Trombose venosa profunda e tromboembolismo pulmonar nos pacientes submetidos à gastroplastia laparoscópica / Venous thrombosis and venous thromboembolism in bariatric laparoscopic surgery

Racional: a obesidade é fenômeno mundial, que aumenta a morbimortalidade e qualidade de vida dos indivíduos afetados. Considerada fator de risco isolado para o desenvolvimento de múltiplas complicações no pós-operatório, tais como trombose venosa profunda (TVP) e tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP). Objetivo: analisar a prevenção de TVP e TEP em 3.199 pacientes submetidos à gastroplastia redutora em Y de Roux (LRYGB) e gastrectomia vertical (GV) laparoscópica no Hospital São José do Avaí, Itaperuna, RJ entre agosto de 1999 e janeiro de 2015. Método: a prevenção de trombose venosa profunda foi realizada através de compressores pneumáticos de membros inferiores (CPIMI) no intraoperatório, associado à deambulação precoce. A profilaxia medicamentosa não foi realizada de rotina, apenas em casos selecionados. Resultados: 0,37% (doze pacientes) evoluíram com TVP dos quais 0,18% (seis pacientes) evoluíram para TEP, com mortalidade de 0,03% (1 paciente), sendo esse por complicações em uma segunda abordagem cirúrgica. Todos os casos foram diagnosticados através dos dados clínicos aliados ao ecodoppler de membros inferiores e à angiotomografia de tórax. Os pacientes foram tratados conservadoramente com infusão de heparina não fracionada na dose padrão. Conclusão: a compressão pneumática intermitente no intraoperatório e deambulação precoce foram benéficas na prevenção do TEP/TVP no pós-operatório como único método profilático. Em casos selecionados é recomendado o uso de heparina profilática.

Rational: obesity is a global phenomenon, which increases the morbidity of an individual's quality of life and increases the mortality risk in people who are affected by this disorder. This is a considered independent risk factor that can cause the development of multiple complications after surgery, such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Purpose: the purpose of this study is to analyze the prevention of DVT and PE in 3199 patients that were undergoing gastric bypass (LRYGB) and sleeve Gastrectomy (GV) in the Laparoscopic Hospital in São José do Avai, Itaperuna, RJ, between August 1999 and January 2015. Method: the prevention of deep vein thrombosis was performed using Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) intra-operatively, and was associated with the early ambulation of the patients. Drug prophylaxis is not routinely performed, except in selected cases. Results: out of all the patients, 0.37% (Twelve patients) developed DVT of which six patients evolved TEP with mortality in 1 patient. All the cases were diagnosed by clinical data combined with a Doppler ultra-sound of the lower limbs and the chest CT angiography. The patients were treated conservatively with the infusion of unfractionated heparin in the standard dose. Conclusion: the intermittent pneumatic compression done intra-operatively and the early ambulation were beneficial in the prevention of PE / DVT postoperatively and were the only prophylactic methods used. In selected cases, it is recommended that one use prophylactic heparin.

Overcoming the learning curve of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a 12-year experience.

BACKGROUND: Surgical treatment of morbid obesity with laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) is technically challenging and involves high-risk patients. In this study, the short-term outcome of LRYGB in a large population of patients has been evaluated, and morbimortality before and after overcoming the learning curve has been assessed. The objective of this study was to establish the learning curve for laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. METHODS: This retrospective study involved 2281 patients submitted to LRYGB at São José do Avaí Hospital between August 1999 and December 2011. The parameters analyzed were operating time, rates of short-term postoperative complications, mortality, and conversion. RESULTS: The study population was predominantly female (71.3%) and presented a mean age of 37.5 years and mean body mass index (BMI) of 45.15 kg/m(2). The average time in surgery was 119 minutes, and average hospital stay was 4.3 days. The incidence of postoperative complications (hemorrhage, fistula, and bowel obstruction) was 1.75%. The relative risk of complications diminished in line with the increased experience of the surgical team and tended to stabilize at<2.5% after the first 500 procedures. The mortality rate was .43%, and the main causes of death were pulmonary embolism and leaks (.14% each). The conversion rate was .17%. CONCLUSION: Operating time and risks of adverse outcome were significantly reduced after a long learning curve of 500 consecutive procedures. The number of surgeries performed and the standardization of the laparoscopic technique used were the main factors contributing to the low rates of postoperative complications, mortality, and conversion.

Laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Surgery in gastric cancer (GC) aims to achieve resection of the primary tumor and its lymphatic drain, with a minimal adverse effect on morbidity and mortality, and the best possible quality of life. METHODS: From June 1993 to May 2008, 113 patients with a preoperative diagnosis of the GC were considered for laparoscopic gastrectomy at our institution. There was a predominance of males and mean age was 60 years. After peritoneal cavity inspection, laparoscopic ultrasound was used to determine the presence of deep liver metastasis. Total gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y reconstruction were performed in upper and middle-third tumors, and subtotal gastrectomy, either with Billroth II or Roux-en-Y reconstruction, in tumors affecting the lower third of the stomach. D2 lymphadenectomy was performed in both cases. RESULTS: There were 21 cases (18.5%) with distant metastases and/or an unresectable tumor due to the invasion of adjacent organs. In these patients the procedure was limited to laparoscopic biopsy in 16 cases and laparoscopic gastrojejunostomy in 5 cases. Laparoscopic gastrectomy was performed in 92 patients with a mean surgical time of 162 minutes and a mortality rate of 5.4%. Conversion was necessary in 7 cases (7.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The benefits and safety of laparoscopic gastrectomy are evident, with similar outcomes to conventional surgery and all the advantages of minimally invasive access. The learning curve is long. Laparoscopic gastrectomy is a safe and effective option for the treatment of GC, avoiding nontherapeutic laparotomy in patients with advanced disease. Comparative prospective studies evaluating the long-term survival of these patients are still necessary.

Tumor carcinóide de pâncreas: abordagem laparoscópica / Carcinoid tumor of the pancreas: laparoscopic approach

Tumores carcinóides têm origem nas células neuroendócrinas e foram descritos há cerca de cem anos por Lubarsch. Sua incidência gira em torno de 0,7 caso/100.000 habitantes. A localização pancreática é rara com incidência de 0,75% dos tumores carcinóides do trato digestivo. O objetivo desse trabalho é relatar caso de paciente portador de tumor carcinóide pancreático tratado através de ressecção tumoral por via laparoscópica.

Calcium metabolism in pre- and postmenopausal morbidly obese women at baseline and after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

BACKGROUND: The authors evaluated calcium metabolism in obese women, before and after menopause, at baseline and at 6 and 12 months after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGBP). LRYGBP restricts food intake and produces physiological changes that may be similar to those after high Billroth II subtotal gastrectomy. METHODS: Serum calcium (Ca), phosphate, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OH D) were measured at baseline and 12 months after LRYGBP. Urinary N-telopeptide (u-NTX) was measured at baseline and serum C-telopeptide (s-CTX) at 6 and 12 months after LRYGBP. Parathormone (PTH) was measured at baseline and 6 and 12 months after LRYGBP. Patients were divided into 2 groups: Group I (n=30) pre-menopausal women aged 18-42 y, and Group II (n=30) post-menopausal women aged 40-71 y. Patients with renal, hepatic, metabolic and bone disease, smoking women, as well as patients with u-NTX values at baseline >67 nMBCE/mMCr were excluded. RESULTS: At baseline, PTH was elevated in 10% of patients in each group, correlated positively with BMI, and low serum calcium values were found in 30% of Group I and 16.7% of Group II. High values of serum C-telopetide were seen in Group I at 6 months after surgery and in Group II 12 months after LRYGBP. Group II showed a greater increase in BSAP at 12 months after LRYGBP. 25-OHD decreased in both groups, and a progressive increase in PTH was observed. Serum calcium did not change in both groups. CONCLUSION: Calcium metabolism is altered in pre- and post-menopausal women following LRYGBP. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation is strongly advised in all patients.