Lymphoedema, a significant health problem in Israel: A descriptive community-based study.

Lymphoedema (LE) is recognised as a chronic disabling disease. Knowledge on patient characteristics, treatments, and outcomes in Israel is lacking. The aim of the study was to (a) describe demographic and health characteristics, treatments, utilisation, and functional outcomes of patients receiving physical therapy due to LE in a large nationwide healthcare provider in Israel; and (b) assess the feasibility of conducting a future practice-based evidence (PBE) study. This is a retrospective observational cohort study. Descriptive analyses of an electronic medical record database were performed. Data from 6013 patient episodes were analysed. A high proportion of patients had two or more comorbidities (80%) and chronic medication use (85%) with increasing rates over the 8-year period. The most frequent LE classification was stage 2 (45%). A majority of LE was in the lower limbs (51%) with increasing rates over the years. The most frequent treatment-related activity was measuring limb circumference and the most frequent intervention was educating for self-management. This study provides a first comprehensive description of patient characteristics receiving physical therapy for LE in Israel. The available database offers an opportunity for PBE studies. Recommendations for improvements in specific data collection processes were identified.

Upper Quadrant Edema Patient-Reported Outcome Measure Is Reliable, Valid, and Efficient for Patients With Lymphatic and Venous Disorders.

OBJECTIVE: The main aims of this study were to (1) create a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) item bank for measuring the impact of upper quadrant edema (UQE) on physical function by calibrating responses to newly developed items; and (2) assess reliability, validity, and administration efficiency of scores based on computerized adaptive test (CAT) and 10-item short-form (SF) administration modes. METHODS: This was a retrospective study including data from patients treated in outpatient rehabilitation clinics for UQE that responded to all 27 candidate items at intake. Item response theory model assumptions of unidimensionality, local item independence, item fit, and presence of differential item functioning were evaluated. UQE-CAT- and UQE-SF-generated scores were assessed for reliability, validity, and administration efficiency. RESULTS: The total cohort included 3486 patients (mean [SD] age = 61 [13] years; range = 14-89 years). After removing 2 items, a 25-item solution was supported for its unidimensionality and fit to the item response theory model with reliability estimates of more than 0.93 for scores based on both CAT and SF administration modes. No items demonstrated differential item functioning. Scores discriminated among multiple patient groups in clinically logical ways and were moderately responsive to change with negligible floor and acceptable ceiling effects. CAT scores were generated using an average of 5.6 items (median = 5). CONCLUSION: Scores on the UQE PROM were reliable, valid, and efficient for assessing perceived physical function of patients with upper quadrant edema; thus, the measure is suitable for research and routine clinical administration. IMPACT: The newly developed UQE PROM is reliable and valid and offers efficient administration modes for assessing perceived physical function of patients with UQE caused by lymphatic and venous disorders, both for research and routine clinical care in busy outpatient rehabilitation settings. As an item response theory-based measure, the UQE PROM allows administration of condition-specific functional questions with low response burden for patients. This study supports a transition to PROMs that are based on modern measurement approaches to achieve high accuracy and efficiency.

Lymphatic treatments after orthopedic surgery or injury: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Orthopedic injuries in conjunction with extensive damage to tissues, bones and blood vessels, usually require a long recovery. Associated consequences are pain, movement limitations, decreased function and occasionally, prolonged edema, which can delay or interfere with the healing process. Lymphatic and compression therapy have become increasingly common, intending to reduce edema and pain, thus, promoting the recovery process. AIMS: To examine the efficacy of methods commonly used to reduce edema after orthopedic injury or surgery, i.e. decongestive therapy, manual lymphatic drainage, and compression bandaging. METHODS: English literature search was undertaken in January 2019, in the following databases: Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PEDro. INCLUSION CRITERIA: randomized controlled or quasi-controlled trials in adults who have edema or pain after recent limb trauma or surgery. Two independent assessors rated study quality and risk of bias using the PRISMA recommendations and PEDro score. RESULTS: We evaluated 71 papers. After excluding duplicated and irrelevant papers, 15 met the eligibility criteria (6 on lymphatic treatment and 9 on compression). Quality of papers ranged from 3 to 7 on PEDro score; of them, 13 were 1b Level of Evidence and two were 1c. CONCLUSION: After elective surgeries, when the significant edema appears or persists beyond recovery time, complex decongestive therapy and manual edema mobilization should be recommended in addition to conventional physical therapy. In acute injuries such as ankle or distal radius fractures, lymphatic treatments and compression bandaging should be considered as part of the therapeutic protocol. Nine studies evaluated different compression modalities found that only multilayer and long stretch compression significantly reduce edema.

