' names written in Yi Tong San Si Xu Gong Mu Zhi(The Epitaph of Xu Zhifan, ), a more convincing historical record. Based on the textual research on the ancient literature, it is inferred that "Xu Minxing" was mistaken as "Xu Min" , "Xu Minqi" , "Xu Minzhai" . "Xu Minqi" in the current writings should be corrected.