Design of probiotic delivery systems and their therapeutic effects on targeted tissues.

The microbiota at different sites in the body is closely related to disease. The intake of probiotics is an effective strategy to alleviate diseases and be adjuvant in their treatment. However, probiotics may suffer from harsh environments and colonization resistance, making it difficult to maintain a sufficient number of live probiotics to reach the target sites and exert their original probiotic effects. Encapsulation of probiotics is an effective strategy. Therefore, probiotic delivery systems, as effective methods, have been continuously developed and innovated to ensure that probiotics are effectively delivered to the targeted site. In this review, initially, the design of probiotic delivery systems is reviewed from four aspects: probiotic characteristics, processing technologies, cell-derived wall materials, and interactions between wall materials. Subsequently, the review focuses on the effects of probiotic delivery systems that target four main microbial colonization sites: the oral cavity, skin, intestine, and vagina, as well as disease sites such as tumors. Finally, this review also discusses the safety concerns of probiotic delivery systems in the treatment of disease and the challenges and limitations of implementing this method in clinical studies. It is necessary to conduct more clinical studies to evaluate the effectiveness of different probiotic delivery systems in the treatment of diseases.

A data set of distributed global population and water withdrawal from 1960 to 2020.

Population and water withdrawal data sets are currently faced with difficulties in collecting, processing and verifying multi-source time series, and the spatial distribution characteristics of long series are also relatively lacking. Time series is the basic guarantee for the accuracy of data sets, and the production of long series spatial distribution is a realistic requirement to expand the application scope of data sets. Through the time-consuming and laborious basic processing work, this research focuses on the population and water intake time series, and interpolates and extends them to specific land uses to ensure the accuracy of the time series and the demand of spatially distributed data sets. This research provides a set of population density and water intensity products from 1960 to 2020 distributed to the administrative units or the corresponding regions. The data set fills the gaps in the multi-year data set for the accuracy of population density and the intensity of water withdrawal.

Insights into the Assembly of the Pseudogemini Surfactant at the Oil/Water Interface: A Molecular Simulation Study.

The interfacial assembly process and configuration of the pseudogemini surfactant fabricated by sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and 4,4'-oxydianilinium chloride (ODC) were studied using quantum mechanical calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The MD simulation results revealed that SDBS and ODC showed the vertical and horizontal arrangements at the oil/water interface, respectively, and the interfacial assembled configuration presented an unexpected "H" shape rather than the traditional "U" shape. The radial distribution functions between the head groups and water molecules were employed to explore the effects of the surrounding water molecules on the SDBS/ODC interaction. Furthermore, the results of the nonbonded interaction calculations and the reduced density gradient method directly confirmed that the cation-π interaction should be responsible for the SDBS/ODC assembly mechanism and the final configuration at the oil/water interface.

Research on a Simplified Model of an Aluminum Vapor Chamber in a Heat Dissipation System.

With the rapid increase of power densities of electronic components, the traditional heat dissipation method of air forced convection has reached a heat transfer limit. As efficient phase change heat exchangers, vapor chambers have become an important guarantee for the development of high-power electronic components. Aluminum vapor chambers have become the future development trend because they are more lightweight and less expensive. In order to study the suitable simplified model of the aluminum vapor chamber in the radiating system, the testing system is established to test the thermal characteristics of the vapor chamber. First, six simplified models of the vapor chamber are proposed. Then, the thermal characteristics of the simplified models are simulated by STAR CCM+ software. Next, the error of the thermal resistance of the simplified model and the real vapor chamber is analyzed. Finally, a most suitable simplified model is obtained in the cooling system.