Treatment Documentation in Practice-Based Evidence Research for Patients Receiving Physical Therapy Because of Lymphedema.

OBJECTIVES: To describe development and testing of a physical therapy treatment code documentation taxonomy. DESIGN: Clinician survey within a practice-based evidence study framework for patients with lymphedema. SETTING: Outpatient physical therapy clinics within a large public health care service using a central electronic medical record. PARTICIPANTS: Certified lymphedema therapists (CLTs) (N=43). INTERVENTION: Treatment coding of 10 treatment vignettes representing real-life clinical scenarios. The CLTs were asked to accurately select 35 activity-intervention combination codes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The CLT score represented percentage of treatment codes accurately selected by each therapist. The code score represented percentage of CLTs who accurately selected each treatment code. RESULTS: The mean CLT score was 91%, with 72% of CLTs meeting the 90% criterion. Personal feedback was provided to each CLT. The mean code score was also 91%; with 71% of treatment codes meeting the 90% criterion. We identified 9 low-score codes needing additional education or found to be redundant. These codes were either clarified or removed. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed treatment code documentation system for lymphedema therapy was found to be clear and accurately used by most CLTs. Specific needs for improvement were identified. Follow-up testing is warranted to ensure ongoing accurate implementation of the treatment documentation system.

Measurement Issues in Anthropometric Measures of Limb Volume Change in Persons at Risk for and Living with Lymphedema: A Reliability Study.

Understanding whether a true change has occurred during the process of care is of utmost importance in lymphedema management secondary to cancer treatments. Decisions about when to order a garment, start an exercise program, and begin or end therapy are based primarily on measurements of limb volume, based on circumferences taken by physiotherapists using a flexible tape. This study aimed to assess intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of measurements taken by physiotherapists of legs and arms with and without lymphedema and to evaluate whether there is a difference in reliability when measuring a healthy versus a lymphedematous limb. The intra-rater reliability of arm and leg measurements by trained physiotherapist is very high (scaled standard error of measurements (SEMs) for an arm and a leg volume were 0.82% and 0.64%, respectively) and a cut-point of 1% scaled SEM may be recommended as a threshold for acceptable reliability. Physiotherapists can rely on the same error when assessing lymphedematous or healthy limbs. For those who work in teams and share patients, practice is needed in synchronizing the measurements and regularly monitoring their inter-rater reliability.

Breast cancer-related lymphedema: a randomized controlled pilot and feasibility study.

OBJECTIVE: Chronic lymphedema occurs frequently in breast cancer patients and is associated with significant morbidity and reduced quality-of-life. In this pilot study, the authors (1) addressed whether conducting a larger randomized controlled trial of aqua lymphatic therapy (ALT) would be feasible and (2) estimated the extent to which ALT combined with home-based exercise compared with home-based exercise alone would reduce arm disability in patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema. DESIGN: Twenty-five women with breast cancer-related lymphedema were randomized to either ALT in addition to a home land-based exercise program (ALT group; n = 13) or to a home land-based exercise program alone (control group; n = 12). The participants were evaluated before and after a 12-wk intervention period composed of weekly pool exercise sessions. Main outcome measures were arm volume, arm disability, pain, and quality-of-life. RESULTS: At follow-up, there was no statistical difference between the control and ALT groups in any of the outcomes, except for present pain intensity. At the end of the study period, there was no change in the lymphedematous limb volume in either group. Grip strength was improved in both groups. Only the ALT group showed a statistically significant difference with a reduction in pain intensity score and arm disability. Furthermore, quality-of-life significantly improved only in the ALT group. CONCLUSIONS: Conducting a larger randomized controlled trial would be feasible. In comparison with the beginning of the intervention, the participants in the ALT group showed significant beneficial changes after 12 wks of treatment, whereas the control group did not improve. ALT did not make the lymphedema volume worse and therefore may serve as a safe alternative to land-based treatments of breast cancer-related lymphedema.

A lymphedema self-management programme: report on 30 cases.

PURPOSE: Compression therapy is the most important element in the treatment and long-term management of moderate and severe lymphedema, but it is not universally accessible in Canada. For those unable to access private lymphedema treatment, physiotherapists at the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC) Lymphedema Clinic began teaching patients and caregivers how to use compression bandages safely and effectively. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was combined with structured telephone or in-person interviews with 30 people who had attended a self-bandaging clinic in the MUHC Lymphedema Clinic between 2011 and 2012. Patients were monitored weekly until limb volume plateaued, and a compression garment was then fitted for ongoing maintenance. Monthly or quarterly surveillance continued for 1 year. Follow-up interviews were conducted 3 to 18 months after patients had received their garments. RESULTS: The majority of participants had moderate to severe lymphedema; all achieved reduction of edema in the range of 48% to 92%. More than three-quarters of participants reported a global rate of change (GRC) of ≥80%. Themes derived from the interviews included the importance of bandaging, the feeling of being in control, and difficulties with compression garments. Participants spontaneously expressed satisfaction about having tools to manage their condition themselves. CONCLUSION: For selected patients with lymphedema, a self-bandaging programme can be a route to lymphedema reduction, independence, and self-efficacy.

Objectif : La compressothérapie est l'élément le plus important dans le traitement et la gestion à long terme du lymphœdème modéré à grave, mais elle n'est pas universellement accessible au Canada. Pour ceux qui n'ont pas accès à un traitement privé contre le lymphœdème, la Clinique de lymphœdème du Centre universitaire de santé McGill (CUSM) a commencé à enseigner aux patients et aux fournisseurs de soins la façon d'utiliser les bandages de compression de façon sûre et efficace. Méthodes : Un examen rétrospectif des dossiers a été combiné à des entrevues téléphoniques structurées auprès de 30 personnes qui avaient assisté, en 2011 et en 2012, à l'atelier sur l'exécution de bandages de la Clinique de traitement du lymphœdème du CUSM. Les patients ont fait l'objet d'un suivi hebdomadaire jusqu'à ce que le volume de leur membre atteigne un plateau; un vêtement de compression a ensuite été ajusté à leur membre pour l'entretien continu. La surveillance mensuelle ou trimestrielle s'est poursuivie pendant un an. De 3 à 18 mois après que les patients aient reçu leur vêtement de compression, on a mené des entrevues de suivi pour le présent rapport. Résultats : La majorité des participants souffraient de lymphœdème modéré à grave; ils ont tous réussi à réduire l'œdème dans une mesure de 48% à 92%. Plus des trois quarts des participants ont signalé un taux global de changement (TGC) ≥80%. Les thèmes tirés des entrevues étaient notamment l'importance du bandage, le sentiment de maîtrise, et les difficultés posées par les vêtements de compression. Les participants ont exprimé spontanément qu'ils étaient satisfaits de disposer d'outils pour gérer eux-mêmes leur état. Conclusion : Chez certains patients souffrant de lymphœdème, un programme leur permettant d'effectuer eux-mêmes leurs bandages peut favoriser la réduction du lymphœdème, l'autonomie et l'autoefficacité.

Determining the precision of dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and bioelectric impedance spectroscopy in the assessment of breast cancer-related lymphedema.

BACKGROUND: The composition of breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) has been shown to evolve from the initial accumulation of fluid to the development of fibrotic lesions and abnormal fat deposition. Therefore, precise and reliable assessments of BCRL are required to develop accurate staging and management. Although dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bioelectric impedance spectroscopy (BIS) have been used to assess BCRL, no study has evaluated the precision of these two modalities in the same cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS: We determined the precision of DXA and BIS in lymphedematous (LE) and nonaffected (NA) arms of 24 women with Stage II unilateral BCRL. Precision was calculated from the results of paired bilateral arm measurements obtained from DXA scans measuring fat, lean, and bone mineral masses, BIS measuring extracellular fluid (ECF) and total fluid volume, and circumferential tape measurements (CM) of the arms to calculate the anatomic volume. Precision error was expressed as the root mean square (RMS) of the coefficients of variation (%CV) and standard deviations (SD). RESULTS: The precisions of DXA and BIS varied from 1.16% (DXA measurements of LE arm total volume) to 1.86% (BIS LE arm total fluid volume) and from 0.95% (DXA lean mass of NA arm) to 1.72% (DXA BMC of NA arm). Precision of CM measures of arm volume were 1.71% CV for LE arm and 2.51% CV for NA arm. The fat and lean masses of the LE arm exceeded the NA arm by about 15% (p<0.0001). ECF and total fluid volume of LE arm was 22.6% and 19% greater than the NA arm (p<0.0001), respectively. CONCLUSION: For BCRL, these findings suggest that DXA and BIS are two measurement instruments that provide acceptable levels of precision for the measurement of arm lean mass, fat mass and ECF volume, respectively.

Aqua lymphatic therapy in women who suffer from breast cancer treatment-related lymphedema: a randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Lymphedema is an adverse effect of breast cancer surgery. Aqua lymphatic therapy (ALT) is a novel treatment for limb volume reduction. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine whether ALT is a safe method and whether there are differences in adherence, limb volume, and quality of life between women who perform only self-management treatment and women who participate as well in ALT. DESIGN: Design of the study was single-blind randomized clinical trial. SETTING: The setting was in a hydrotherapy pool, 1.2 m depth, and a temperature of 32-33 degrees capital ES, Cyrillic. PATIENTS: Forty-eight women (56 +/- 10 years), with a 12.8% lymphedema relative volume, participated in the study. INTERVENTION: The control group was instructed to perform the self-management treatment. The study group joined a weekly session of ALT for 3 months in addition to the self-management therapy. MEASUREMENTS: Adherence was assessed by a self-reported diary, limb volume by a water displacement device, quality of life by the Upper Limb Lymphedema Questionnaire (ULL27), prior to, and after the intervention period. RESULTS: There was no episode of arm infection or aggravation in limb volume during the study period. ALT had a positive, statistically and clinically significant immediate effect on limb volume but no long-term effect was noted. The adherence rate to ALT was significantly higher than the adherence to self-management therapy. QOL improved in the study group. CONCLUSION: ALT was found to be a safe method, with high adherence, in treating women who suffer from mild to moderate lymphedema. A significant immediate and insignificant long-term effect on limb volume was noted.

[Cancer-related lymphedema in Israel].

Lymphedema, the accumulation of protein-rich fluid in an involved extremity or other body part, is a chronic life-long condition following many types of surgical procedures, most often breast cancer surgical therapy. The patient suffering from lymphedema faces difficult medical, social, psychological and aesthetic issues. The incidence of lymphedema after modern breast cancer surgical treatment has been reported for between 5 to 56% of patients. Taking into account the incidence of breast cancer in Israel, there could be a yearly incidence of over 1000 new patients per year in Israel suffering from arm lymphedema. The authors reviewed the literature concerning epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment strategy. In addition, some insights were provided regarding lymphedema treatment in Israel. This review aims to improve the awareness and knowledge of physicians and other health care professionals on this treatable but often forgotten condition.